List of ethnic slurs

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The following is a list of ethnic slurs, ethnophaulisms, or ethnic epithets that are, or have been, used as insinuations or allegations about members of a given ethnic, national, or racial group or to refer to them in a derogatory, pejorative, or otherwise insulting manner.

Some of the terms listed below (such as "gringo", "yank", etc.) can be used in casual speech without any intention of causing offense. The connotation of a term and prevalence of its use as a pejorative or neutral descriptor varies over time and by geography.

For the purposes of this list, an ethnic slur is a term designed to insult others on the basis of race, ethnicity, or nationality. Each term is listed followed by its country or region of usage, a definition, and a reference to that term.

Ethnic slurs may also be produced as a racial epithet by combining a general-purpose insult with the name of ethnicity, such as "dirty Jew" or "Russian pig". Other common insulting modifiers include "dog" and "filthy"; such terms are not included in this list.

Contents: 

• A
• B
• C
• D
• E
• F
• G
• H
• I
• J
• K
• L
• M
• N
• O
• P
• Q
• R
• S
• T
• U
• V
• W
• X
• Y
• Z
• See also
• References
• Further reading

A

Term	Location or origin	Targets	Meaning, origin and notes	References
Abbie, Abe, Abie	United States, Canada	Jewish men	Originated before the 1950s. From the proper name Abraham.	[1]
ABC	East Asia	American-born Chinese, Han or other Chinese (including Taiwanese) born and raised in the United States.	The term implies an otherness or lack of connection to their Chinese identity and (usually) Chinese language; however, it has been reappropriated by many Chinese Americans and used to convey positive connotations.	[2]
ABCD	South Asians in the US	American-Born Confused Desi, Indian Americans or other South Asian Americans, (desi) who were born in the United States.	Used chiefly by South Asian immigrants to imply confusion about cultural identity	[3][4]
Abid/Abeed (plural)	Middle East and North Africa	Black people	Arabic for slave, associated with the Arab slave trade	[5][6]
Abo/Abbo	Australia	Australian Aboriginal person	Originally, this was simply an informal term for Aborigine, and was in fact used by Aboriginal people themselves (such as in the Aboriginal-run newspaper Abo Call) until it started to be considered offensive in the 1950s. Although Abo is still considered quite offensive by many, the pejorative boong is now more commonly used when the intent is deliberately to offend, as that word's status as an insult is unequivocal.	[7]
Afro engineering, African engineering or nigger rigging	United States	African Americans	Shoddy, second-rate or unconventional, makeshift workmanship. Indirectly refers to black American people as worse or lower-valued than white American people when associating anything bad with them.	[8][9]
Ah Chah	Hong Kong	South Asian people	From 阿差; Cantonese Yale: achā; from "acchā" meaning "good" or "OK" in Hindi.	[10]
Ali Baba	United States	Iraqi people	An Iraqi suspected of criminal activity.	[11]
Alligator bait, 'gator bait	United States (chiefly southern U.S.)	Black people, especially black children	Dates from early 20th century or before; implies that African Americans are good for nothing except being used to bait alligators	[12][13]
Alpine Serb	Serbo-Croatian: Alpski Srbin (ex-Yugoslavia)	People of Slovenian origin.		[14]
AmaLawu, AmaQheya	South Africa	Khoisans and Cape Coloureds or Coloureds	Xhosa words for Hottentot	[15]
Ang mo	Malaysia, Singapore	European people, especially the Dutch	Hokkien for "red hair" referring to Dutch people from the 17th century and expanded to encompass other Europeans by the 19th century. It has become a neutral term, though is sometimes seen as derogatory.	[16]
Ann	United States, Canada	White women, "white-acting" black women	While Miss Ann, also just plain Ann, is a derisive reference to white women, it is also applied to any black woman who is deemed to be acting as though she is white.	[17][18]
Annamite, mites	French, English	Vietnamese people		[19][20][21]
Ape	United States	Black people	Referring to outdated theories ascribing cultural differences between racial groups as being linked to their evolutionary distance from chimpanzees, with which humans share common ancestry.	[22][23]
Apple	United States, Canada	Native Americans	First used in the 1970s. Someone who is "red on the outside, white on the inside". Used primarily by other Native Americans to indicate someone who has lost touch with their cultural identity.	[24]
Arabush / Aravush (ערבוש)	Israel	Arabs	Arabs, derived from Hebrew "Aravi" (Arab).	[25]
Argie / Argies (plural)	United Kingdom	Argentine people	Extensively used by the British soldiers during the Falklands War in 1982.	[26]
Armo	United States	Armenian/Armenian American	Especially used in Southern California.	[27][28]
Asing, Aseng	Indonesia	Non-Indonesian people, especially Chinese people	Insult to non-Indonesian citizen, from "[orang] asing" (foreigner) that rhymed with "Aseng" (Chinese name). This word is often directed at Chinese people due to Indonesia's relationship with the PRC.	[29]
Ashke-Nazi (אשכנאצי)	Israel	Ashkenazi Jews	Pronounced like "AshkeNatzi". Used mostly by Mizrachi Jews.	[30][31][32]
Aunt Jemima/Aunt Jane/Aunt Mary/Aunt Sally	United States	Black women	A black woman who "kisses up" to whites, a "sellout", female counterpart of Uncle Tom.	[33]

B

Term	Location or origin	Targets	Meaning, origin and notes	References
Bachicha	Chile	Italian people	Possibly derived from the Italian word Baciccia, a nickname for Giambattista.	[34]
Baiano	Brazil	Northeastern Brazilian people	A person born in Bahia, one of the 9 states in the Northeast Region of Brazil. As a slur, it refers generically to any Northeastern person. Used mainly in São Paulo, the term is related to the Northeastern immigration of the second half of the 20th century.	[35]
Bamboula	France	Black people		[36]
Banaan	Suriname	Black people, people of African descent	Dutch: Banana. A slur that is used to refer to black people, people of African heritage. It derives from the colour of a banana's skin, which is yellow or brown, and is therefore seen as an offensive way to describe black and coloured people's skin colour.	[37]
Balija	Turkey, the Balkans	Bosnian people	An ethnic Bosniak or a member of the Bosnian diaspora.	[38][39]
Banana	United States, Canada	East or Southeast Asian people	"Yellow on the outside, white on the inside". Used primarily by East or Southeast Asians for other East- or Southeast Asians or Asian Americans who are perceived as assimilated into mainstream American culture. Similar to Apple.	[40][41]
Banderite	Poland	Ukrainians	The term Banderite was originally used to refer to the ultra-nationalist wing of the Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists, in reference to its leader Stepan Bandera. In Poland, the term "banderowiec" is used in connection with the massacres of Poles in Volhynia by the UPA. The term became a crucial element of Soviet propaganda and was used as a pejorative description of Ukrainian nationalists, or sometimes western Ukrainians or Ukrainian-speakers. Today the term is used in Russian propaganda to associate Ukrainian identity with Nazism.	[42][43][44][45][46][47]
Barbarian	Greece	Non-Greek people	Someone who is perceived to be either uncivilized or primitive. βάρβαρος (barbaros pl. βάρβαροι barbaroi). In Ancient Greece, the Greeks used the term towards those who did not speak Greek and follow classical Greek customs.	[48]
Beaner / Beaney	United States	Hispanic or Latino people, especially Mexicans	The term originates from the use of frijoles pintos and other beans that can be generally found in Mexican food or other Hispanic and Latino foods.	[49][50][51]
Bimbo	German	Africans, people with very dark skin in general	The origin of this term is disputed, but experts suggest that it either derives from the Central African town of Bimbo, or from the former state of Bimbia, which was annexed by the German colony of Kamerun.	[52]
Black Buck, black brute, brown buck or brown brute	United States	Black men	Originating in the post-Reconstruction United States, it was used to describe black men who absolutely refused to bend to the law of white authority and were seen as irredeemably violent, rude, and lecherous.	[53]
Blackie	English	Black person		[54]
Bluegum	United States	African Americans	An African American perceived as being lazy and unwilling to work.	[55]
Boche / bosche / bosch	France; United States; United Kingdom	German people	Shortened from the French term caboche dure, meaning "hard head" or "stubborn" with the influence of German surname Bosch.	[56]
Boeotian	Athenians	Boeotian Greek people	Referring to the supposed stupidity of the inhabitants of the neighboring Boeotia region of Greece.	[57]
Boerehater / Boer-hater / Boer hater	South Africa; United Kingdom	British people	Refers to a person who hates, prejudices, or criticizes the Boers, or Afrikaners – historically applied to British people who held anti-Boers sentiments.	[58][59][60]
Bog / Bogtrotter / Bog-trotter	United Kingdom, Ireland, United States	Irish people	A person of common or low-class Irish ancestry.	[61][62]
Bogate	Chile	Yugoslav people	The expression is said to come from the Yugoslav interjection Boga ti!	[63]
Bohunk	United States, Canada	Bohemian people	A lower-class immigrant of Central, Eastern, or Southeastern European descent. Originally referred to those of Bohemian (now Czech Republic) descent. It was commonly used toward Central European immigrants during the early 20th century. Probably from Bohemian + a distortion of Hungarian. See also hunky.	[64]
Bong	India	Bengali people		[65]
Boong / bong / bung	Australia	Aboriginal Australians	[First used in 1847 by JD Lang, Cooksland, 430]. Boong, pronounced with ʊ (like the vowel in bull), is related to the Australian English slang word bung, meaning "dead", "infected", or "dysfunctional". From bung, to go bung "Originally to die, then to break down, go bankrupt, cease to function [Ab. bong dead]". The 1988 edition of the Australian National Dictionary gives its origin in the Wemba word for "man" or "human being". However, Frederick Ludowyk of the Australian National Dictionary Centre wrote in 2004 that bong meaning "dead" is not a Wiradjuri word, but may have been picked up or assumed from the word "bung" which was originally a Yagara word which was used in the pidgin widely spoken across Australia in colonial times.	[66][67][68][69][70]
Boonga / boong / bunga / boonie	New Zealand	Pacific Islanders	Likely derived from the similar Australian slur	[71][72]
Bootlip	United States	African American people		[73]
Bougnoule	France	Arabian people		[74]
Bounty bar	United Kingdom	Black people	A black person who is considered to be behaving like a white person (i.e. dark on the outside, white on the inside).	[75]
Bozgor	Romania	Hungarian people	Used especially on ones born in Romania. Possibly derived from the Moldavian Csángó dialect pronunciation of bocskor meaning Opanak, a type of rustic footwear.	[76]
Brillo Pad	United Kingdom and United States	Black People	Used to refer to the hair of a black person	[77]
Brownie	United States, New Zealand, and Australia	Brown-skinned people, an Asian	Used in the 1850s–1960s; in Australia it was used for an Aboriginal Australian or someone Japanese; in New Zealand, a Māori	[78]
Buckwheat	United States	Black people	The name of a black character that appeared in the Our Gang (Little Rascals) short films. Today it is used to refer to the curly hair of a black person.	[79][80]
Buddhahead	United States	Asian people	Also used by mainland Japanese Americans to refer to Hawaiian Japanese Americans since World War II.	[81][82]
Buckra, Bakra	United States, West Indies	White people from Sub-Saharan African languages		[83]
Bulbash	Russia, Ukraine	Belarusians	Derived from Belarusian word "bulba" (potatoes), based on the fact that potatoes are a very common ingredient in Belarusian cuisine.	[84][85]
Bule	Indonesia	White people or foreigner	Derived from an archaic Indonesian word for albino.	[86]
Bumbay	Philippines	People from India	From Bombay	[87]
Burrhead / Burr-head / Burr head	United States	Black people	Referencing Afro-textured hair.	[88]
Bushy (s.) / Bushies, Amadushie (p.)	South Africa	Khoisans	Historically used against the Khoisan people in Southern Africa, referring to their nomadic lifestyle and reliance on the bush for survival.	[89]

