憂

See also: 忧

憂 U+6182, 憂 CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-6182 ← 憁 [U+6181] CJK Unified Ideographs 憃 → [U+6183]

Translingual

Han character

憂 (Kangxi radical 61, 心+11, 15 strokes, cangjie input 一月心竹水 (MBPHE), four-corner 1024₇, composition ⿱㥑夂(GJKV) or ⿱㥑夊(HT))

Derived characters

• 優, 嚘, 𭒩, 𢖒, 懮, 擾, 瀀, 𭐰, 櫌, 𤛾, 獶, 瓇, 𥜚, 𥣯, 𥽟, 纋, 耰, 䜡, 𧾤, 𨇄, 䥳, 𩽇(𩾎), 鄾, 㱊, 𢥀, 𡔀, 𢥙, 𧀥, 𢋣, 𭼵

Related characters

• 忧 (Simplified form of 憂)

Descendants

• 𛀌 (Hentaigana character derived from Man'yōgana)

References

• Kangxi Dictionary: page 401, character 26
• Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 11170
• Dae Jaweon: page 741, character 13
• Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 4, page 2341, character 14
• Unihan data for U+6182

Chinese

trad.		憂/懮
simp.		忧*
alternative forms		懮 㥑 𢝊 𢟜 𢚧 懮 㥑 𢝊 𢟜 𢚧 𠮕 𨗫 𩕂 𠪍

Glyph origin

Historical forms of the character 憂
Warring States			Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han)
Bronze inscriptions	Chu slip and silk script	Qin slip script	Small seal script

	Old Chinese
憂	*qu
優	*qu
瀀	*qu
櫌	*qu
鄾	*qu
嚘	*qu
耰	*qu
獶	*qu
纋	*qu
懮	*quʔ

Characters in the same phonetic series (憂) (Zhengzhang, 2003) 

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 / 形声, OC *qu): phonetic 㥑 + semantic 夊.

Pronunciation

Variety	Location	edit 憂
Mandarin	Beijing	/iou⁵⁵/
	Harbin	/iou⁴⁴/
	Tianjin	/iou²¹/
	Jinan	/iou²¹³/
	Qingdao	/iou²¹³/
	Zhengzhou	/iou²⁴/
	Xi'an	/iou²¹/
	Xining	/iɯ⁴⁴/
	Yinchuan	/iəu⁴⁴/
	Lanzhou	/iou³¹/
	Ürümqi	/iɤu⁴⁴/
	Wuhan	/iəu⁵⁵/
	Chengdu	/iəu⁵⁵/
	Guiyang	/iəu⁵⁵/
	Kunming	/iəu⁴⁴/
	Nanjing	/iəɯ³¹/
	Hefei	/iɯ²¹/
Jin	Taiyuan	/iəu¹¹/
	Pingyao	/iəu¹³/
	Hohhot	/iəu³¹/
Wu	Shanghai	/iɤ⁵³/
	Suzhou	/iɤ⁵⁵/
	Hangzhou	/ʔiø³³/
	Wenzhou	/j̠au³³/
Hui	Shexian	/iu³¹/
	Tunxi	/iu¹¹/
Xiang	Changsha	/iəu³³/
	Xiangtan	/iəɯ³³/
Gan	Nanchang	/iu⁴²/
Hakka	Meixian	/iu¹¹/
	Taoyuan	/ʒiu¹¹/
Cantonese	Guangzhou	/jɐu⁵³/
	Nanning	/jɐu⁵⁵/
	Hong Kong	/jɐu⁵⁵/
Min	Xiamen (Hokkien)	/iu⁵⁵/
	Fuzhou (Eastern Min)	/ieu⁴⁴/
	Jian'ou (Northern Min)	/iu⁵⁴/
	Shantou (Teochew)	/iu³³/
	Haikou (Hainanese)	/iu²³/

Rime
Character	憂
Reading #	1/1
Initial (聲)	影 (34)
Final (韻)	尤 (136)
Tone (調)	Level (Ø)
Openness (開合)	Open
Division (等)	III
Fanqie	於求切
Baxter	'juw
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/ʔɨu/
Pan Wuyun	/ʔiu/
Shao Rongfen	/ʔiəu/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/ʔuw/
Li Rong	/ʔiu/
Wang Li	/ĭəu/
Bernhard Karlgren	/ʔi̯ə̯u/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	yōu
Expected Cantonese Reflex	jau1

Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character	憂
Reading #	1/1
Modern Beijing (Pinyin)	yōu
Middle Chinese	‹ ʔjuw ›
Old Chinese	/*ʔ(r)u/
English	grief, grieved
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	憂
Reading #	1/1
No.	15493
Phonetic component	憂
Rime group	幽
Rime subdivision	1
Corresponding MC rime	憂
Old Chinese	/*qu/

• Mandarin

  (Pinyin): yōu (you¹)

  (Zhuyin): ㄧㄡ

• Cantonese (Jyutping): jau¹
• Hakka (Sixian, PFS): yû
• Northern Min (KCR): iú
• Eastern Min (BUC): iŭ
• Puxian Min (Pouseng Ping'ing): iu¹
• Southern Min

  (Hokkien, POJ): iu

  (Teochew, Peng'im): iu¹

---

• Mandarin
  • (Standard Chinese)⁺
    • Hanyu Pinyin: yōu
    • Zhuyin: ㄧㄡ
    • Tongyong Pinyin: you
    • Wade–Giles: yu¹
    • Yale: yōu
    • Gwoyeu Romatzyh: iou
    • Palladius: ю (ju)
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /joʊ̯⁵⁵/
• Cantonese
  • (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
    • Jyutping: jau¹
    • Yale: yāu
    • Cantonese Pinyin: jau¹
    • Guangdong Romanization: yeo¹
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /jɐu̯⁵⁵/
• Hakka
  • (Northern Sixian, incl. Miaoli)
    • Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: yû
    • Hakka Romanization System: iu^ˊ
    • Hagfa Pinyim: yiu¹
    • Sinological IPA: /i̯u²⁴/
  • (Southern Sixian, incl. Neipu)
    • Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: yû
    • Hakka Romanization System: (r)iu^ˊ
    • Hagfa Pinyim: yiu¹
    • Sinological IPA: /(j)i̯u²⁴/
• Northern Min
  • (Jian'ou)
    • Kienning Colloquial Romanized: iú
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /iu⁵⁴/
• Eastern Min
  • (Fuzhou)
    • Bàng-uâ-cê: iŭ
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /ieu⁵⁵/
• Puxian Min
  • (Putian, Xianyou)
    • Pouseng Ping'ing: iu¹
    • Báⁿ-uā-ci̍: iu
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /iu⁵³³/
• Southern Min
  • (Hokkien)
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: iu
    • Tâi-lô: iu
    • Phofsit Daibuun: iw
    • IPA (Xiamen): /iu⁴⁴/
    • IPA (Quanzhou): /iu³³/
    • IPA (Zhangzhou): /iu⁴⁴/
    • IPA (Taipei): /iu⁴⁴/
    • IPA (Kaohsiung): /iu⁴⁴/
  • (Teochew)
    • Peng'im: iu¹
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: iu
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /iu³³/

