河
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河 (Kangxi radical 85, 水+5, 8 strokes, cangjie input 水一弓口 (EMNR), four-corner 31120, composition ⿰氵可)
Historical forms of the character 河 | |||
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Shang | Western Zhou | Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han) | Liushutong (compiled in Ming) |
Oracle bone script | Bronze inscriptions | Small seal script | Transcribed ancient scripts |
Old Chinese | |
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砢 | *ɡ·raːlʔ |
柯 | *kaːl |
菏 | *kaːl, *ɡaːl |
牁 | *kaːl |
滒 | *kaːl |
哥 | *kaːl |
歌 | *kaːl |
謌 | *kaːl |
鴚 | *kaːl |
哿 | *kaːlʔ |
舸 | *kaːlʔ |
笴 | *kaːlʔ, *kaːnʔ |
軻 | *kʰaːl, *kʰaːlʔ, *kʰaːls |
珂 | *kʰaːl |
可 | *kʰaːlʔ |
岢 | *kʰaːlʔ |
坷 | *kʰaːlʔ, *kʰaːls |
蚵 | *kʰaːls, *ɡaːl |
呵 | *qʰaːl, *qʰaːls |
訶 | *qʰaːl |
抲 | *qʰaːl |
荷 | *qʰaːls, *ɡaːl, *ɡaːlʔ |
何 | *ɡaːl, *ɡaːlʔ |
河 | *ɡaːl |
苛 | *ɡaːl |
魺 | *ɡaːl |
袔 | *ɡaːls |
阿 | *qaːl |
妸 | *qaːl, *qaːlʔ |
疴 | *qaːl, *kʰraːls |
鈳 | *qaːl |
娿 | *qaːl, *qaːlʔ |
痾 | *qaːl |
跒 | *kʰraːlʔ |
閜 | *qʰraːlʔ |
Phono-semantic compound (形聲 / 形声, OC *ɡaːl) : semantic 氵 (“water”) + phonetic 可 (OC *kʰaːlʔ).
Originally particularly used for the Yellow River, with other rivers known as 水 (OC *qʰʷljilʔ). Later extended generally as a word for rivers in northern China but the influence of 江 (OC *kroːŋ, “Yangtze River; river in southern China”) has meant that modern usage tends to favor it for shorter rivers and creeks except in historical cases.
External etymology uncertain. Various hypotheses have been proposed:
河
Variety | Location | Words |
---|---|---|
Northeastern Mandarin | Malaysia | 河粉, 粿條 |
Singapore | 粿條, 河粉 | |
Cantonese | Guangzhou | 沙河粉, 河粉, 河 |
Hong Kong | 河粉, 河, 貴刁 Malaysian style | |
Hong Kong (San Tin; Weitou) | 粉仔 | |
Taishan | 沙河粉 | |
Dongguan | 沙河粉, 河粉, 河 | |
Kuala Lumpur (Guangfu) | 河粉 | |
Singapore (Guangfu) | 河粉 | |
Hakka | Meixian | 粄皮, 沙河粉 |
Huizhou (Huicheng; Bendihua) | 沙河粉 | |
Miaoli (N. Sixian) | 粄條 | |
Pingtung (Neipu; S. Sixian) | 面帕粄 | |
Hsinchu County (Zhudong; Hailu) | 粄條 | |
Taichung (Dongshi; Dabu) | 粄條 | |
Hsinchu County (Qionglin; Raoping) | 粄條 | |
Yunlin (Lunbei; Zhao'an) | 粄條 | |
Hong Kong | 沙河粉 | |
Southern Min | Xiamen | 粿條 |
Zhangzhou | 粿仔條, 粿條 | |
Taipei | 粿仔 | |
New Taipei (Sanxia) | 粿仔條 | |
Kaohsiung | 粿仔 | |
Yilan | 粿仔 | |
Changhua (Lukang) | 粿仔 | |
Taichung | 粿仔 | |
Tainan | 粿仔 | |
Hsinchu | 粿仔條 | |
Penghu (Magong) | 粿條 | |
Penang (Hokkien) | 粿條 | |
Singapore (Hokkien) | 粿條 | |
Chaozhou | 粿條 | |
Shantou | 粿條 | |
Haifeng | 粿條 | |
Bangkok (Teochew) | 粿條 | |
Ho Chi Minh City (Teochew) | 粿條 | |
Singapore (Teochew) | 粿條 | |
Wenchang | 粄條 | |
Singapore (Hainanese) | 粿條 | |
Zhongshan Min | Zhongshan (Sanxiang) | 河粉 |
Wu | Shanghai | 河粉 |
For pronunciation and definitions of 河 – see the following entry. | ||
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(This term, 河, is an alternative spelling of the above term.) |
From Middle Chinese 河 (MC ha).
From Chinese 河 (hé). The pronunciation is most similar to Cantonese /hɔː²¹/, although most Japanese mahjong terminology is taken from early 20th Century Mandarin.
From Middle Chinese 河 (MC ha).
Wikisource 河 (eumhun 물 하 (mul ha))
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