C

Term	Location or origin	Targets	Meaning, origin and notes	References
Cabbage Eater		German and Russian people		[90][91]
Canaca	Chile	Chinese and Japanese people	Canaca is a slur originating in Oceania.	[63]
Camel jockey / camel dung-shoveler		Middle Eastern people		[92][93][94]
Carcamano	Brazil	Italian people	Used during the early 20th century, during the Second wave of Italian immigration to Brazil.	[95]
Chankoro	Japan	Chinese people	Japanese: チャンコロ, a Japanese reference to a Chinese person.	[96]
Charlie	United States	White Americans	Used in the 1960s–1970s. White people as a reified collective oppressor group, similar to The Man or The System.	[97]
	United States	Vietnamese people	Vietnam War slang term used by American troops as a shorthand term for Vietnamese guerrillas, derived from the verbal shorthand for "Victor Charlie", the NATO phonetic alphabet for VC, the abbreviation for Viet Cong. The (regular) North Vietnamese Army was referred to as "Mr. Charles".	[98][99][100]
China Swede	United States	Finns	Derogatory term for Finnish immigrants to the United States, particularly in Minnesota and Michigan.	[101][102]
Chee-chee, Chi-chi	South Asia	Eurasian Mixed-race people, especially Anglo-Indians	Probably derived from Hindi chi-chi fie!, literally, dirt.	[103]
Cheese-eating surrender monkeys	United States	French people	The term originated with a 1995 episode of The Simpsons.	[104]
Chefur (čefur)	Slovenia	Non-Slovenian people of former Yugoslavia (Serbs, Croats, Bosniaks, Montenegrins, Macedonians)		[105]
Tsekwa / Chekwa	Philippines	Chinese Filipino people	Used in Filipino/Tagalog and other Philippine languages, which derived it from the late 19th century Cebuano Bisaya street children's limerick, Cebuano: Intsik, wákang, káun, kalibang!, lit. 'Chinese (laborer), I work, eat, and shit!', where "Intsik"/"Insik" is derived from the Philippine Hokkien term, Chinese: 𪜶 叔; Pe̍h-ōe-jī: in chek; lit. 'his/her/their uncle', while "wakang"/"gwakang" is derived from the Philippine Hokkien term, Chinese: 我 工; Pe̍h-ōe-jī: góa kang; lit. 'I work', while "kaon"/"kaun" is from the Cebuano Bisaya term, Cebuano: kaon, lit. 'to eat', while "kalibang" is from the Cebuano Bisaya term, Cebuano: kalibang, lit. 'to defecate'.	[106][107]
Chernozhopy	Russia	Indigenous people from the Caucasus, e.g. from Chechnya or Azerbaijan.	черножопый, or chornaya zhopa, meaning "black-arse" in Russian.	[108][109][110]
Chilote	Argentina	Chilean people		[111]
Chinaman	United States, Canada	Chinese people	A calque of the Chinese 中國人. It was used in the gold rush and railway-construction eras in western United States when discrimination against the Chinese was common.	[112]
Ching chong	China, United States, Canada, United Kingdom, Ireland, Australia, New Zealand, Philippines	Chinese people	Mocking the language of or a person of perceived Chinese descent.	[113]
Chink	China, United States, Canada, United Kingdom, Ireland, New Zealand, Australia,Philippines	East and South East Asians		[114]
Chinky	China, United States, Canada, United Kingdom, Ireland, New Zealand, Australia,Philippines	East and South East Asians.		[115][116]
Chonky		Asian people	Refers to a person of Asian heritage with "white attributes", in either personality or appearance.	[117]
Christ-killer		Jewish people	An allusion to Jewish deicide.	[118][119]
Choc-ice		Black people	A person who is figuratively "black on the outside, white on the inside".	[120][121]
Cholo	Latin America, Southwestern United States	Indigenous or Mestizo people	It may be derogatory depending on circumstances.	[122][123][124][125]
	Chile	Bolivian people, Peruvian people		[63][126]
Chon/Baka-Chon	Japan	Korean people		[127]
Chow	Australia	Chinese people	Used as early as 1864, rare now	[128][129]
Chuchmek (Russian: чучмек) / Chechmek (Russian: чечмек)	Russia / Russian-speaking regions	Middle / Central Asian people (in rare instances people from the Caucasus), in a broader sense Non-Russians, Non-European-looking people	From Chichimec - a derogatory term used by the Aztecs and other Central American Indians to describe the Chichimecs as "uncivilized, aggressive savages", similar to how the ancient Romans called Germanic tribes "barbarians". This name, with its derogatory meaning, was later adopted and brought to Europe by Spanish conquerors.	[130][131]
Chug	Canada	Canadian aboriginal people	See Chugach for the native people.	[132]
Chukhna	Russia	Finnic people		[133][134]
Churka (Russian: чурка)	Russia	Western and Central Asians	1. Chock of wood[135] 2. Ignorant person[135]	[109]
Ciapaty, ciapak	Poland	Middle Eastern, North African, South Asian, and Caucasian people.	Derived from chapati.	[136][137]
Cigányforma	Hungary	Persons with the combination of black hair with brown eyes, regardless of ethnicity	Used in 17th century Hungary; literal meaning is "gypsy form"	[138]
Cigány népek	Hungary	Ethnic groups or nations where the combination of black hair with brown eyes is dominant	Used in 17th century Hungary; literal meaning is "gypsy folks"	[139]
Cioară	Romania	Romani people and Black people	Means crow	[140]
Cina / Cokin	Indonesia	Chinese people	Use in media has been banned since 2014 under Keppres (Keputusan Presiden, lit. Presidential Decree) No. 12 of 2014, replaced by Tiongkok (from Zhongguo 中国) or Tionghoa (from Zhonghua 中华). The Keppres even bans use of "China" in media and formal use.	[141][142]
Coconut	United States, United Kingdom, New Zealand, Australia	Hispanics/Latinos, South/Southeast Asians	Named after the coconut, in the American sense, it derives from the fact that a coconut is brown on the outside and white on the inside. A person of Hispanic/Latino or South/Southeast Asian descent who is seen as being assimilated into white American culture.	[40][143][41]
		South Asians	A brown person of South Asian descent is perceived as fully assimilated into Western culture.	[144][145][146]
		Pacific Islander		[147]
Coño	Chile	Spanish people	Used in to refer to Spanish people given the perception that they recurrently use the vulgar interjection coño (lit. "cunt").	[34]
Coolie	United States, Canada	Asian people, usually Chinese, and Indo-Caribbean people	Unskilled Asian laborer (originally used in the 19th century for Chinese railroad laborers). Possibly from Mandarin "苦力" ku li or Hindi kuli, "day laborer." Also racial epithet for Indo-Caribbean people, especially in Guyana, Trinidad and Tobago and South African Indians.	[148][149]
Coon, cooney	United States, Commonwealth	Black people	Slur popularized by Coon songs played at Minstrel show. Originally associated in the 1830s with the U.S. Whig Party who used a raccoon as their emblem. The Whigs were more tolerant towards blacks than other main parties. After the party folded the term "coon" evolved from political slang into a racial slur. Within African American communities, the word has been used to refer to a black person who is allegedly a "sellout".[150]	[151][152][153][154][155]
	Australia	Aboriginal Australian		[156]
	New Zealand	Pacific Islander		[156]
Coonass, Coon-ass	United States	Cajun people	Not to be confused with the French connasse, meaning cunt.	[157]
Coreano	Chile	Chinese and Japanese people		[63]
Cotton picker	United States	Individuals of African descent, including African-Americans and Cape Coloureds or Coloureds	Historically referred to someone who harvested cotton by hand, often used in the context of American slavery when enslaved black people were forced to pick cotton on plantations. The phrase originally referred to the actual occupation of picking cotton on plantations in the American South, but that it later became a racial slur used to denigrate people of African descent, including African-Americans and Cape Coloureds or Coloureds.	[158][159][160]
Cracker	United States	White people, especially poor Appalachian and Southern people	Entered general use in the United States as a pejorative for white people, though may be used neutrally in context. Can specifically refer to white settlers, as with Florida or Georgia crackers.	[161][162]
Crow	United States	Black people		[163]
Crucco (m.), crucca (f.)	Italy	German people	The name was firstly given during the First World War to the troops of the Austro-Hungarian Army of Croatian and Slovenian ethnicity. Later the term was used to indicate the Germans.	[164]
Culchie	Ireland	Rural Irish people	Applied by townspeople or city folk as a condescending or pejorative reference to people from rural areas.	[165][166]
Curepí	Paraguay	Argentines	A common term used by people from Paraguay for people from Argentina, it means "pig's skin".	[167][168]
Curry-muncher	Australia, Africa, New Zealand, United States, Canada	South Asian People		[169]
Cushi, Kushi (כושי)	Israel	Dark-skinned people	Term originated from Kushite, referring to an individual from the Ancient Kingdom of Kush. This was also mentioned in the Hebrew Bible generally used to refer to people usually of African descent. Originally merely descriptive, in present-day Israel it increasingly assumed a pejorative connotation and is regarded as insulting by Ethiopian Israelis; and by non-Jewish, Sub-Saharan African migrant workers and asylum seekers in Israel.	[170]
Czarnuch (m.), czarnucha (f.)	Poland	Black people		[171]