---

• Dialectal data

---

• Middle Chinese: 'juw

• Old Chinese

  (Baxter–Sagart): /*ʔ(r)u/

  (Zhengzhang): /*qu/

Definitions

憂

1. sad; grieved
2. grief; melancholy

Compounds

• 丁憂 / 丁忧 (dīngyōu)
• 丁母憂 / 丁母忧 (dīngmǔyōu)
• 丁父憂 / 丁父忧 (dīngfùyōu)
• 不憂 / 不忧
• 主憂臣辱 / 主忧臣辱
• 伯道之憂 / 伯道之忧
• 備嘗憂患 / 备尝忧患
• 先憂後樂 / 先忧后乐
• 內憂 / 内忧
• 內憂外患 / 内忧外患 (nèiyōuwàihuàn)
• 內顧之憂 / 内顾之忧
• 分憂 / 分忧 (fēnyōu)
• 分憂共患 / 分忧共患 (fēnyōu gòng huàn)
• 分憂解勞 / 分忧解劳
• 受怕擔憂 / 受怕担忧
• 同憂相救 / 同忧相救
• 國憂 / 国忧
• 埋憂 / 埋忧
• 報憂 / 报忧 (bàoyōu)
• 堪憂 / 堪忧 (kānyōu)
• 嫠憂宗周 / 嫠忧宗周
• 嫠緯之憂 / 嫠纬之忧
• 宅憂 / 宅忧
• 安枕無憂 / 安枕无忧
• 宵旰憂勞 / 宵旰忧劳 (xiāo gàn yōu láo)
• 寅憂夕惕 / 寅忧夕惕
• 寫憂 / 写忧
• 居憂 / 居忧
• 帶憂 / 带忧
• 幽憂 / 幽忧
• 後顧之憂 / 后顾之忧 (hòugùzhīyōu)
• 心腹之憂 / 心腹之忧
• 忘憂 / 忘忧 (wàngyōu)
• 忘憂物 / 忘忧物
• 忘憂草 / 忘忧草 (wàngyōucǎo)
• 忽喜忽憂 / 忽喜忽忧
• 性命之憂 / 性命之忧
• 思深憂遠 / 思深忧远
• 恐憂 / 恐忧 (kǒngyōu)
• 悲憂 / 悲忧
• 憂傷 / 忧伤 (yōushāng)
• 憂公如家 / 忧公如家
• 憂公忘私 / 忧公忘私
• 憂公無私 / 忧公无私
• 憂勞 / 忧劳
• 憂喜交集 / 忧喜交集 (yōuxǐ jiāojí)
• 憂喜參半 / 忧喜参半
• 憂國 / 忧国 (yōuguó)
• 憂國哀民 / 忧国哀民
• 憂國如家 / 忧国如家
• 憂國忘家 / 忧国忘家
• 憂國忘私 / 忧国忘私
• 憂國忘身 / 忧国忘身
• 憂國恤民 / 忧国恤民
• 憂國愛民 / 忧国爱民
• 憂國憂時 / 忧国忧时
• 憂國憂民 / 忧国忧民 (yōuguóyōumín)
• 憂尋 / 忧寻
• 憂形於色 / 忧形于色
• 憂心 / 忧心 (yōuxīn)
• 憂心如惔 / 忧心如惔
• 憂心如擣 / 忧心如捣
• 憂心如焚 / 忧心如焚 (yōuxīnrúfén)
• 憂心如薰 / 忧心如薰
• 憂心如酲 / 忧心如酲
• 憂心如醉 / 忧心如醉
• 憂心忡忡 / 忧心忡忡 (yōuxīnchōngchōng)
• 憂心悄悄 / 忧心悄悄
• 憂心若醉 / 忧心若醉
• 憂思 / 忧思 (yōusī)
• 憂患 / 忧患 (yōuhuàn)
• 憂悒 / 忧悒
• 憂患意識 / 忧患意识
• 憂惙 / 忧惙
• 憂悶 / 忧闷 (yōumèn)
• 憂惱 / 忧恼 (yōunǎo)
• 憂愁 / 忧愁 (yōuchóu)
• 憂愁夫人 / 忧愁夫人
• 憂慮 / 忧虑 (yōulǜ)
• 憂憤 / 忧愤
• 憂憶 / 忧忆
• 憂懼 / 忧惧 (yōujù)
• 憂戚 / 忧戚 (yōuqī)
• 憂民 / 忧民 (yōumín)
• 憂民憂國 / 忧民忧国 (yōumínyōuguó)
• 憂深思遠 / 忧深思远
• 憂煩 / 忧烦 (yōufán)
• 憂煎 / 忧煎
• 憂疑 / 忧疑 (yōuyí)
• 憂能傷人 / 忧能伤人
• 憂色 / 忧色 (yōusè)
• 憂葵 / 忧葵
• 憂虞 / 忧虞 (yōuyú)
• 憂闕 / 忧阙
• 憂鬱 / 忧郁 (yōuyù)
• 憂鬱症 / 忧郁症 (yōuyùzhèng)
• 懷憂 / 怀忧
• 懷憂喪志 / 怀忧丧志
• 抗憂鬱藥 / 抗忧郁药
• 排難解憂 / 排难解忧
• 擔憂 / 担忧 (dānyōu)
• 擔隔夜憂 / 担隔夜忧
• 杞人之憂 / 杞人之忧
• 杞人憂天 / 杞人忧天 (qǐrényōutiān)
• 杞國憂天 / 杞国忧天
• 杞憂 / 杞忧 (qǐyōu)
• 樂以忘憂 / 乐以忘忧
• 樂而忘憂 / 乐而忘忧
• 死無遺憂 / 死无遗忧
• 殷憂 (yīnyōu)
• 殷憂啟聖 / 殷忧启圣
• 沉憂 / 沉忧
• 消憂 / 消忧
• 湛憂 / 湛忧
• 滿腹憂愁 / 满腹忧愁
• 無憂無慮 / 无忧无虑 (wúyōuwúlǜ)
• 無慮無憂 / 无虑无忧 (wúlǜwúyōu)
• 疇咨之憂 / 畴咨之忧
• 癙憂 / 癙忧
• 百憂 / 百忧
• 破鏡之憂 / 破镜之忧
• 積憂成疾 / 积忧成疾
• 耽憂 / 耽忧 (dānyōu)
• 肘腋之憂 / 肘腋之忧
• 與民同憂 / 与民同忧
• 覆餗之憂 / 覆𫗧之忧
• 解憂 / 解忧 (jiěyōu)
• 解難排憂 / 解难排忧
• 負薪之憂 / 负薪之忧
• 軫憂 / 轸忧
• 轉憂成喜 / 转忧成喜
• 轉憂為喜 / 转忧为喜
• 近憂 / 近忧 (jìnyōu)
• 采薪之憂
• 隱憂 / 隐忧 (yǐnyōu)
• 離憂 / 离忧
• 面帶憂容 / 面带忧容
• 面有憂色 / 面有忧色
• 飽經憂患 / 饱经忧患
• 高枕勿憂 / 高枕勿忧
• 高枕無憂 / 高枕无忧 (gāozhěnwúyōu)
• 魯女憂葵 / 鲁女忧葵

