Small-lift launch vehicle

A small-lift launch vehicle is a rocket orbital launch vehicle that is capable of lifting 2,000 kilograms (4,400 lb) or less (by NASA classification) or under 5,000 kilograms (11,000 lb) (by Roscosmos classification)^[1] of payload into low Earth orbit (LEO). The next larger category consists of medium-lift launch vehicles.^[2]

Clockwise from top left: Scout, Kosmos-3M and Electron, three of the most launched small-lift launch vehicles
Class overview
Name	Small-lift launch vehicle
Preceded by	Sounding rocket
Succeeded by	Medium-lift launch vehicle
Built	Since 1957
General characteristics
Capacity	US definition: <2,000 kg (4,400 lb) Russian definition: <5,000 kg (11,000 lb)

The first small-lift launch vehicle was the Sputnik rocket, launched by the Soviet Union, which was derived from the R-7 Semyorka ICBM. On 4 October 1957, the Sputnik rocket was used to perform the world's first satellite launch, placing the Sputnik 1 satellite into a low Earth orbit.^[3][4][5] The US responded by attempting to launch the Vanguard rocket.^[6][7] However, the Vanguard TV3 launch attempt failed, with the 31 January 1958 launch of the Explorer 1 satellite using the Juno I rocket being the first successful US orbital launch. The Vanguard I mission was the second successful US orbital launch. This was the start of the space race.^[8][9]

Since the late 1950s, small-lift launch vehicles have continued launching payloads to space. Medium-lift launch vehicles, heavy-lift launch vehicles, and super heavy-lift launch vehicles have also been extensively developed but have not completely superseded small launch vehicles. Small launch vehicles can meet the requirements of some spacecraft, and can also be less expensive than a larger launch vehicle would be.^[10]

Rated launch vehicles

Operational

Vehicle	Origin	Manufacturer	Mass to LEO (kg)	Mass to other orbits (kg)	Launches	First flight
Qased	Iran	IRGCASF	10−50		3	2020
Qaem 100	Iran	IRGC	80[11]		3(+1)	2023
SK solid fueled TV2	Republic of Korea	MND	>100		1	2023
Shavit 2	Israel	IAE	160[12]		12	1988
Unha	North Korea	KCST	200[13]		4	2009
KAIROS	Japan	Space One	250	150 to SSO	1	2024
Electron	New Zealand  United States	Rocket Lab	300[14]	200 to SSO[14]	49	2017
Jielong 1	China	CALT		200 to SSO	1[15]	2019
Hyperbola-1	China	i-Space	300[16]		6	2020
Chollima-1	North Korea	NADA	≥300[17]		3	2023
Simorgh	Iran	Iranian Space Agency	350[18]		6(+1)	2016
Ceres-1	China	Galactic Energy	350[19]		11	2020
Kuaizhou-1	China	CASC	400[20]	250 to SSO	28[a]	2013[20]
SSLV	India	ISRO / NSIL	500	300 to SSO	2	2022
Start-1	Russia	MITT	532[21]	350 to SSO[22]	5[23]	1993
Minotaur I	United States	Northrop Grumman	580[24]		12[25]	2000
Long March 6	China	CALT		500 to SSO	11	2015
Long March 11	China	CALT	700[26]		17	2015[27]
Alpha	United States	Firefly	1,000[28]	600 to SSO	5	2021
Epsilon	Japan	IHI[29]	1,200[30]		5	2013
RS1	United States	ABL	1,350[31]	400 to GTO	1	2023
Strela	Russia	Khrunichev	1,400[32]		3[33]	2003
Minotaur-C	United States	Northrop Grumman	1,450[34]	1,050[34] to SSO	10[35]	1994
Kuaizhou-11	China	CASC	1,500	1,000 to SSO	2
SK solid fueled LV	Republic of Korea	MND	1,500		1(+2)	2023[36]
Minotaur IV	United States	Northrop Grumman	1,735[37]		7[38]	2010[39]
Kinetica 1	China	CAS Space	2,000	1,500 to SSO	3	2022
Tianlong-2	China	Space Pioneer	2,000[40]	1,500 to SSO	1	2023
Jielong 3	China	CALT		1,500 to SSO	3[41]	2022
OS-M[b]	China	OneSpace	205[42]	73 to SSO	1	2019