D

Term	Location or origin	Targets	Meaning, origin and notes	References
Dago, Dego	United States, Commonwealth	Italians, Spaniards, Greeks, Portuguese or Maltese people; in the United States, primarily used for Italians and people of Italian descent	Possibly derived from the Spanish name "Diego"	[172][173][174][175]
Dal Khor	Pakistan	Indians and Pakistanis (specifically Punjabis)	The term literally translates to "dal eater", connoting the supposedly higher emphasis on pulses and vegetables in the diet of countryside Punjabis.	[176]
Dalle, Batak Dalle	Indonesia	Batak people	Dalle is a pejorative which means "Batak people who can't speak Batak" or "Batak people who don't (want to) know about Batak culture"	[177][178][179]
darky / darkey / darkie	Worldwide	Black people	According to lexicographer Richard A. Spears, the word "darkie" used to be considered mild and polite, before it took on a derogatory and provocative meaning.	[180][181]
DEI / DEI hire	United States	Women and Black people	The term is sometimes used to imply that women and Black people are inherently unqualified for positions of power, and that they can only get jobs through tokenism.	[182][183]
Dhoti	Nepal	Indian or Madheshi people	As reference to their indigenous clothing Dhoti worn by people of Indian subcontinent.	[184]
Dink	United States	Southeast Asian, particularly Vietnamese people.	Origin: 1965–70, Americanism. Also used as a disparaging term for a North Vietnamese soldier or guerrilla in the Vietnam War. (Note: If rendered in ALL CAPS, then DINK may be the benign lifestyle acronym for dual-income, no kids [a couple with two incomes and no child-raising expenses])	[185]
Dogan, dogun	Canada	Irish Catholics	19th century on; origin uncertain: perhaps from Dugan, an Irish surname.	[186]
Dothead, Dot	United States	Hindu women	In reference to the bindi.	[187][188]
Dune coon	United States	Arabian people	equivalent of sand nigger (below).	[189][190]

E

Term	Location or origin	Targets	Meaning, origin and notes	References
Eight ball, 8ball		Black people	Referring to the black ball in pool. Slang, usually used disparagingly.	[191]
Engelsman	South Africa	White South Africans of British descent whose first language is English	Afrikaans: Englishman. A derogatory term used to refer to white South Africans of British descent whose first language is English. This is due to historical and cultural tensions between English-speaking and Afrikaans-speaking white South Africans, which were fueled by British colonialism and apartheid policies. Some Afrikaans-speaking people view the English-speaking minority as elitist and condescending, and the use of the term "Engelsman" reflects these attitudes.	[192]
Eyetie	United States, United Kingdom	Italian people	Originated through the mispronunciation of "Italian" as "Eye-talian". Slang usually used disparagingly (especially during World War II).	[193][194][195]

F

Term	Location or origin	Targets	Meaning, origin and notes	References
Fankui, fan-kui, fangui, gui-zi, guizi, gui	Chiefly Southeast Asia	Non-Chinese native people of Southeast Asia	These words (and any variations of it) are extremely derogatory, since it means anyone other than Chinese have terrible attitude and uncivilised idiots. (Gui or Guizi itself means demon)	[196][197][198][199]
Fresh off the boat, off the boat		Asian Americans or immigrants in general	Referring to immigrants who have traveled to another foreign country and have yet acculturated into the nation's ethnicity or language, but still perpetuate their cultures. The slur also was the name for a sitcom named 'Fresh Off The Boat'.	[200][201]
Farang khi nok	Thailand	Poor white people	Is slang commonly used as an insult to a person of white race, equivalent to white trash, as khi means feces and nok means bird, referring to the white color of bird-droppings.	[202]
Fenian	Northern Ireland, Scotland	Irish Catholics	Derived from the Fenian Brotherhood.	[203]
Festival children (Russian: Дети фестиваля)	USSR (from late 1950s)	Children of mixed ancestry, usually with a father who is black or (more rarely) other non-European origins	It is believed that the first noticeable appearance of black and mixed-ancestry children appeared after the 6th World Festival of Youth and Students of 1957. The term was often used ironically and sometimes in a mildly derogatory fashion. This term is currently not used.	[204][205]
Feuj (verlan for juif)	France	Jewish people		[206]
Fidschi(de)	East Germany	East or Southeast Asian people, particularly Vietnamese people	German for Fiji, used to refer to anyone who looks East or Southeast Asian, particularly those of Vietnamese origin.	[207]
Fjellabe	Denmark	Norwegian people	Means mountain ape. Jocularly used by Danes mostly in sports. From the 1950s. Norway is mountainous while Denmark is flat without mountains.	[208]
Flip	United States	Filipino people		[209]
Franchute	Chile	French people		[34]
Frenk	Ashkenazi Jews	Sephardi and Mizrahi Jews	Derived from Franks (as a reference to Western Europeans), due to the fact Sephardi Jews are Judaeo-Spanish speakers.	[210]
Fritz, fricc, fryc, фриц, fricis	United Kingdom, France, Hungary, Poland, Russia, Latvia	German people	from Friedrich (Frederick).	[211][212]
Frog, Froggy, Frogeater, Froschfresser	Australia, Canada, United Kingdom, United States, Germany	Dutch people (formerly) French and French Canadian people (currently)	Before the 19th century, referred to the Dutch (as they were stereotyped as being marsh-dwellers). When France became Britain's main enemy, replacing the Dutch, the epithet was transferred to them, because of the French penchant for eating frogs' legs (see comparable French term Rosbif). Also known in Slavic countries, but only towards the (mainland) French, see Polish żabojad, Ukrainian zhaboyid (жабоїд), Russian lyagushatnik (лягушатник); as well as in Basque frantximant.	[213][214][215][216]
Fuzzy-Wuzzy	United Kingdom	Hadendoa people	Term used to refer to the Hadendoa warriors in the 19th century, in reference to their elaborate hairstyles. Not applicable in Australia, see Fuzzy Wuzzy Angels.	[217]

G

Term	Location or origin	Targets	Meaning, origin and notes	References
Gabacho	Spain, Chile	French people	From Occitan gavach meaning "one who speaks wrong."	[218][34]
	Mexico	American people, French people	Neutral or pejorative depending on context.	[219]
Gabel	Albania, Kosovo	Romani people	Expression of disdain for someone, with the setting "Maxhup"	[220]
Gadjo		Non-Romani people	Technically a term for a person who does not possess Romanipen, it usually refers to non-Romanis and Romanis who do not live within Romani culture.	[221]
Gaijin (外人)	Japan	Foreigners, espesically those of non-East Asian origin		[222]
Galla	Ethiopia	Oromo people or others in Ethiopia and Somalia	Used since 1670	[223][224]
Gam, Gammat	South Africa	Cape Coloured or Coloured people	It means "a person who is low or of inferior status" in Afrikaans.	[225][226]
Gans (Ганс)	USSR	German people, or more uncommonly Latvian people	The term originated among the Soviet troops in World War II, coming from Russified form of the German first name Hans.	[227][228][229]
Garoi	Romania	Romani people	It means crow.	[230]
Geomdung-i (검둥이)	South Korea	Black people	Korean for coon	[231]
Gexhë	Kosovo	Serbs of Šumadija	Derogatory expression for the Serbs of southern Serbia, of Šumadija.	[220]
Ghati	India	Maharashtrians	Ethnic slur for Maharashtrians living in Ghats	[232][233]
Gin	Australia	Aboriginal woman		Moore (2004), "gin"
Gin jockey	Australia	White people	A white person having casual sex with an Aboriginal woman.	[234]
Godon	France	English people	An antiquated pejorative expression. Possibly a corruption of "God-damn".	[235][236]
Golliwog	United States, Australia, United Kingdom, New Zealand	Darkskinned people, especially African-Caribbeans	An expression which originally was a children's literature character and type of black doll but which eventually came to be used as a jibe against people with dark skin.	[237]
Gook, Gook-eye, Gooky	United States	East and Southeast Asians, but particularly Koreans	The earliest recorded example is dated 1920. Used especially for enemy soldiers. Its use has been traced to United States Marines serving in the Philippines in the early 20th century. It gained widespread notice as a result of the Korean and Vietnam wars.	[238][239][240]
Goombah	United States	Italian people, Italian-Americans	Initially applied to Italian or Italian-American men in general, it now also specifically carries connotations of stereotypical vulgar machismo and Italian Mafia or Italian-American Mafia involvement among ethnic Italians and Italian-Americans. However, "goombah" is also used among Italian-Americans themselves to refer to a friend or comrade; the word becomes pejorative mostly when used by a non-Italian to refer to an ethnic Italian or Italian-American in a derogatory or patronizing way rather than as a friendly term of address among Italian-Americans. Originates from the Southern Italian word cumpa or cumpari and the Standard Italian equivalent, compare, meaning "godfather" or "partner-in-crime".	[241]
Gora (गोरा, گورا), Goro (गोरो)	India	Europeans and other light-skinned people	The word gorā simply means "fair-skinned" in Hindi and other Indo-Aryan languages, derived from Sanskrit gaura (गौर "white, shining"). However, it has recently been used as a racial epithet for White people. "Gori" is the feminine form.	[242][243][244][245]
Goy, Goyim, Goyum	Hebrew	Non-Jewish people	A Hebrew biblical term for "Nation" or "People". By Roman times it had also acquired the meaning of "non-Jew". In English, use may be benign, to refer to anyone who isn't Jewish, or controversial, as it can have pejorative connotations.	[246][247]
Grago, Gragok (shrimp)		Eurasians, Kristang people	A term for Eurasians, and specifically for the Kristang people of Malaysia, many of whom were traditionally engaged in shrimp fishing. It often has pejorative connotations, especially when used by outsiders, though in recent generations members of the community have to some degree tried to reclaim the term.	[248]
Greaseball, Greaser	United States	Mediterranean/Southern European and Hispanic people, and especially Italian people.	Greaseball often generally refers to Italians or a person of Italian descent. Meanwhile, though it may be used as a shortening of greaseball to refer to Italians, greaser has been more often applied to Hispanic Americans or Mexican Americans. However, greaseball (and to a lesser extent, greaser) can also refer to any person of Mediterranean/Southern European descent or Hispanic descent, including Greeks, Spaniards, and the Portuguese, as well as Latin Americans.[249][250] Greaser also refer to members of a 1950-1960s subculture which Italian Americans and Hispanic Americans were stereotyped to be a part of. "Greaser" in reference to the subculture has taken on a less derogatory connotation since the 1950s.	[251]
Greenhorn	United States, New England region, especially Massachusetts.	Portuguese people	Can also be used in a non-derogatory context when not referring to the Portuguese to mean anyone inexperienced at something.	[252]
Gringo	Spanish speakers, mostly Latin America	English speakers	Sometimes used by Latino Americans. In Mexico, the term means an American. Likely from the Spanish word "griego", meaning Greek (similar to the English expression "It's all Greek to me").	[253][254][255][256]
	Brazil	Foreigners	A colloquial neutral term for any foreigner, regardless of race, ethnicity or origin (including Portuguese people), or for a person whose native language is not Portuguese (including people whose native language is Spanish).	[257][258][259][260]
	Southern Brazil	Italian descendants	A colloquial neutral term for Italian descendants of southern Brazil, specially in Rio Grande do Sul	[261]
Groid	United States	Black people	Derived from "negroid".	[262]
Gub, Gubba	Australia	White people	Aboriginal term for white people	[263]
Guizi (鬼子)	Mainland China	Non-Chinese	Basically the same meaning as the term gweilo used in Hong Kong. More often used when referring foreigners as military enemies, such as riben guizi (日本鬼子, Japanese devils, because of Second Sino-Japanese War), meiguo guizi (美国鬼子, American devils, because of Korean War).	[264][265] [citation needed]
Guido, Guidette	United States	Italian Americans	Derives from the Italian given name, Guido. Guidette is the female counterpart. Used mostly in the Northeastern United States as a stereotype for working-class urban Italian Americans.	[266][267]
Guinea, Ginzo		Italian people	Most likely derived from "Guinea Negro", implying that Italians are dark or swarthy-skinned like the natives of Guinea. The diminutive "Ginzo" probably dates back to World War II and is derived from Australian slang picked up by United States servicemen in the Pacific Theater.	[268]
Gummihals	Switzerland	German people	Literally "rubber neck"	[269]
Gusano	Cuba	Cuban exiles after the revolution	Literally "worm"	[270][271][272]
Gweilo, gwailo, kwai lo (鬼佬)	Southern Mainland China, Hong Kong, Macau	White men	Loosely translated as "foreign devil"; more literally, might be "ghost dude/bloke/guy/etc". Gwei means "ghost". The color white is associated with ghosts in China. A lo is a regular guy (i.e. a fellow, a chap, or a bloke). Once a mark of xenophobia, the word is now in general, informal use.	[273]
Gwer	North Africa	White people		[274]
Gyp/Gip		Romani people	Shortened version of "gypsy"	[275]
Gyopo, Kyopo (교포)	Korea	Estranged Korean people	Literally "sojourner". A Korean who was born or raised overseas, particularly the United States. (see also banana in this page)	[276]
Gypsy, Gyppo, gippo, gypo, gyppie, gyppy, gipp	United Kingdom, Australia	Egyptian people and Romani people	Derived from "Egyptian", Egypt being mistakenly considered these people's origin.	[277]