References

• “憂”, in 漢語多功能字庫 (Multi-function Chinese Character Database)‎, 香港中文大學 (the Chinese University of Hong Kong), 2014–
• 莆田市荔城区档案馆 [Putian City Licheng District Archives], editor (2022), “忧”, in 莆仙方言文读字汇 [Puxian Dialect Literary Reading Dictionary] (overall work in Mandarin and Puxian Min), page 288.

Japanese

Kanji

See also:

Category:Japanese terms spelled with 憂

憂

(Jōyō kanji)

1. anxiety, worry
2. mourning

Readings

• Go-on: う (u)
• Kan-on: ゆう (yū, Jōyō)^{←いう (iu, historical)}
• Kun: うい (ui, 憂い, Jōyō)、うれい (urei, 憂い, Jōyō)^{←うれひ (urefi, 憂ひ, historical)}、うれえる (ureeru, 憂える, Jōyō)^{←うれへる (ureferu, 憂へる, historical)}

Compounds

• 憂(ゆう)鬱(うつ) (yūutsu)
• 憂惧(ゆうぐ), 憂虞(ゆうぐ) (yūgu)
• 憂懼(ゆうく) (yūku)
• 憂(ゆう)国(こく) (yūkoku)
• 憂思(ゆうし) (yūshi)
• 憂愁(ゆうしゅう) (yūshū)
• 憂慮(ゆうりょ) (yūryo)
• 一喜(いっき)一(いち)憂(ゆう) (ikki-ichiyū)
• 鬱憂(うつゆう) (utsuyū)
• 杞憂(きゆう) (kiyū)
• 喜憂(きゆう) (kiyū)
• 先憂後(せんゆうこう)楽(らく) (sen'yūkōraku)
• 大憂(たいゆう) (taiyū)
• 同憂(どうゆう) (dōyū)
• 内憂(ないゆう) (naiyū)
• 忘憂(ぼうゆう) (bōyū)

Etymology

Kanji in this term
憂
う Grade: S
kun'yomi

Stem of classical adjective 憂し (ushi),^[1][2] modern 憂い (ui, “gloomy, sad”).

Noun

憂(う) • (u) 

1. grief, pain, sorrow

Derived terms

• あな憂(う) (anau)
• 心(こころ)憂(う) (kokorō)

References

1. Matsumura, Akira (1995) 大辞泉 [Daijisen] (in Japanese), First edition, Tokyo: Shogakukan, →ISBN
2. Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN

Korean

Hanja

憂 • (u) (hangeul 우, revised u, McCune–Reischauer u, Yale wu)

1. This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

Vietnamese

Han character

憂: Hán Nôm readings: ưu, âu

1. This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.