Etymology
From Middle English malencolie, from Old French melancolie, from Ancient Greek μελαγχολία (melankholía, “atrabiliousness”), from μέλας (mélas), μελαν- (melan-, “black, dark, murky”) + χολή (kholḗ, “bile”). Compare the Latin ātra bīlis (“black bile”). The adjectival use is a Middle English innovation, perhaps influenced by the suffixes -y, -ly. Doublet of melancholia.
Noun
melancholy (countable and uncountable, plural melancholies)
- (historical) Black bile, formerly thought to be one of the four "cardinal humours" of animal bodies.
- , Bk.I, New York 2001, p.148:
- Melancholy, cold and dry, thick, black, and sour, […] is a bridle to the other two hot humours, blood and choler, preserving them in the blood, and nourishing the bones.
- Great sadness or depression, especially of a thoughtful or introspective nature.
1591 (date written), William Shakespeare, “The Second Part of Henry the Sixt, […]”, in Mr. William Shakespeares Comedies, Histories, & Tragedies. […] (First Folio), London: […] Isaac Iaggard, and Ed[ward] Blount, published 1623, →OCLC, [Act V, scene i], line 34:My mind was troubled with deep melancholy.
c. 1598–1600 (date written), William Shakespeare, “As You Like It”, in Mr. William Shakespeares Comedies, Histories, & Tragedies […] (First Folio), London: […] Isaac Iaggard, and Ed[ward] Blount, published 1623, →OCLC, [Act IV, scene i]:I have neither the scholar’s melancholy, which is emulation; nor the musician’s, which is fantastical; nor the courtier’s, which is proud; nor the soldier’s, which is ambitious; nor the lawyer’s, which is politic; nor the lady’s, which is nice; nor the lover’s, which is all these; but it is a melancholy of mine own, compounded of many simples, extracted from many objects, and, indeed, the sundry contemplation of my travels; in which my often rumination wraps me in a most humorous sadness.
1831, L[etitia] E[lizabeth] L[andon], chapter VI, in Romance and Reality. […], volume III, London: Henry Colburn and Richard Bentley, […], →OCLC, page 111:"The ancients referred melancholy to the mind, the moderns make it matter of digestion—to either case my plan applies," said Lady Mandeville.
- 1936 Sept. 15, F. Scott Fitzgerald, letter to Beatrice Dance:
- As to Ernest... He is quite as nervously broken down as I am but it manifests itself in different ways. His inclination is towards megalomania and mine towards melancholy.
Translations
Sadness or depression
- Arabic: سوداء
- Egyptian Arabic: ماليخوليا
- Aromanian: milanculii f
- Azerbaijani: melanxoliya
- Basque: malenkonia
- Belarusian: меланхолія f (mjelanxólija)
- Bulgarian: меланхолия (bg) f (melanholija)
- Catalan: malenconia (ca) f
- Chinese:
- Mandarin: 憂鬱/忧郁 (zh) (yōuyù), 悲哀 (zh) (bēi'āi)
- Czech: melancholie (cs) f
- Danish: melankoli (da) c, vemod n
- Dutch: melancholie (nl) f, weemoed (nl) m
- Esperanto: melankolio
- Estonian: melanhoolia
- Finnish: melankolia (fi), apeus (fi), surumielisyys (fi), alakulo (fi)
- French: mélancolie (fr) f
- Galician: melancolía (gl) f
- German: Melancholie (de) f, Schwermut (de) f, Wehmut (de) f
- Greek: μελαγχολία (el) f (melancholía)
- Hebrew: מָרָה שְׁחוֹרָה (he) f (mará shẖorá), מְלַנְכּוֹלְיָה f (m'lankólya)
- Hungarian: melankólia (hu)
- Icelandic: þunglyndi (is) n
- Italian: malinconia (it) f
- Japanese: 憂鬱 (ja) (yūutsu), 鬱病 (ja) (utsubyō)
- Korean: 우울 (ko) (uul), 침울 (ko) (chimul)
- Latin: melancholia f
- Lithuanian: melancholija f
- Manchu: ᠠᡴᠠᠴᡠᠨ (akacun)
- Maori: kainatu, rāwakiwaki
- Mongolian: ухаан балартан (uxaan balartan)
- Norwegian:
- Bokmål: melankoli m, tungsinn n, svartsyn n, vemod n
- Nynorsk: tunglynde n
- Persian: مالیخولیا (fa) (mâlixuliyâ), مالنخولیا (mâlenxuliyâ)
- Polish: melancholia (pl) f
- Portuguese: melancolia (pt) f
- Romanian: melancolie (ro) f, tristețe (ro) f
- Russian: меланхо́лия (ru) f (melanxólija)
- Scottish Gaelic: dòlasachd f, mulad m, èislean m, cianalas m, tùirse f, truime f, dubhachas m
- Serbo-Croatian:
- Cyrillic: меланхолија f, меланколија f
- Roman: melanhòlija (sh) f, melankòlija (sh) f
- Sicilian: malancunìa (scn)
- Slovak: melanchólia
- Slovene: melanholija
- Spanish: melancolía (es) f
- Swedish: melankoli (sv) c, svårmod (sv) n, vemod (sv) n, tungsinne (sv) n
- Tajik: молихулиё (molixuliyo)
- Turkish: melankoli (tr), hüzün (tr), durgunluk (tr)
- Ottoman Turkish: سودا (sevda)
- Ukrainian: меланхолія f (melanxolija)
- Vietnamese: trầm cảm (vi)
- Walloon: miråcoleye (wa) f
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Adjective
melancholy (comparative more melancholy, superlative most melancholy)
- (literary) Affected with great sadness or depression.
Melancholy people don't talk much.
c. 1602, William Shakespeare, “The Tragedie of Troylus and Cressida”, in Mr. William Shakespeares Comedies, Histories, & Tragedies […] (First Folio), London: […] Isaac Iaggard, and Ed[ward] Blount, published 1623, →OCLC, [Act I, scene ii]:[…] he is melancholy without cause, and merry against the hair: […]
1921, Ben Travers, chapter 1, in A Cuckoo in the Nest, Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday, Page & Company, published 1925, →OCLC:“ […] the awfully hearty sort of Christmas cards that people do send to other people that they don't know at all well. […] And then, when you see [the senders], you probably find that they are the most melancholy old folk with malignant diseases. […] ”