H

Term	Location or origin	Targets	Meaning, origin and notes	References
Hairyback	South Africa	Afrikaners		[278]
Hajji, Hadji, Haji	United States Military	Iraqi people	May also be used to describe anyone from a predominantly Muslim country. Derived from the honorific Al-Hajji, the title given to a Muslim who has completed the Hajj (pilgrimage to Mecca).	[279][280][281]
Half-breed		Multi-ethnic people	Métis is a French term, also used in Canadian English, for a half-breed, and mestizo is the equivalent in Spanish, although these are not offensive per se.	[282][283] [citation needed]
Half-caste	England, Australia	Mixed race (usually between Australian Aboriginal and white people in Australian parlance)	Originally used as a legal and social term.	[284][285]
Haole	United States, Hawaiian	Non-Hawaiian people, almost always white people.	Can be used neutrally, dependent on context.	[286]
Heeb, Hebe	United States	Jewish people	Derived from the word "Hebrew."	[287][288]
Heigui (黑鬼)	China, Taiwan	Black people	Literally means "black ghost" or "black devil", used similarly to English phrases such as nigga or nigger.	[289][290]
Heukhyeong (흑형)	South Korea	Black people	Korean: Black brother. A Korean ethnic slur sometimes for black people.	[291]
Hevosmies	Finland	Romani people	From hevos- + mies, referring to Gypsy horsemanship.	[292]
Hike	United States	Italian immigrants	Sometimes used with or to distinguish from "Hunk" ("Hunky").	[293][294]
Hillbilly	United States	Appalachian or Ozark Americans		[295]
Honky, honkey, honkie	United States	White people	Derived from an African American pronunciation of "hunky," the disparaging term for a Hungarian laborer. The first record of its use as an insulting term for a white person dates from the 1950s.	[296][unreliable source?]
	New Zealand	European New Zealanders	Used by Māori to refer to New Zealanders of European descent.	[297]
Hori	New Zealand	Māori	From the formerly common Maorified version of the English name George.	[298]
Hottentot, Hotnot	South Africa	Khoisans and Cape Coloureds or Coloureds	A derogatory term historically used to refer to the Khoisan people of Southern Africa and their descendants, coloureds. It originated from the Dutch settlers who arrived in the region in the 17th century.	[299][300]
Houtkop	South Africa	Black people	Literally "wooden head"	[301]
Huan-a, Huana	Taiwan and Southeast Asia	Non-Chinese native people	This word is derogatory because huan-a means "foreigner" which portrays non-Chinese natives as not human[citation needed]. In Taiwan, it carries the connotation of "aborigine". In Indonesia, it refers to non-Chinese native people descended from the many ethnolinguistic groups native to Indonesia commonly known by the term pribumi (e.g., Javanese, Sundanese, Batak, and Buginese).	[302][303][304][305]
Huinca	Argentina, Chile	Non-Mapuche Chileans, non-Mapuche Argentines	Mapuche term dating back at least to the Conquest of Chile.	[306][307]
Hujaa (хужаа)	Mongolia	Chinese people	Equivalent to the word chink.	[308]
Hun	United States, United Kingdom	German people	(United States, United Kingdom) Germans, especially German soldiers; popular during World War I. Derived from a speech given by Kaiser Wilhelm of Germany to the German contingent sent to China during the Boxer Rebellion in which he exhorted them to "be like Huns" (i.e., savage and ruthless) to their Chinese enemy.	[309]
	Ireland	Protestants and British soldiers	A Protestant in Northern Ireland or historically, a member of the British military in Ireland ("Britannia's huns").	[310][311]
Hunky, Hunk	United States	Central European laborers	It originated in the coal regions of Pennsylvania and West Virginia, where Poles and other immigrants from Central Europe (Hungarians (Magyar), Rusyns, Slovaks) came to perform hard manual labor in the mines.	[312][294]
Hurri	Finland	Swedish-speaking population of Finland, Swedish people	Initially used as a derogatory term for the Swedish-speaking minority of Finland, sometimes used as a slur for any Swedish speaker	[313]
Hymie	United States	Jewish people	Derived from the personal name Hyman (from the Hebrew name Chayyim). Jesse Jackson provoked controversy when he referred to New York City as "Hymietown" in 1984. Has also been spelled "Heimie", as a reflection of popular Jewish last names ending in -heim.	[314]

I

Term	Location or origin	Targets	Meaning, origin and notes	References
Ikey / ike / iky: a Jew [from Isaac]		Jewish people	Derived from the name Isaac, an important figure in Hebrew culture.	[315]
Ikey-mo / ikeymo		Jewish people	Derived from the names Isaac and Moses, two important figures in Hebrew culture.	[316]
Indon	Malaysia, Singapore	Indonesian people	Clipping of Indonesia.	[317]
Indognesial / Indonesial	Malaysia	Indonesian people	Which similar to "Indon" term mixed with "Dog" and "Sial" (Malay word for "Damn").	[318]
Intsik	Philippines	Chinese Filipino people	Used in Filipino/Tagalog and other Philippine languages. Based on the Philippine Hokkien term, Chinese: 𪜶 叔; Pe̍h-ōe-jī: in chek; lit. 'his/her/their uncle'.	[106]
Inyenzi	Rwanda	Tutsi people	A person of the Tutsi ethnic group in Africa. Literally means "Cockroach" and reportedly derives from how Tutsi rebels would attack at night and retreat, being hard to kill, like a cockroach. Most notably came to worldwide prominence around the time of the Rwanda genocide, as it was used by the RTLM in order to incite genocide.	[319][320][321]
Injun	United States	Native Americans	Corruption of "Indian"	[322]
Itaker	Germany	Italian people	Formerly used as a nickname for Italian soldiers and the since the 1960s as a slur for Italian immigrants.	[323]

J

Term	Location or origin	Targets	Meaning, origin and notes	References
Jackeen	Ireland	Dublin people	Believed to be in reference to the Union Jack, the flag of the United Kingdom. By adding the Irish diminutive suffix -een meaning little to Jack thereby ¨meaning "Little Jack" and implying "little Englishmen". It was more commonly used to separate those of Anglo-Irish heritage from those of Gaelic heritage. While the term is applied to Dublin people alone; today, it was applied in the past as a pejorative term against all city dwellers and not just those in Dublin.	[324][325]
Jakun	Malaysia	Unsophisticated people, from the Malay name of an indigenous ethnic group.		[326]
Jamet, Jamet kuproy	Indonesia	Javanese people	Jamet stands for Jawa metal (a metalhead Javanese), while kuproy stands for kuli proyek (construction workers).	[327]
Japa	Brazil	Japanese people	Usually an affectionate way of referring to Japanese people (or, more generally, East Asian people), although it may be considered a slur. This term is never censored (as a slur typically would be) when it appears in mass media.	[328]
Jap	United States	Japanese people	Mostly found use during World War II, post-WWII.	[329]
		Jewish women	Usually written in all capital letters as an acronym for "Jewish-American princess," a stereotype of certain Jewish American females as materialistic or pampered.	[330]
Japie, yarpie		White, rural South Africans	Derived from plaasjapie, "farm boy".	[331]
Jareer	Somalia	Somali bantus, Bantu Africans in general	References the kinky hair of Bantu-speaking Africans which is less common among Somalis.	[332]
Jawir	Indonesia	Javanese people, especially Javanese people with darker skin	Comes from the words "Jawa" and "Ireng" from a Javanese word means black	[333]
Jerry	Commonwealth	German people, especially soldiers	Probably an alteration of "German". Origin of Jerry can. Used especially during World War I and World War II.	[334]
Jewboy	United States, United Kingdom	Jewish boys	Originally directed at young Jewish boys who sold counterfeit coins in 18th century London.	[335][336]
Jidan	Romania	Jewish person.		[337]
Jiggaboo, jiggerboo, niggerboo, jiggabo, jigarooni, jijjiboo, zigabo, jig, jigg, jigger	United States	Black people with stereotypical black features (e.g., dark skin, wide nose, and big lips).	From a Bantu verb tshikabo, meaning "they bow the head docilely," indicating meek or servile individuals.	[338][339][340]
Jim Crow	United States	Black people		[341]
Jjangkkae	Korea	Chinese people		[342]
Jjokbari	Korea	Japanese people		[343]
Jock, jocky, jockie	United Kingdom	Scottish people	Scots language nickname for the personal name John, cognate to the English, Jack. Occasionally used as an insult, but also in a respectful reference when discussing Scottish troops, particularly those from Highland regiments. For example, see the 9th (Scottish) Division. Same vein as the English insult for the French, as Frogs. In Ian Rankin's detective novel Tooth and Nail the protagonist – a Scottish detective loaned to the London police – suffers from prejudice by English colleagues who frequently use "Jock" and "Jockland" (Scotland) as terms of insult; the book was based on the author's own experience as a Scot living in London.	[344]
Jungle bunny	United States, Commonwealth	Black people		[345]
Jutku, jutsku	Finland	Jewish people		[346]

