喪

See also: 丧

喪 U+55AA, 喪 CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-55AA ← 喩 [U+55A9] CJK Unified Ideographs 喫 → [U+55AB]

Translingual

Han character

喪 (Kangxi radical 30, 口+9, 12 strokes, cangjie input 土口口女 (GRRV), four-corner 4073₂, composition ⿱⿻土吅⿰𠄌⿺乀丿(GJKV) or ⿸⿱⿻土吅𠄌⿺乀丿(HT))

Derived characters

• 𣾓, 𰘧, 𦅇, 𰷑, 𬦟, 𫟣, 𩦌, 𫛑

References

• Kangxi Dictionary: page 200, character 12
• Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 3985
• Dae Jaweon: page 421, character 23
• Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 1, page 650, character 3
• Unihan data for U+55AA

Chinese

trad.		喪
simp.		丧
alternative forms		䘮 𠸶 𠷔 𡂤 𡂧 䘮 𠸶 𠷔 𡂤 𡂧 𡴧 𦦦 𡚏 𦦭 𦱺

Glyph origin

Historical forms of the character 喪
Shang	Western Zhou	Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han)	Liushutong (compiled in Ming)
Oracle bone script	Bronze inscriptions	Small seal script	Transcribed ancient scripts

	Old Chinese
忙	*maːŋ
芒	*maːŋ, *maŋ
茫	*maːŋ
恾	*maːŋ
吂	*maːŋ, *maːŋs
汒	*maːŋ, *maŋs
朚	*maːŋ, *hmaːŋ, *maŋ, *mraːŋ, *mraːŋs
邙	*maːŋ, *maŋ
杗	*maːŋ, *maŋ
荒	*hmaːŋ, *hmaːŋs
肓	*hmaːŋ
衁	*hmaːŋ
巟	*hmaːŋ
詤	*hmaːŋ, *hmaːŋʔ, *hmaŋʔ
慌	*hmaːŋ, *hmaːŋʔ
謊	*hmaːŋʔ
喪	*smaːŋs, *smaːŋ
亡	*maŋ
望	*maŋ, *maŋs
莣	*maŋ
朢	*maŋ, *maŋs
鋩	*maŋ
硭	*maŋ
忘	*maŋ, *maŋs
网	*mlaŋʔ
罔	*mlaŋʔ
蛧	*maŋʔ
網	*mlaŋʔ
輞	*maŋʔ
棢	*maŋʔ
惘	*maŋʔ
菵	*maŋʔ
誷	*maŋʔ
魍	*maŋʔ
妄	*maŋs
盲	*mraːŋ
蝱	*mraːŋ
虻	*mraːŋ
氓	*mraːŋ
甿	*mraːŋ

Characters in the same phonetic series (亡) (Zhengzhang, 2003) 

Originally ideogrammic compound (會意／会意) and phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *smaːŋs, *smaːŋ) : phonetic 桑 (OC *sŋaːŋ, “mulberry tree”) + semantic 㗊 (“many mouths”). The number of mouths frequently varied. Sometimes 走 (“run”) was included as a semantic component, and later 亡 (OC *maŋ, “die”) was added as a phonetic (and also possibly semantic) component.

In the seal script became ideogrammic compound (會意／会意) and phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *smaːŋs, *smaːŋ) : semantic 哭 (“cry”) + phonetic 亡 (OC *maŋ, “die”), from which the modern form derives.

Compare 咢 and 噩, which may be derived from or originally the same character as 喪.

Etymology

From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *ma (“not”). Cognate with 亡 (OC *maŋ, “to disappear”). The level-toned pronunciation has a nominal prefix *s-, lit. "circumstances associated with disappearance (death)", whereas the departing-toned pronunciation has a formally identical causative prefix *s- and an exoactive suffix *-s, lit. "to cause to disappear".

Pronunciation 1

Rime
Character	喪
Reading #	1/2
Initial (聲)	心 (16)
Final (韻)	唐 (101)
Tone (調)	Level (Ø)
Openness (開合)	Open
Division (等)	I
Fanqie	息郎切
Baxter	sang
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/sɑŋ/
Pan Wuyun	/sɑŋ/
Shao Rongfen	/sɑŋ/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/saŋ/
Li Rong	/sɑŋ/
Wang Li	/sɑŋ/
Bernard Karlgren	/sɑŋ/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	sāng
Expected Cantonese Reflex	song1

Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character	喪
Reading #	1/2
Modern Beijing (Pinyin)	sāng
Middle Chinese	‹ sang ›
Old Chinese	/*s-mˁaŋ/
English	mourning, burial
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	喪
Reading #	2/2
No.	12661
Phonetic component	亡
Rime group	陽
Rime subdivision	0
Corresponding MC rime	桑
Old Chinese	/*smaːŋ/