Under development

Vehicle	Origin	Manufacturer	Mass to LEO (kg)	Mass to other orbits (kg)	First flight (expected)
Blue Whale 1	South Korea	Perigee Aerospace	63[43]	50 to SSO	2022
Agnibaan	India	Agnikul Cosmos	100		2022
ZERO	Japan	Interstellar Technologies		100 to SSO[44]	2023
Chetak	India	Bellatrix Aerospace	150		2023
VLM[45]	Brazil	Brazilian General Command for Aerospace Technology	150		2023
Haribon SLS-1	Philippines	OrbitX	200[46]		2023
DNLV	Malaysia	Independence-X Aerospace[47]	200		2023
Volans	Singapore	Equatorial Space Systems[48]	220	150 to SSO	2023
Zuljanah	Iran	Iranian Space Agency	220		2021
Vikram 1	India	Skyroot Aerospace	315	255 to SSO[49]	2023
Skyrora XL	United Kingdom	Skyrora	315[50]		2023[51]
Hapith V	Taiwan	TiSPACE	390[52]	350 to SSO
Vikram II	India	Skyroot Aerospace	520	410 to SSO[49]	TBD
Rocket 4	United States	Astra Space, Inc.	600[53]		2023
Vikram III	India	Skyroot Aerospace	720	580 to SSO[49]	TBD
Tronador II	Argentina	CONAE	750[54]		2029
Miura 5	Spain	PLD Space	900		2024[55]
Spectrum	Germany	Isar Aerospace	1,000	700 to SSO	2023
Hyperbola-2	China	i-Space	1,900[56]