K

Term	Location or origin	Targets	Meaning, origin and notes	References
Kaew (แกว)	Northeastern Thailand	Vietnamese people		[347][348]
Kaffir, kaffer, kaffir, kafir, kaffre, kuffar	Arabian Peninsula, Muslims worldwide	Non-Muslims (regardless of race).	Also caffer or caffre. from Arabic kafir meaning "disbeliever".	[349][350]
	South Africa	Black and Cape Coloured or Coloured people		[351][352]
		Members of a people inhabiting the Hindu Kush mountains of north-east Afghanistan		[353]
Kaffir boetie	South Africa	Black and Cape Coloured sympathizers during apartheid	Meaning "Kaffir brothers", it is analogous to "negro lover" in English. The term is outdated and no longer used.	[citation needed]
Kalar	Burmese	Muslim citizens who are "black-skinned" or "undesirable aliens."		[354]
Kalbit	Russian	Central Asians		[355]
Kalia, Kalu, Kallu	Hindi	Darkskinned people	Literally means blackie generally used for black-skinned people in India, can also have racist overtone when referring to Africans.	[356][357]
Katwa, Katwe	Hindi	Muslim males	Word used to describe Muslim males for having a circumicised penis as mentioned in the Khitan of Islam.	[358][359]
Kanaka	Australia	Pacific Islanders		[360][361]
Kanake	German	Turkish people, foreigners in general	Originally used to refer to Native Polynesians. To some extent re-appropriated.	[362]
Kano	Philippines	White Americans	Usually used in Filipino (Tagalog) or other Philippine languages. Shortened from the Filipino word "Amerikano". It usually refers to Americans, especially a stereotypical male white American, which may extend to western foreigners that may fit the stereotype which the speaker is not familiar with, especially those from Europe, Australia, New Zealand, etc.	[363]
Kaouiche, Kawish	Canadian French	Native Americans		[364][365]
Käskopp	Germany	Dutch people	Middle German slur that translates to "cheese head".	[362]
Katsap, kacap, kacapas	Ukraine, Belarus, Poland, Lithuania, Russia	Russian people	Ukrainian: кацап, Lithuanian: kacapas; self-deprecating usage by Russians.	[citation needed]
Kebab		Muslims, usually of Arabian or Turkic descent.	Its origin is a Serbian music video that was recorded in 1993 during the Yugoslav Wars but the phrase has spread globally amongst far-right groups and the alt-right as a meme between 2006 and 2008. Famously Turkish internet users parodied the sentiment of Serbian nationalists online, with a satirical incoherent rant that ended with the phrase "remove kebab" being repeated. Although the meme initially intended to parody racism, this meaning behind the meme was lost once it became common in alt-right discourse.	[366]
Keko	Turkey	Kurdish men	Originally neutral Kurdish word meaning man, pal, or friend, but became derogatory among Turkish speakers.	[367]
Keling	Indonesia, Malaysia, Singapore	Indian people	In Indonesian, the term can be applied to any person with dark complexion, not only of Indian descent, but also to native Indonesians with darker complexion and Africans. The term is derived from the ancient Indian region of Kalinga, where many immigrants to countries further east originated.	[368]
Kemosabe/Kemosahbee	United States	Native Americans	The term used by the fictional Native American sidekick Tonto as the "Native American" name for the Lone Ranger in the American television and radio programs The Lone Ranger.	[369][370]
Kettō (毛唐)	Japan	Westerners	Literally means "foreigners full of body hair". Alternative form: ketōjin (毛唐人)	[371]
Khach (Russian: Хач), Khachik (Russian: Хачик)	Russia	Peoples of the Caucasus, particularly North Caucasus and Armenians	From Armenian խաչ khach, meaning cross (cf. khachkar). Khatchik is also an Armenian given name coming from the same root.	[372][373]
Kharkhuwa	India	Assamese people		[citation needed]
Khokhol (Russian: Хохол)	Russia	Ukrainian people	Derived from a term for a traditional Cossack-style haircut.	[374]
Khựa	Vietnam	Chinese people	Variant form of "Tàu khựa"	[375]
Ikula (s.) / Amakula (p.)	South Africa	A person or people Indian heritage.		[376]
Kike or kyke	United States	Ashkenazi Jewish people	Possibly from קײַקל kikel, Yiddish for "circle". Immigrant Jews who could not read English often signed legal documents with an "O" (similar to an "X", to which Jews objected because "X" also symbolizes a cross).	[377]
Kimchi		Korean people		[378]
Kıro	Turkey	Kurdish men	A word used to describe rude and hairy men, pejoratively refers to the Kurds.	[379]
Kitayoza китаёза	Russia	East Asian people, especially the Chinese.	Derived from "kitayets". (Cyrillic: китаец)	[380][381]
Knacker	Ireland	Irish Travelers		[382][383]
Kojaengi (코쟁이)	South Korea	Westerners	From 코 ("nose") and -쟁이 (derogatory suffix), prevalently used during the 19th and 20th centuries to refer to Caucasian foreigners	[384]
Kolorad	Ukraine	Pro-Russian separatists and Russian invaders	In reference to Russian St. George ribbon whose coloration resembles the stripes of the Colorado beetle.	[385][386]
Krankie	England	Scottish people		[387]
Krakkemut	Denmark	Arabs, Middle Easterns	While originally being used against greenlanders, it is now mostly used against Middle Easterns and Arabs. The word comes from the greenlandic word "Qaqqamut" meaning "to the mountain, up the mountain", however, the danish people began to pick up the word as an aggressive slur, and used it against the greenlanders, and slowly, it became a slur against the more frequent Arab and Middle Eastern immigrants in Denmark.	[388]
Kraut	United States, Canada, Commonwealth	German people	Derived from sauerkraut, used most specifically during World War II.	[389]
Kūpapa Māori	New Zealand	Māori people	Term used to describe Māori people who cooperate with or who are subservient to white authority figures (similar to "Uncle Tom" qv). From historical Māori troops who sided with the colonial government in the 19th century.	[390]
Kuronbō (黒ん坊)	Japan	Black people	A derogatory that literally means "darkie" or "nigga" in Japanese. The term has been used as a racial slur against black people, particularly during Japan's colonial era.	[391]
Kkamdungi (깜둥이)	South Korea	Black people	Korean for nigga or nigger.	[392]

L

Term	Location or origin	Targets	Meaning, origin and notes	References
Labus	Russia	Latvian and Lithuanian people	Derived from greetings: Latvian labrīt/labdien/labvakar and Lithuanian labas rytas/laba diena/labas vakaras, meaning "good morning/day/evening".	[393][394]
Laowai	China	Foreigners	Literally means "old foreign", less derogatory nowadays.	[395]
Land thief	South Africa	White South Africans	The term implies that white people stole land from black people during the Apartheid era, and are therefore responsible for the current economic and social inequalities in the country.	[376]
Lapp	Scandinavia	Sámi people	Used mainly by Norwegians and Swedes. The word itself means "patch." "Lapland", considered non-offensive, refers to Sámi territory known as "Sápmi", Finland's northernmost county, or the province in northernmost Sweden.	[396]
Lebo, Leb	Australia	A Lebanese person, usually a Lebanese Australian.		[397]
Leupe lonko	Chile	German people	Used by some Huilliche people of southern Chile. Means "toasted heads" in reference to the fair hair of many Germans. Originated during the German colonization of Valdivia, Osorno and Llanquihue in the mid 19th-century.	[398]
Limey	United States	British people	Comes from the historical British naval practice of giving sailors limes to stave off scurvy.	[399][400]
Locust (蝗蟲)	Hong Kong	Mainland Chinese people		[401]
Londo	Indonesia	White people	Commonly used by Javanese people. Derived from "Belanda" (Netherlands).	[402]
Lubra	Likely derived from a Tasmanian Aboriginal language.[403]	Australian Aboriginal Women		[404]
Lundy	Northern Ireland	Irish People	A unionist that sympathies with Nationalists in Northern Ireland. The name emanates from Robert Lundy, a former Governor of Londonderry during the Siege of Derry in 1688, who is reviled as being a traitor to protestants and as such, an effigy of him is burned each year.	[405][406]
Lugan		Lithuanian people		[407][408]
Lach/lyakh (Ukrainian: лях)	Ukraine, Russia	Polish people	Lach is a term that originally referred to a representative of Slav tribes living roughly in what is today eastern Poland and western Ukraine, more commonly known today as Lendians, but later became associated with all Polish tribes. In other languages, Lach and derived expressions are neutral.	[409][410]