• Mandarin

  (Standard)

  (Pinyin): sāng (sang¹)

  (Zhuyin): ㄙㄤ

  (Chengdu, Sichuanese Pinyin): sang¹

• Cantonese (Jyutping): song¹
• Gan (Wiktionary): song¹
• Hakka

  (Sixian, PFS): sông

  (Meixian, Guangdong): sang¹

• Jin (Wiktionary): son¹
• Northern Min (KCR): só̤ng
• Eastern Min (BUC): sŏng
• Southern Min

  (Hokkien, POJ): song / sng

  (Teochew, Peng'im): seng¹

• Wu (Shanghai, Wugniu): ¹saon

---

• Mandarin
  • (Standard Chinese)⁺
    • Hanyu Pinyin: sāng
    • Zhuyin: ㄙㄤ
    • Tongyong Pinyin: sang
    • Wade–Giles: sang¹
    • Yale: sāng
    • Gwoyeu Romatzyh: sang
    • Palladius: сан (san)
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /sɑŋ⁵⁵/
  • (Chengdu)
    • Sichuanese Pinyin: sang¹
    • Scuanxua Ladinxua Xin Wenz: sang
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /saŋ⁵⁵/
• Cantonese
  • (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
    • Jyutping: song¹
    • Yale: sōng
    • Cantonese Pinyin: song¹
    • Guangdong Romanization: song¹
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /sɔːŋ⁵⁵/
• Gan
  • (Nanchang)
    • Wiktionary: song¹
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /sɔŋ⁴²/
• Hakka
  • (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
    • Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: sông
    • Hakka Romanization System: song^ˊ
    • Hagfa Pinyim: song¹
    • Sinological IPA: /soŋ²⁴/
  • (Meixian)
    • Guangdong: sang¹
    • Sinological IPA: /saŋ⁴⁴/
• Jin
  • (Taiyuan)⁺
    • Wiktionary: son¹
    • Sinological IPA (old-style): /sɒ̃¹¹/
• Northern Min
  • (Jian'ou)
    • Kienning Colloquial Romanized: só̤ng
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /sɔŋ⁵⁴/
• Eastern Min
  • (Fuzhou)
    • Bàng-uâ-cê: sŏng
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /souŋ⁵⁵/
• Southern Min
  • (Hokkien)
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: song / sng
    • Tâi-lô: song / sng
    • Phofsit Daibuun: sofng, sngf
    • IPA (Xiamen): /sɔŋ⁴⁴/, /sŋ̍⁴⁴/
    • IPA (Quanzhou): /sɔŋ³³/, /sŋ̍³³/
    • IPA (Zhangzhou): /sɔŋ⁴⁴/, /sŋ̍⁴⁴/
    • IPA (Taipei): /sɔŋ⁴⁴/, /sŋ̍⁴⁴/
    • IPA (Kaohsiung): /sɔŋ⁴⁴/, /sŋ̍⁴⁴/

Note:

• song - literary;
• sng - vernacular.

• • (Teochew)
    • Peng'im: seng¹
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: sṳng
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /sɯŋ³³/
• Wu
  • (Northern: Shanghai)
    • Wugniu: ¹saon
    • MiniDict: saon^平
    • Wiktionary Romanisation (Shanghai): ¹saan
    • Sinological IPA (Shanghai): /sɑ̃⁵³/

---

• Middle Chinese: sang

• Old Chinese

  (Baxter–Sagart): /*s-mˤaŋ/

  (Zhengzhang): /*smaːŋ/

Definitions

喪

1. mourning; funeral ceremony
2. corpse; dead body
3. misfortune; misadventure
4. to mourn; to be in mourning
5. to grieve over the death of