Retired

Vehicle	Origin	Manufacturer	Mass to LEO (kg)	Mass to other orbits (kg)	Launches	First flight	Last flight
SS-520	Japan	IHI	4		2	2017	2018
Vanguard	United States	Martin	9[57]		11(+1)	1957	1959
Juno I[58]	United States	Chrysler	11		6	1958	1959
Veloce 17	United States	Eldorado Space[59]	12		0
Lambda 4S	Japan	Nissan[60]	26[30]		5	1966	1977[61]
SLV	India	ISRO	40[62]		4	1979	1983
Juno II[63]	United States	Chrysler	41		10	1958	1961
Boeing Small Launch Vehicle[64]	United States	Boeing	45[65]		0
Rocket 3	United States	Astra	45[66]		7(+2)	2020	2022
Safir	Iran	Iranian Space Agency	50[67]		8	2008	2019
Vector-R	United States	Vector	60[68]		0(+2)
Diamant	France	SEREB	107[69][70]		12	1965	1975
Vector-H	United States	Vector	110[71]		0
Capricornio[72]	Spain	INTA	140		0
ASLV	India	ISRO	150		4	1987	1994
Scout	United States	US Air Force/NASA	174[73]		125	1961	1994
Mu-4S	Japan	Nissan[60]	180[30]		4	1971	1972
Mu-3C	Japan	Nissan[60]	195[30]		4	1974	1979
Shtil'	Russia	Makeyev	280 – 420[74]		2[75]	1998	2006
Mu-3H	Japan	Nissan[60]	300[30]		3	1977	1978
Mu-3S	Japan	Nissan[60]	300[30]		4	1980	1984
Long March 1	China	CALT	300[76]		2[77]	1970[77]	1971[77]
Zhuque-1	China	LandSpace	300[78]	200 to SSO	1	2018	2018
Delta 1913	United States	McDonnell Douglas	328[79]		1[80]	1973	1973
Delta 2310	United States	McDonnell Douglas	336[81]		3[80]	1974	1981
Delta 1410	United States	McDonnell Douglas	340[82]		1[80]	1975	1975
VLS-1	Brazil	AEB, INPE	380[83]		2[note 1]	1997	2003
Delta 1604	United States	McDonnell Douglas	390[84]		2[80]	1972	1973
Falcon 1	United States	SpaceX	420[85]		5	2006	2009
Pegasus	United States	Orbital	443[86]		45[87]	1990	2021
Conestoga	United States	Space Services Inc.	500[88]		3	1982	1995
Sputnik 8K71PS	Soviet Union	RSC Energia	500[89]		2	1957	1957
Launcher One	United States	Virgin Orbit	500[90]	300 to SSO	6	2020
Paektusan	North Korea	KCST	700[91]		1	1998
Long March 1D (CZ-1D)	China	CALT	740[92]		0(+3)	1995[note 2]	2002
Mu-3SII	Japan	Nissan[60]	770[30]		8	1985	1995
Athena I	United States	Lockheed Martin	795[93]	515 to GTO	4[94]	1995	2001
Delta 3913	United States	McDonnell Douglas	816[95]		1[80]	1981	1981
J-I	Japan	IHI, Nissan[60]	1,000[96]		0(+1)	1996	1996
Delta 1910	United States	McDonnell Douglas	1,066[97]		1[80]	1975	1975
N-I	Japan  United States	Mitsubishi	1,200[98]		7	1975	1982
Terran 1	United States	Relativity Space	1,250		1	2023	2023
Delta 0900	United States	McDonnell Douglas	1,300[99]	818 to SSO[80]	2[80]	1972	1972
Sputnik 8A91	Soviet Union	RSC Energia	1,327		2	1958	1958
Atlas LV-3B[100]	United States	Convair	1,360		9	1960	1963
H-I	Japan  United States	Mitsubishi	1,400[101]		9	1986	1992
Kosmos-3M	Soviet Union  Russia	NPO Polyot	1,500[102]		442[103]	1967	2010
M-V	Japan	IHI, Nissan[29][60]	1,800[30]		7	1997	2006
Athena II	United States	Lockheed Martin	1,800[104]		3[105]	1998	1999
Delta 1900	United States	McDonnell Douglas	1,800[80]		1[80]	1973	1973
Delta 2910	United States	McDonnell Douglas	1,887[80]		6[80]	1975	1978
Rokot	Soviet Union  Russia	Khrunichev	1,950[106]	1,200 to SSO	34	1990	2019
Vega	Italy  Europe[c]	Avio		1,450 to SSO	22	2012	2024

Notes

1. Includes 2 Kuaizhou-1 launches and 26 Kuaizhou-1A launches.
2. OS-M1 Variant of OS-M was launched
3. The lead manufacturer is from Italy, but the rocket has significant contributions from companies based in Belgium, France, Netherlands, Spain, Switzerland and Ukraine.

See also

• Sounding rocket, suborbital launch vehicle
• Medium-lift launch vehicle, capable of lifting between 2,000 and 20,000 kg to low Earth orbit
• Heavy lift launch vehicle, capable of lifting between 20,000 and 50,000 kg to low Earth orbit
• Super heavy-lift launch vehicles, capable of lifting more than 50,000 kg (110,000 lb) to low Earth orbit
• Comparison of orbital launch systems
• List of orbital launch systems
• Comparison of orbital rocket engines
• Comparison of space station cargo vehicles
• Rocket
• Spacecraft propulsion

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Notes

1. A third rocket exploded before launch
2. Suborbital test flights in 1995, 1997 and 2002, no orbital launches attempted

Further reading

• Isakowitz, Hopkins, and Hopkins International Guide to Space Launch Systems, AIAA. ISBN 1-56347591-X.

External links

• Small Satellite Launchers at NewSpace Index