M

Term	Location or origin	Targets	Meaning, origin and notes	References
Mabuno/Mahbuno	Zimbabwe	Local European people held in contempt, commonly white Africans of European ancestry.		[411]
Macaca	Europe	African people	Originally used by francophone colonists in North Africa, also used in Europe against Immigrants from Africa.	[412][413]
Macaronar	Romania	Italian people	Roughly means "macaroni eater/maker".	[414]
Majus (مجوس)	Arab world	Persian people	A term meaning Zoroastrian, Magi, fire worshipper.	[415][416][417]
Malakh-khor (ملخ خور)	Iran	Arab people	Meaning "locust eater," referring to the eating of locusts in Arab cuisine.	[418][419][420][421][422][423]
Malau	South Africa	Khoisans and Cape Coloureds or Coloureds	A derogatory Afrikaans slang word derived from Xhosa, used to insult coloured people and Khoisans by suggesting they lack cultural and racial roots and are therefore uncivilized. Its origin can be traced back to the Xhosa word "amalawu" or "ilawu", meaning "Hottentot".	[424]
Malaun	Bangladesh	Hindus	"Malaun" is derived from Bengali মালাউন (maalaaun), which in turn was derived from Arabic "ملعون" (mal'un), which means "cursed" or deprived of God's mercy.	[425]
Malingsia / Malingsial / Malingsialan	Indonesia	Malaysian people	Used in Indonesia, derived from "maling" (Javanese for "thief") and "Malaysia". It often arises due to perceived instances of Malaysia claiming aspects of Indonesian culture	[426]
Malon	Indonesia	Malaysian people	Used as the reply to Indon word. Malon is (mostly) a short for "Malaysia Bloon" (dumb Malaysians).	[427]
Mangal / Mango / Mangasar / Mangusta	Bulgaria	Romani people	From Bulgarian "мангал" (mangal) – a type of pot. Some variants are derived from the similar-sounding loanwords "манго" (mango) – mango and "мангуста" (mangusta) – mongoose.	[428][429][430]
Manne	Finland	Romani men	Possibly from Swedish man or from the name Herman. It refers to Romani men, however can also refer to Romani people generally.	[431]
Marokaki (מרוקקי)	Israel	Moroccan Jewish people	Derived from "Maroko" (Hebrew pronunciation for "Morocco") + "Kaki" (which means "shit", "crap" in Hebrew slang).	[432]
Maruta (丸太/マルタ)	Japan	Chinese people	Originally a term used by Unit 731 referring to its human test subjects, Nowadays used by Netto-uyoku sometimes.	[433]
Mau-Mau	United States	Black people	derived from Kenyans of the Kikuyu tribe involved in the Mau Mau Rebellion in the 1950s.	[434]
Mayate/Mayatero		Black people	Literally the Spanish colloquial name of the Figeater beetle.	[435]
Mayonnaise Monkey	United States	White people	A term commonly used by black people. A person with a "mayonnaise"-like complexion.	[436]
Mick		Irish people		[437]
Mocro	Dutch	Dutch-Moroccan people		[438]
Mof (singular) Moffen (plural)	Dutch	German people		[439]
Momo/Momos	India	Northeast Indians	Used on those that imply they are Chinese foreigners.	[115]
Monkey	Europe	Usually people of African, Melanesian, or Indigenous Australian descent.	A universal slur, meaning it has the same meaning in different languages.	[440][23][441][442][443]
Moskal, Ukrainian: москаль, Polish: moskal, Russian: москаль, German: moskowiter	Ukraine, Belarus	Russians	Historically a neutral designation for a person from Muscovy, currently refers to Russians.	[444]
Moon Cricket / Midnight Cricket / Cricket	United States	Black people	The origin is obscure. May refer to slaves singing at night as crickets chirp as dusk.	[445]
Mountain Turk	Turkey	Kurdish people	Former Turkish governments denied the Kurds their own ethnicity, calling them Mountain Turks (dağ Türkleri).	[446][447]
Muklo	Philippines	Filipino Muslims, notably among Bangsamoro ethnic groups	First used by soldiers of the Armed Forces of the Philippines stationed in Mindanao as an ethnic slur towards the Muslim Moro insurgents.	[448]
Mulignan/Mulignon/Moolinyan	United States	Black people	Used by Italian-Americans. Deriving from "mulignana" the word for eggplant in some South Italian linguistic variants.[449] Also called a mouli.	[450][451][452]
Munt	Rhodesia, originally military	Black people, usually men		[453]
Mustalainen	Finland	Romani people	Literally "blackling," "blackie," "the black people", when "romani" is the neutral term.	[454]
Maxhup	Kosovo	Romani people	Expression of contempt for someone, usually Romani people.	[220]
Mzungu	Eastern and Southern Africa, Democratic Republic of the Congo	White people	May be both pejorative and affectionate, depending on usage.	[citation needed]

N

Term	Location or origin	Targets	Meaning, origin and notes	References
Nawar	Levant	Romani people	Arab term for Romani people and other groups sharing an itinerant lifestyle.	[citation needed]
Neftenya / Neftegna / Naftenya / Naftegna	Ethiopia/Amharic	Amhara people	Literally means "rifle-bearer", relates to 19th century Ethiopian history. Since 1975, used as inflammatory term by Ethiopian People's Revolutionary Democratic Front (EPRDF, governing party) officials against Amharas; continued inflammatory/derogatory usage in 2020 online media two years after EPRDF loss of political power.	[455][456][457]
Němčour, nimchura (німчура), nemchura (немчура)	Slavic languages	German people		[458]
Nere	Bengali Hindus	Muslims		[459]
Niakoué	France	East or Southeast Asian people	A corrupted Vietnamese word with similar to "yokel", "country bumpkin", etc.	[460]
Niglet / Negrito		Black children		[461]
Nig-nog, nog, or Nignog	Commonwealth	Black people	Originally used to refer to a novice – a foolish or naive person – before being associated with black people.	[462][463]
Nigger / neeger (Estonian) / neekeri (Finnish) / niger / nig / nigor / nigra / nigre (Caribbean) / nigar / niggur / nigga / niggah / niggar / nigguh / niggress / nigette / negro / neger (Dutch & Afrikaans) / nig	International/Worldwide	Black people, especially African-Americans	From the Spanish and Portuguese word negro ("black"), derived from the Latin niger. The Spanish or Portuguese term, or other such languages deriving the term from it such as Filipino, may vary in its connotation per country, where some countries, the connotation may range from either positive, neutral, or negative, depending on context . For example, in Spanish and Portuguese, "negro" may simply refer to the color black. Among Spanish dialects in different countries, it may have either positive or negative connotations, such as describing someone similarly to my darling or my honey in Argentina, or describing someone to be angry in Spain. In Portuguese, the term "negro" is often preferred to the more offensive preto; however, due to the influence of US-American pop culture, the "n-word" can be found in the language as an anglicism, with identical connotations as the English term.	[464]
Niggeritis / Negroitis	Caribbean	Black people	To feel sleepy after eating is referred to in and around the Caribbean as having "niggeritis", a direct allusion to the stereotype of laziness of black Africans.	[465]
Nip	United States, Australia, New Zealand, United Kingdom	Japanese people	Someone of Japanese descent (shortened version of Nipponese, from Japanese name for Japan, Nippon).	[466]
Nitchie / neche / neechee / neejee / nichi / nichiwa / nidge / nitchee / nitchy	Canada	Native Canadians	A Native American (from the Algonquian word for "friend").	[467]
Non-Pri, Non-Pribumi	Indonesia	Indonesians of foreign descent, especially Chinese Indonesians	The term pribumi was coined after Indonesian independence to replace the derogatory Dutch term Inlander ("native"). "Non-pribumi," often simply "non-pri," was then used to refer to Indonesians of foreign descent and was generally considered to suggest that they were not full citizens. Use of both "pribumi" and "non-pribumi" by government departments was banned by President B.J. Habibie in 1998 according to Inpres (Instruksi Presiden, lit. Presidential Instruction) No. 26 of 1998, along with instruction to stop discrimination by race in government.	[468]
Northern Monkey	United Kingdom	Northern English people	Used in the south of England, relating to the supposed stupidity and lack of sophistication of those in the north of the country. See also Southern Faerie. In some cases, this has been adopted in the north of England, with a pub in Leeds even taking the name "The Northern Monkey".	[469][470]
Nusayri	Syria and the Levant	Members of the Alawite sect of Shi'a Islam.	Once a common and neutral term derived from the name of Ibn Nusayr, the sect's founder, it fell out of favour within the community in the early decades of the 20th century due to the perception that it implied a heretical separateness from mainstream Islam. Resurgent in the context of the ongoing Syrian civil war, the term is now often employed by Sunni fundamentalist enemies of the government of Bashar al-Assad, an Alawite, to suggest that the faith is a human invention lacking divine legitimacy.	[471][472]

O

Term	Location or origin	Targets	Meaning, origin and notes	References
Ofay	African American Vernacular	White people	First recorded in the late 19th century. Origin unknown. Suggestions include Yoruba ófé, "to disappear"; pig Latin for "foe"; and French au fait, "socially proper".	[473][474]
Oláh	Hungarian-speaking territories	Romanian people	Evolved to a pejorative term, originates from the historical designation of Romanians earlier the 19th century.	[475]
Orc	Ukraine	Russian soldiers	Orc (Cyrillic: орк, romanised: ork), plural orcs (Russian and Ukrainian: орки, Russian romanisation: orki, Ukrainian: orky), is a pejorative used by Ukrainians[476] to refer to an invading Russian soldier[477][478] during the Russo-Ukrainian War. It comes from the name of the fictional humanoid monsters of the same name from J. R. R. Tolkien's fantasy novel The Lord of the Rings.
Oreo	United States	Black people	Used as early as the 1960s. Refers to a black person who is perceived as acting white, and therefore black on the outside and white on the inside like an Oreo cookie.	[479][480][481]
Oven Dodger		Jewish people	Implying that one or one's ancestors avoided dying in the Holocaust and so avoid the crematorium ovens.	[482]
Overner	United Kingdom, Isle of Wight	Mainland United Kingdom Residents	A term used by residents of the Isle of Wight, sometimes pejoratively, to refer to people from the mainland United Kingdom.	[483]