Compounds

• 三年之喪／三年之丧 (sān nián zhī sāng)
• 伐喪／伐丧
• 停喪／停丧
• 免喪／免丧
• 出喪／出丧 (chūsāng)
• 初喪／初丧
• 匍匐奔喪／匍匐奔丧
• 匿喪／匿丧
• 告喪／告丧 (gàosāng)
• 告喪帖／告丧帖
• 哭喪棒／哭丧棒 (kūsāngbàng)
• 哭喪臉／哭丧脸
• 哭喪著臉／哭丧著脸 (kūsāng zhe liǎn)
• 喪主／丧主
• 喪亂／丧乱 (sāngluàn)
• 喪亂帖／丧乱帖
• 喪事／丧事 (sāngshì)
• 喪具／丧具
• 喪冢／丧冢
• 喪天害理／丧天害理
• 喪家／丧家 (sāngjiā)
• 喪居／丧居 (sāngjū)
• 喪服／丧服 (sāngfú)
• 喪榜／丧榜
• 喪煞／丧煞
• 喪祭／丧祭
• 喪禮／丧礼 (sānglǐ)
• 喪紀／丧纪
• 喪聲嚎氣／丧声嚎气
• 喪聲歪氣／丧声歪气
• 喪葬／丧葬 (sāngzàng)
• 喪鐘／丧钟 (sāngzhōng)
• 喪門／丧门
• 喪門星／丧门星 (sàngménxīng)
• 囚首喪面／囚首丧面
• 國喪／国丧 (guósāng)
• 執喪／执丧
• 報喪／报丧 (bàosāng)
• 報喪帖／报丧帖
• 大出喪／大出丧
• 大喪／大丧
• 奔喪／奔丧 (bēnsāng)
• 婚喪喜慶／婚丧喜庆 (hūnsāngxǐqìng)
• 守喪／守丧 (shǒusāng)
• 居喪／居丧 (jūsāng)
• 弔喪／吊丧 (diàosāng)
• 弔喪問疾／吊丧问疾
• 心喪／心丧
• 扛喪／扛丧
• 探喪／探丧
• 摔喪／摔丧
• 撞喪／撞丧
• 服喪／服丧 (fúsāng)
• 母喪／母丧
• 治喪／治丧 (zhìsāng)
• 浪子喪門／浪子丧门
• 無服之喪／无服之丧
• 父喪／父丧
• 發喪／发丧 (fāsāng)
• 號喪／号丧 (háosāng)
• 護喪／护丧
• 送喪／送丧 (sòngsāng)
• 開喪／开丧
• 闖喪／闯丧
• 除喪／除丧
• 頂喪駕靈／顶丧驾灵
• 鬧喪鼓兒／闹丧鼓儿

 

Descendants

Sino-Xenic (喪):

• → Japanese: 喪(そう) (sō)
• → Korean: 상(喪) (sang)
• → Vietnamese: tang (喪)

Pronunciation 2

Rime
Character	喪
Reading #	2/2
Initial (聲)	心 (16)
Final (韻)	唐 (101)
Tone (調)	Departing (H)
Openness (開合)	Open
Division (等)	I
Fanqie	蘇浪切
Baxter	sangH
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/sɑŋH/
Pan Wuyun	/sɑŋH/
Shao Rongfen	/sɑŋH/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/saŋH/
Li Rong	/sɑŋH/
Wang Li	/sɑŋH/
Bernard Karlgren	/sɑŋH/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	sàng
Expected Cantonese Reflex	song3

Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character	喪
Reading #	2/2
Modern Beijing (Pinyin)	sàng
Middle Chinese	‹ sangH ›
Old Chinese	/*s-mˁaŋ-s/
English	lose; destroy
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	喪
Reading #	1/2
No.	12660
Phonetic component	亡
Rime group	陽
Rime subdivision	0
Corresponding MC rime	喪
Old Chinese	/*smaːŋs/
Notes	說文從亡亡亦聲， 甲文借桑字金文始加亡

• Mandarin

  (Pinyin): sàng (sang⁴)

  (Zhuyin): ㄙㄤˋ

• Cantonese (Jyutping): song³
• Hakka (Sixian, PFS): song
• Eastern Min (BUC): sáung
• Southern Min

  (Hokkien, POJ): sòng

  (Teochew, Peng'im): sang³

• Wu (Shanghai, Wugniu): ⁵saon

---

• Mandarin
  • (Standard Chinese)⁺
    • Hanyu Pinyin: sàng
    • Zhuyin: ㄙㄤˋ
    • Tongyong Pinyin: sàng
    • Wade–Giles: sang⁴
    • Yale: sàng
    • Gwoyeu Romatzyh: sanq
    • Palladius: сан (san)
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /sɑŋ⁵¹/
• Cantonese
  • (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
    • Jyutping: song³
    • Yale: song
    • Cantonese Pinyin: song³
    • Guangdong Romanization: song³
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /sɔːŋ³³/
• Hakka
  • (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
    • Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: song
    • Hakka Romanization System: song
    • Hagfa Pinyim: song⁴
    • Sinological IPA: /soŋ⁵⁵/
• Eastern Min
  • (Fuzhou)
    • Bàng-uâ-cê: sáung
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /sɑuŋ²¹³/
• Southern Min
  • (Hokkien)
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: sòng
    • Tâi-lô: sòng
    • Phofsit Daibuun: soxng
    • IPA (Xiamen): /sɔŋ²¹/
    • IPA (Quanzhou): /sɔŋ⁴¹/
    • IPA (Zhangzhou): /sɔŋ²¹/
    • IPA (Taipei): /sɔŋ¹¹/
    • IPA (Kaohsiung): /sɔŋ²¹/
  • (Teochew)
    • Peng'im: sang³
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: sàng
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /saŋ²¹³/
• Wu
  • (Northern: Shanghai)
    • Wugniu: ⁵saon
    • MiniDict: saon^去
    • Wiktionary Romanisation (Shanghai): ²saan
    • Sinological IPA (Shanghai): /sɑ̃³⁴/

