Revadim

Revadim (Hebrew: רְבָדִים, lit. "terraces") is a kibbutz in southern Israel. Located in the southern Shephelah (Judean foothills) region, it falls under the jurisdiction of Yoav Regional Council. In 2022 it had a population of 830.^[1]

Revadim רבדים رفاديم
Revadim Show map of Ashkelon region of Israel Revadim Show map of Israel
Coordinates: 31°46′25″N 34°49′1″E
Country	Israel
District	Southern
Council	Yoav
Affiliation	Kibbutz Movement
Founded	14 February 1947 (original) 28 November 1948 (current)
Founded by	Hashomer Hatzair members (original) Bulgarian Jews (current)
Population  (2022)	830[1]
Website	http://www.revadim.org.il

Reconstructed Philistine house

History

Revadim was founded on 14 February 1947 as the fourth settlement of the Etzion Bloc in the Hebron Hills. It was established by the Tzabar pioneering group (distinct from the more recent Garin Tzabar) on tracts of land purchased by the Jewish National Fund in Ein Abu Zeid and Shuweika.^[2] While the land was being reclassified as musha'a [collectively owned land], the group cleared 100 dunams, 70 in Ein Abu Zeid and 30 in Wadi Abu Nofal, where the JNF owned a tract of mafruz [individually owned tracts]. Plans included the reclamation of 70 dunams in Wadi Abu Nofal and 150 in Dhahr al-Masatikh, which were acquired as part of a land exchange agreement.^[2]

On 13 May 1948, the village was razed to the ground by the Arab Legion. Survivors were taken prisoner by Jordan. The kibbutz was re-established in a new location on 28 November 1948. The released POWs were joined by immigrants from Bulgaria and other countries.^[3] The new Revadim was located on the land of the newly depopulated Palestinian village of Al-Mukhayzin,^[4] close to Al-Khayma.^[5]

• 
  The four kibbutzes of the Gush Etzion at the time of the 1948 war (Kfar Etzion, Ein Zurim, Massuot Yitzhak, Revadim) overlaid on a 1943 Survey of Palestine map
• 
  Revadim, 11 February 1947, Mr Pinchas Margalit lays foundation stone
• 
  Revadim, February 1947, fencing
• 
  Revadim, February 1947, water tank, Magen David Adom ambulance in background
• 
  Revadim, February 1947, first building
• 
  Revadim, February 1947, colonist’s accommodation
• 
  Revadim, February 1947, American students
• 
  Revadim, 11 February 1947
• 
  Revadim, 1 December 1947

Economy

The economy is based on tourism and small industry. It operates a guest rooms and a museum of antiquities. The Roman Glass Co. designs original jewellery for a worldwide market.^[6]

Landmarks

The kibbutz has a memorial for members who fell in the 1948 Arab–Israeli War. Tel Miqne-Ekron, an archaeological tell on the grounds of the kibbutz, is believed to be the site of the biblical city of Ekron.^[7] A reconstructed Philistine street is open to visitors. The kibbutz operates the Ekron Museum of the History of Philistine Culture which displays finds from the excavations.^[8]

Archaeology

Prehistory

An archeological site in the Revadim region, other than Tel Miqne-Ekron, is at least 300 to 500 thousand years old (based on paleomagnetism analysis and uranium date series), and the archaeological finds there belong to the Late Acheulean. Numerous faunal remains were excavated at the site, as well as some flint tools with fat residue, suggesting that the bones (including those of straight-tusked elephant) belong to butchered game.^[9]

Tel Miqne, the Philistine city of Ekron

Main article: Ekron

Tel Miqne-Ekron (Khirbat al-Muqanna') is one of the largest Iron Age (12th century–586 BCE) sites in Israel. Archaeologists have discovered over 100 7th-century BCE oil presses there, as well as the Ekron Inscription from that same century, which identifies the site as Philistine Ekron.^{[citation needed]}

The tell shows signs of occupation in the Chalcolithic period (4500–3100 BCE) and throughout the Bronze Age (3100–1200 BCE), but only becomes an important city in the 12th century BCE with the arrival of the Philistines, one of the Sea Peoples.^[10] Once the Kingdom of Judah managed to take over the dominant position from the Philistines in the 10th century BCE, Ekron was reduced in importance and size (from 10 acres to 5 acres, with the abandonment of the Lower City).^[10] The Assyrian conquest of the 8th century BCE actually brought an economic revival, with a huge olive oil industry occupying 20% of the space within the city, and with a large number of loom weights found in the oil production rooms indicating that the population developed an active textile industry for the time outside the olive processing season.^[10] Ekron supplied Egypt and the Assyrian empire with 700 tons of olive oil a year, making it the largest olive oil industrial center in the ancient Middle East.^{[8][dubious – discuss]} After the Babylonian onslaught of the 6th century BCE, the Philistine culture and identity disappeared.^[11]

The reconstructed Philistine street in the kibbutz, which can be visited only by previous appointment, features an oil press, a potter's wheel and a loom.^[8]

References

1. "Regional Statistics". Israel Central Bureau of Statistics. Retrieved 21 March 2024.
2. Yossi Katz Between Jerusalem and Hebron: Jewish Settlement in the Pre-State Period, pp.254–264.
3. Revadim Jewish Virtual Library
4. Khalidi, W. (1992). All That Remains: The Palestinian Villages Occupied and Depopulated by Israel in 1948. Washington D.C.: Institute for Palestine Studies. p. 398. ISBN 0-88728-224-5.
5. Morris, B. (2004). The Birth of the Palestinian Refugee Problem Revisited. Cambridge University Press. p. xxi, settlement #35. ISBN 978-0-521-00967-6.
6. "Roman Glass Company". Archived from the original on 2012-04-25. Retrieved 2011-10-05.
7. The Revadim seal and its archaic Phoenician inscription
8. A Reconstructed Philistine Street
9. Solodenko, N.; Zupancic, A.; Cesaro, S. N.; Marder, O.; Lemorini, C.; Barkai, R. (March 18, 2015). "Fat Residue and Use-Wear Found on Acheulian Biface and Scraper Associated with Butchered Elephant Remains at the Site of Revadim, Israel". PLOS ONE. 10 (3): e0118572. Bibcode:2015PLoSO..1018572S. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0118572. PMC 4365021. PMID 25786123.
10. Jerome Murphy-O'Connor (2008). The Holy Land: An Oxford Archaeological Guide from Earliest Times to 1700. Oxford Archaeological Guides. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 511. ISBN 978-0-19-923666-4. Retrieved 29 January 2017.
11. Blair Boone, Seymour Gitin, B.A. 1956, UBtoday, University at Buffalo's online alumni magazine, spring 1997

External links

• Official website
• Kibbutz Revadim Collection on the Digital collections of Younes and Soraya Nazarian Library, University of Haifa