P

Term	Location or origin	Targets	Meaning, origin and notes	References
Paddy	United Kingdom	Irish people	Derived from Pádraig/Patrick. Often derogatory; however, the sister of Lord Edward FitzGerald, a major leader of the United Irishmen of 1798, proclaimed that he was "a Paddy and no more" and that "he desired no other title than this".	[citation needed][484][485]
Paddy wagons		Irish people		[486][487]
Pajeet	United States	South Asian people	An American term for a South Asian man. Used as a derogatory and disparaging term in reference to racial stereotyping towards South Asians. The implication makes fun of a typical Punjabi Indian male's name. Originated around late 2014 and early 2015.	[488]
Pākehā	New Zealand	New Zealanders of non-Maori origin.	A Maori term for New Zealanders with no Polynesian ancestry. Not typically derogatory but can be taken so.	[489]
Paki, Pakkis	United Kingdom, Ireland, Canada, Norway	Pakistanis, other South Asians	Shortened from "Pakistani".	[488][490][491][492]
Palagi	Pacific Islands	White people	A Samoan term for a white person, found throughout the Pacific islands. Not usually derogatory unless used in reference to a local to imply they have assimilated into Western culture.	[493]
Paleface	Native Americans	White people		[494]
Pancake Face, Pancake		Asian people		[495]
Papoose	United States, Canada	Native American children		[496]
Paraíba	Brazil	Northeastern Brazilian people	One of the 9 states in the Northeast Region of Brazil. As a slur, it refers generically to any Northeastern person. Used mainly in Rio de Janeiro, the term is related to the Northeastern immigration of the second half of the 20th century.	[35]
Parsubang, Parsolam	Indonesia (North Sumatra)	Batak people or non-Batak people	Parsubang or parsolam refers to Batak Dalle and non-Batak people who don't eat pork, canine meat, blood, and drinking alcoholic beverage. Parsolam itself is a wordplay of solam/silom/selam, an old epithet for Islam and Muslims.	[179][497][498]
Pastel de flango	Brazil	East Asian people	Used mostly to refer to people of Chinese and Japanese origin. Pastel is Portuguese for any pastry and so is used for wonton in Brazil. Flango is eye dialect of frango (Portuguese for chicken) ridiculing Asian pronunciation.	[499][500][501]
Paša	Serbs	Bosniaks	Literally meaning Pasha, used by Serbs originated during the Bosnian war to generally mock Bosniak Muslims who wanted keep Ottoman titles and place-names. The modern term is used to refer to old Bosniak men who were pictured in wartime cartoons as being "fat as a pasha."	[502]
Peckerwood	Southern African American people and Upper-class White people	Poor, rural White people		[503][504]
Peenoise	English-speaking Southeast Asia	Filipinos	Usually used in English or sometimes in Filipino (Tagalog) and other Philippine languages. Compound of pee + noise, likened to Pinoy, the colloquial diminutive demonym for Filipinos. The implication makes fun of their high-pitched voice and tendency to scream when speaking online, especially in online gaming and esports.	[505]
Perker	Denmark	Arabs, Middle Eastern	Portmanteau of "perser" (Persian) and "tyrker" (Turk). The use of it is commonly used towards Middle Eastern immigrants	[506][507]
Pepper or Pepsi	Canada	French Canadians or Québécois.		[508][509]
Pickaninny		African American or West Indies child		[510][511]
Piefke	Austria	Prussians and Germans		[citation needed]
Pikey / piky / piker	United Kingdom	Irish Travellers, Romani people, and vagrant lower-class/poor people	19th century on; derived from "turnpike".	[512]
Pindos / Pendos (Russian: Пиндос)	Russia	Americans	Universal disparaging term to refer to all Americans. Related slur terms can refer to the United States ─ such as Pindosiya, Pindostan (Russian: Пиндосия, Пиндостан) and United States of Pindosiya.	[513][514]
Pilak	Sabahans	Filipinos	Regional word for "silver" or "money". Particularly targets immigrants.	[515][516]
Pink pig	South Africa	White people		[376]
Plastic Paddy	Ireland	Estranged Irish People	Someone who knows little of Irish culture, but asserts their 'Irish' identity. Can refer to foreign nationals who claim Irishness based solely on having Irish relatives. Often used in the same sense as poseur and wannabe.	[517][518]
Plouc	France	Bretons	Used to mean Breton immigrants that came to Paris and extended to mean hillbillies. The term comes from the prefix "plou" found in many Breton city names and toponyms.	[519]
Pocho / pocha	Southwest United States, Mexico		Adjective for a person of Mexican heritage who is partially or fully assimilated into United States culture (literally, "diluted, watered down (drink); undersized (clothing)"). See also "Chicano".	[520]
Pocahontas	United States	Native Americans	Refers to a distorted narrative of Pocahontas, a Native American woman, in which the 17th-century daughter of Powhatan who negotiated with the English at Jamestown, married an English colonist and converted to Christianity.	[521][522][523]
Polack, Polacke, Polak, Polock		Polish or Slavic people	From the Polish endonym, Polak (see Name of Poland). Note: the proper Swedish demonym for Polish people is polack, and the Norwegian equivalent is polakk.	[524][525][526][527]
Polaco	Spain	Catalan people		[citation needed]
Polaca	Brazil	Prostitute	In Brazilian Portuguese the word (meaning "Polish woman") became synonymous to "prostitute".	[528]
Polentone	Italy	Northern Italians	Referring to them as a "polenta eater".	[529]
Pom, Pohm, Pommy, Pommie, Pommie Grant	Australia, New Zealand, South Africa	British	Usually non-derogatory, but may be derogatory depending on context.	[530]
Porridge wog		Scots		[531]
Portagee	United States	Portuguese people and Portuguese Americans	Slur for Portuguese Americans immigrants.	[532]
Potet	Norway	Ethnic Norwegians	Means "potato" in Norwegian and is mostly used negatively among non-Western immigrants when talking about or trying to offend ethnic Norwegians. Means "light skin like a potato".	[533]
Prairie nigger		Native American		[534]
Prod	Northern Ireland	Northern Irish Protestants		[535]
Promdi	Philippines	Filipinos from countryside (understood as provinces) who have limited or no knowledge about Metro Manila or other big cities by the time they first arrive	From a pronunciation spelling of English from the (province). This term can be offending or stereotypical, as it is often used to make fun of people who first arrive in a big city and wear unfashionable clothes or speak in a rural-like accent, common stereotypes of people coming from the countryside. It is being reclaimed as a symbol of pride. It is often synonymous with the word probinsyano/probinsyana.	[536]
Pshek	Russian	Polish males		[citation needed]

Q

Term	Location or origin	Targets	Meaning, origin and notes	References
Quashie, Quashi	Caribbean	Black people	Often used on those who were often gullible or unsophisticated. From the West African name Kwazi, often given to a child born on a Sunday.	[537][538][539][540]

R

Term	Location or origin	Targets	Meaning, origin and notes	References
Raghead		Arabs, Indian Sikhs, etc.	Derived from those people wearing traditional headdress such as turbans or keffiyehs. See towel head. Sometimes used generically for all Islamic nations.	[541][542]
Ramasamy	British-ruled Southern Africa	Indians,	Ramasamy is a common name used mostly by Tamil people. The racially-divided southern Africa was inhabited by a large number of indentured labourers from India of whom Tamils were the majority.	[543][544]
Rastus	United States	African Americans	A stereotypical term.	[545]
Razakars	Bengali		Akin to the western term Judas.	[546]
Redleg	Barbados	White people	Used to refer to the islands' laborer-class, given how pale skin tends to burn easily.	[547]
Redneck	United States	White Americans	Applied to working-class white people perceived to be crass, unsophisticated, and reactionary; closely associated with rural whites of the Southern United States.	[548]
Redskin		Native Americans	Often used in the names of sports teams. See Native American name controversy.	[549]
Remove Kebab		Muslims, usually of Arabian or Turkic descent.	Its origin is a Serbian music video that was recorded in 1993 during the Yugoslav Wars but the phrase has spread globally amongst far-right groups and the alt-right as a meme between 2006 and 2008. Famously Turkish internet users parodied the sentiment of Serbian nationalists online, with a satirical incoherent rant that ended with the phrase "remove kebab" being repeated. Although the meme initially intended to parody racism, this meaning behind the meme was lost once it became common in alt-right discourse.	[366]
Risorse boldriniane	Italy	Maghrebi Arabs	Literally "Boldrini's resources". Used for the first time in 2015 by Matteo Salvini, as a slur for North-African immigrants, who had been unironically called "resources" by Laura Boldrini.	[550]
Rockspider, rock	South Africa	Afrikaners		[551]
Rootless cosmopolitan (Russian: безродный космополит)	Russia	Jews	Soviet epithet, originated in the official parlance, as an accusation of lack of full allegiance to the Soviet Union.	[552]
Rosuke, Roske	Japanese	Russians	"suke/ske" is a Japanese general-purpose derogatory suffix.	[553][554]
Rooinek	South Africa	British people	Slang for a person of British descent.	[555]
Roto	Peru, Bolivia	Chilean people	Used to refer disdainfully. The term roto ("tattered") was first applied to Spanish conquerors in Chile, who were badly dressed and preferred military strength over intellect.	[556]
Roundeye	English-speaking Asians	Non-Asians, especially White people		[557]
Russki, ruski (Polish), ryssä (Finnish)	United States Europe	Russians	From the Russian word Русский Russkiy, meaning "Russian".	[558][559]