---

• Middle Chinese: sangH

• Old Chinese

  (Baxter–Sagart): /*s-mˤaŋ-s/

  (Zhengzhang): /*smaːŋs/

Definitions

喪

1. to forfeit; to lose; to be deprived of
2. to die; to pass away
3. to be defeated; to be destroyed; to perish
4. to escape; to flee
5. to forget; to fail to remember
6. to be discouraged; to lose heart
7. (Hong Kong Cantonese) wildly; extremely

Compounds

• 一言喪邦／一言丧邦
• 亡魂喪膽／亡魂丧胆
• 亡魂喪魄／亡魂丧魄
• 低頭喪氣／低头丧气
• 喪亡／丧亡 (sàngwáng)
• 喪人／丧人
• 喪偶／丧偶 (sàng'ǒu)
• 喪元／丧元
• 喪命／丧命 (sàngmìng)
• 喪失／丧失 (sàngshī)
• 喪家之犬／丧家之犬 (sàngjiāzhīquǎn)
• 喪家之狗／丧家之狗 (sàngjiāzhīgǒu)
• 喪家狗／丧家狗
• 喪師／丧师 (sàngshī)
• 喪心／丧心
• 喪心病狂／丧心病狂 (sàngxīnbìngkuáng)
• 喪志／丧志 (sàngzhì)
• 喪敗／丧败
• 喪明／丧明
• 喪明之痛／丧明之痛
• 喪權／丧权
• 喪權辱國／丧权辱国 (sàngquánrǔguó)
• 喪氣／丧气
• 喪生／丧生 (sàngshēng)
• 喪盡天良／丧尽天良 (sàngjìntiānliáng)
• 喪膽／丧胆 (sàngdǎn)
• 喪膽亡魂／丧胆亡魂
• 喪膽銷魂／丧胆销魂
• 喪著臉／丧著脸
• 喪蕩游魂／丧荡游魂
• 喪謗／丧谤
• 喪身／丧身 (sàngshēn)
• 喪魂落魄／丧魂落魄
• 嗒喪／嗒丧
• 垂頭喪氣／垂头丧气 (chuítóusàngqì)
• 垂首喪氣／垂首丧气
• 失魂喪魄／失魂丧魄
• 彫喪／雕丧
• 心神喪失／心神丧失
• 心驚膽喪／心惊胆丧
• 懊喪／懊丧 (àosàng)
• 懷憂喪志／怀忧丧志
• 敗國喪家／败国丧家
• 斲喪／斲丧
• 本喪／本丧
• 氣喪／气丧
• 沮喪／沮丧 (jǔsàng)
• 淪喪／沦丧 (lúnsàng)
• 灰心喪意／灰心丧意
• 灰心喪氣／灰心丧气 (huīxīnsàngqì)
• 玩人喪德／玩人丧德
• 玩物喪志／玩物丧志 (wànwùsàngzhì)
• 破膽喪魂／破胆丧魂
• 聞風喪膽／闻风丧胆 (wénfēngsàngdǎn)
• 膽喪心驚／胆丧心惊
• 蹙國喪師／蹙国丧师
• 頹喪／颓丧 (tuísàng)
• 魂飛魄喪／魂飞魄丧

 

References

• “喪”, in 漢語多功能字庫 (Multi-function Chinese Character Database)‎, 香港中文大學 (the Chinese University of Hong Kong), 2014–

Japanese

Kanji

See also:

Category:Japanese terms spelled with 喪

喪

(Jōyō kanji)

1. mourning
2. loss

Readings

• Go-on: そう (sō, Jōyō)^{←さう (sau, historical)}
• Kan-on: そう (sō, Jōyō)^{←さう (sau, historical)}
• Kun: も (mo, 喪, Jōyō)、うしなう (ushinau, 喪う)

Etymology 1

Kanji in this term
喪
も Grade: S
kun'yomi

Pronunciation

• (Tokyo) も [mò] (Heiban – [0])^[1]
• (Tokyo) も [móꜜ] (Atamadaka – [1])^[1]
• IPA^(key): [mo̞]

Noun

喪(も) • (mo) 

1. mourning
2. calamity; misfortune

Etymology 2

Kanji in this term
喪
そう Grade: S
on'yomi

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): [so̞ː]

Noun

喪(そう) • (sō) ^{←さう (sau)?}

1. mourning

References

1. Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN

Korean

Hanja

喪 • (sang) (hangeul 상, revised sang, McCune–Reischauer sang)

1. This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

Vietnamese

Han character

喪: Hán Nôm readings: tang, táng, tảng

1. This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.