S

Term	Location or origin	Targets	Meaning, origin and notes	References
Safavid	Iraq	Feyli Kurds	Mainly used by higher class Sunni Arabs during Ba'athist Iraq to insult Feyli Kurds for their belief in Shia Islam.	[560]
Sambo	United States	African Americans or black people in general		[561]
Sand nigger	United States	Arabs or Muslims in general	Mainly used due to the desert environment of most Arab countries. Equivalent of dune coon (above).	[562][563][190]
Sangokujin (三国人)	Japan	Korean and Taiwanese people	Originally used to refer the various former colonial subjects of the Empire of Japan in the aftermath of World War II.	[564]
Sarong Party Girl	Singapore	Asian women	Used to ridicule Asian women who exclusively dates, marries, or socializes with White men for ulterior motives (especially for sexual, social status, and monetary purpose).	[565][566][567]
Sassenach	Scottish, Gaelic	English people		[568]
Savage	England	Indigenous people, non-Christians	Used to describe a person or people considered primitive/uncivilized. Sometimes a legal term. Targets include indigenous tribes and civilizations in North America, South America, Asia, Oceania, and Africa. US examples include 1776 Declaration of Independence ("merciless Indian Savages") and 1901 Supreme Court DeLima v. Bidwell ruling describing Guam, Puerto Rico, and the Philippines as "savage tribes"	[569][570][571][572]
Sawney	England	Scottish people	Archaic term. Local variant of Sandy, short for "Alasdair".	[573]
Scandihoovian		Scandinavian people living in the United States	Somewhat pejorative term for people of Scandinavian descent living in the United States, now often embraced by Scandinavian descendants.	[574][575][576][577]
Seppo, Septic	Australia, New Zealand, United Kingdom	American people	Cockney rhyming slang (septic), Australian rhyming slang (seppo): Septic tank – Yank.	[578]
Schluchtenscheißer	Germany	Austrian people	Translates to somebody defecating in a cave (word-for-word translation: gorge shitter) and alludes to the mountainous landscape of Austria.	[579]
Schvartse, Schwartze	Yiddish or German speakers	African people (in the United States) Mizrahi Jews (in Israel)	Literally translates to "black".	[580]
Schwartze Khayeh	Ashkenazi Jews	Mizrahi Jews	Literally translates to "black animal".	[581]
Sheboon For the river in Belize, see Sibun River.	United States	Black women		[582]
Sheeny / Sheenie	United States	Jewish people	A 19th-century term for an "untrustworthy Jew".	[583]
Sheepshagger	Australia, United Kingdom	New Zealanders (in Australia) Welsh people (in the UK)		[584][585]
Shelta	Ireland	Irish Travellers	Derived from siúilta, which means "The Walkers" in Irish.	[citation needed]
Shiksa (female), Shegetz (male)	Yiddish speakers	Non-Jewish children		[586][587]
Shina (支那)	Japan	Chinese people	The Chinese term "Zhina" was orthographically borrowed from the Japanese "shina". Variant form of this term: Shinajin/Zhinaren (支那人)	[588]
Zhina (支那)	Taiwan, Hong Kong
Shine	United States	Black people	Derived from shoeshiner, a lowly job many black people had to take.	[589]
Shitskin / Shitlip	United States	Black people, anyone with dark-coloured skin		[590]
Shiptar	Former Yugoslavia	Albanian people	From misspelled Albanian endonym "Shqiptar".	[591]
Shka i Velikës	Gheg Albanians	Montenegrins from Velika	Derogatory terms for Montenegrins named after the place Velika in Montenegro.	[220]
Shkije	Gheg Albanians	South Slavs, in particular Serbs, Macedonians, Montenegrins, Bosniaks	Derived from the Latin word "Sclavus" or from the Venetian word "Schiavone", which means Slav.	[592]
Shkinulkë	Gheg Albanians	South Slavs, in particular Serbs, Macedonians, Montenegrins, Bosniaks	Same as Shkije but targeted towards women.	[220]
Shkutzim (Yiddish, plural)	Yiddish speakers (plural)	Non-Jewish men	Used especially on those perceived to be anti-Semitic. Cf. Shegetz, Shiksa.	[593]
Shkutor Croatian: Škutor	Croatia	West-Herzegovinan Croatian people	Primarily used to refer to ethnic Croats of Bosnia and Herzegovina, as well as to majority of Croats who are not natives of the modern-day Croatia (i.e. Croats of Hungary, Croats of Vojvodina etc.).	[594][595]
Shoneen	Ireland	Irish People	Irish Person who imitates English Customs. It means "Little John" in Irish language, referring to John Bull, a national personification of the British Empire in general and more specifically of England.	[596][597]
Shylock / Shyster		Jewish people perceived as greedy or usurious	From the antagonistic character of Shylock, a Jewish money-lender, in William Shakespeare's play The Merchant of Venice.	[598]
Sí-a-la̍k (死阿陸)	Taiwan	Chinese people	Literally means "damned mainlanders". the homophonic numerical form of this phrase(426) is also frequently used.	[599]
Siamtue (Thai: เซียมตือ, Min Nan Chinese: 暹豬)	Bangkoker (Thai Chinese)	Central Thai people (usually include Mons)	Literally Siamese pig; "low and vile like pigs, easy to fatten and slaughter, easy money"; mostly refers to Central Thais who migrated to Bangkok.	[600][failed verification]
Sideways vagina/pussy/cooter		Asian women, particularly Chinese women.		[601]
Skinny	United States	Somali people	A term most commonly used for Somali militia fighters.	[602]
Skopianoi	Greece	Ethnic Macedonians	Derived from Skopje, the capital city of North Macedonia.	[603][604]
Skip, Skippy	Australia	An Australian, especially one of British descent	Derived from the children's television series Skippy the Bush Kangaroo.	[605]
Skævøjet	Denmark	East Asian people	Skævøjet, literally meaning "with crooked eyes", is a reference to their appearance.	[606]
Slant, slant–eye		East Asian people	In reference to the appearance of the eyes.	[607]
Slobo	Finland	Russians or Slavs	From the Slavic word sloboda ("freedom") through some means, probably through some form of Russian слобода́ (slobodá).	[608]
Slope, slopehead, slopy, slopey, sloper	Australia, United Kingdom, and United States	Asian people (especially Vietnamese in Australia; especially Chinese in America)	Also slant, slant-eye.	[609][610][611]
Snowflake	United States	White people	Mostly used in this context in the 19th and 20th centuries.	[612]
Smoked Irish/Smoked Irishman	United States	Black people	A 19th-century term intended to insult both blacks and Irish but used primarily for black people.	[537]
Somdeang (โสมแดง)	Thailand	North Koreans	Literally "red ginseng" (see also Somkhao).	[613][614][failed verification]
Somkhao (โสมขาว)	Thailand	South Koreans	Literally "white ginseng" (see also Somdeang).	[614][failed verification]
Soosmar-khor: (سوسمار خور)	Persia	Arabian people	Persian for "lizard eater," referring to the eating of lizards in Arab cuisine.	[615][616][617]
Sooty	United States	Black people	Originated in the 1950s.	[618]
Southern Faerie, Southern Fairy	United Kingdom	Southern English people	Used in the North of England to refer to someone from the South, alluding to their supposed mollycoddled ways. (see also Northern Monkey.)	[619]
Soutpiel	South Africa	White English speakers	An Afrikaans term abbreviated as "Soutie" and translates as "Salt-penis," it derives from the Boer Wars where it was said that British soldiers had one foot in the United Kingdom, one foot in South Africa, and their penis dangled in the Atlantic Ocean (filled with saltwater).	[620]
Spade		Black people	Recorded since 1928 (OED), from the playing cards suit.	[621]
Spearchucker		African Americans or people of African descent in general	Derived from the idea that people of African descent were primitive.	[622]
Spic, spick, spik, spig, or spigotty	United States	Hispanic people	First recorded use in 1915. Believed to be a play on a Spanish-accented pronunciation of the English word speak. May apply to Spanish speakers in general.	[623][624][625][626][627]
Spook		Black people	Attested from the 1940s.	[628][629]
Squarehead		Nordic people, such as Scandinavians or Germans.	Refers to either the stereotyped shape of their heads, or to the shape of the Stahlhelm M1916 steel helmet, or to its owner's stubbornness (like a block of wood).	[630]
Squaw	United States and Canada	Native American women	Derived from lower East Coast Algonquian (Massachusett: ussqua), which originally meant "young woman".	[631][632]
Svenne / svenne banan	Sweden	Swedish people	A slang form of the word "svensk" which means swede in Swedish, and is mostly used negatively among non-Western immigrants when talking about or trying to offend ethnic Swedes.	[633]
Swamp Guinea		Italian people		[634]
Szkop, skopčák	Poland, Czech Republic	German people	The Polish term was particularly often used for Wehrmacht soldiers during World War II.	[635]
Szwab	Poland	German people	Derived from Swabia. See also: Fritz.	[636]

T

Term	Location or origin	Targets	Meaning, origin and notes	References
Taffy or Taff	United Kingdom	Welsh people	Originating as a corruption of the name Dafydd (Welsh pronunciation: [ˈdavɨð]) Davy or David, and equivalent of other historic English pejoratives Paddy and Jock. Known since at least the 17th-century when life-sized effigies of Welshmen were symbolically lynched in London, and the 18th century custom of baking "taffies", gingerbread figures made in the shape of a skewered Welshman.	[637][638][639][640]
Taig (also Teague, Teg and Teig)	United Kingdom (primarily Northern Ireland)	Irish nationalists	Used by loyalists in Northern Ireland for members of the nationalist/Catholic/Gaelic community. Derived from the Irish name Tadhg, often mistransliterated as Timothy.	[641][642]
Tai Ke	Taiwan	Waishengren	Literally means "Guests in Taiwan"(not belonging to here), Used when referring to Chinese who fled with Chiang Kai-shek and the Chinese Nationalist Party to Taiwan after losing the Chinese Civil War (see Waishengren)	[643]
Tanka	China	Tanka people	A name for a distinct ethnic group traditionally living in boats off the shore of South China. Originally descriptive ("Tan"/"Tang" is a Cantonese term for boat or junk and "ka" means family or peoples, Chinese: 蜑家; Cantonese Yale: Daahn gā / Dahng gā), the term Tanka is now considered derogatory and no longer in common use. The people concerned prefer to call themselves by other names, such as 'Nam Hoi Yan' (Chinese: 南海人; Cantonese Yale: Nàamhóiyàn; lit. 'People of The Southern Sea') or 'Sui Seung Yan' (Chinese: 水上人; pinyin: shuǐshàng rén; Cantonese Yale: Séuiseuhngyàn; lit. 'People Born on The Waters'), and other more polite terms.	[644][645][646][647][648][649][650][651][652]
Tar-Baby	United States	Black children	Also used to refer without regard to race to a situation from which it is difficult to extricate oneself. See tar baby.	[653]
Tàu	Vietnam	Chinese people	Variant form of "Tàu khựa"	[654][375]
Teabag	South Africa	Black and Cape Coloured or Coloured individuals who have a light skin		[376]
Teapot		Black people	Originates from the 19th century.	[655][537]
Terrone	Italy	Southern Italian people.		[656][657]
Teuchter	Southern Scotland	Northern Scottish people	Used to refer to somebody from the north of Scotland or rural Scottish areas.	[658]
Thicklips	United Kingdom	Black people		[537]
Tibla	Estonia	Russian or Soviet people	In widespread use by the Estonian War of Independence, this word was forbidden under the Soviet occupation of Estonia. It may be a shortened corruption of Vitebski, workers from the Vitebsk Governorate during World War I who were seen as dumb. It may also come from the Russian profane addressing "ty, blyad," "ты, блядь" ("you bitch", and the like [a]) or, truncated, "ty, blya," "ты, бля.	[659][660]
Tiko	Indonesia	Native Indonesian people	Tiko stands for Tikus kotor (Dirty rat). It may also derive from Hokkien 猪哥 (ti-ko), which means "brother of a pig", referring to their majority Muslim heritage.	[661]
Timber nigger		Native Americans	Refers to the Native Americans on the East coast living in areas that were heavily forested.	[662]
Timur		Syrian people from Damascus	Refers to the children born of the mass rapes that the Turco-Mongol Tatar soldiers of Timur committed against the Syrian women of Damascus in the Siege of Damascus (1400).	[663]
Ting tong	United Kingdom	Chinese people or East Asians.		[664]
Tinker / tynekere / tinkere / tynkere, -are / tynker / tenker / tinkar / tyncar / tinkard / tynkard / tincker	Britain and Ireland	Lower-class people	An inconsequential person (typically lower-class) (note that in Britain, the term "Irish Tinker" may be used, giving it the same meaning as example as directly below).	[citation needed]
	Scotland and Ireland	Romani people	Origin unknown – possibly relating to one of the "traditional" occupations of Romanis as traveling "tinkerers" or repairers of common household objects.	[665]
	Scotland	Native Scottish people	A member of the native community; previously itinerant (but mainly now settled); who were reputed for their production of domestic implements from basic materials and for repair of the same items, being also known in the past as "travelling tinsmiths", possibly derived from a reputation for rowdy and alcoholic recreation. Often confused with Romani people.	[citation needed]
Toad	United States	Black people	Prison slang.	[666]
Toku-A	Japan	Chinese and Korean people	Literally means "specific Asia", A term used by netto-uyoku referring to the only specific part of Asia with strong Anti-Japanese sentiment in their countries (China and North/South Korea).	[667]
Tonto	United States	Native Americans	Native American character in the American television and radio programs The Lone Ranger. Spanish for "Idiot".	[668][369]
Touch of the tar brush	Commonwealth	White people with suspected non-white ancestry	Phrase for a person of predominantly Caucasian ancestry with real or suspected African or Asian distant ancestry.	[when defined as?][669]
Towel head		Turban wearers	Often refers specifically to Sikhs, or Arabs and Muslims—based on the traditional keffiyeh headdress. However, in British English, the term is only used to refer to Arabs. Americans use the term 'rag-head' to apply to wearers of turbans as well, because the cloth that makes a turban could be described as a rag, but in British English the term towel-head solely refers to Arabs because the traditional, Middle Eastern keffiyeh, such as the red and white Saudi one or the black and white Palestinian keffiyeh worn by Yasser Arrafat, resemble the most common styles of British tea-towels – dishcloth in American – while Sikh turbans do not.	[670][671][672][673]
Tumba-Yumba (Russian: тумба-юмба)	Post-Soviet countries	Africans and by extension any culture perceived as uncivilized	From "Mumbo-Jumbo" (Russian: Мумбо-Юмбо).	[674][675][676]
Turco-Albanian	Western Europe, Balkans	Muslim Albanians	Historically used in Western Europe and still in use within the Balkans to refer to Muslim Albanians. In the Greek language, the expression is rendered as Turkalvanoi.	[677]
Turco	Argentina, Brazil, Chile	Syrians, Palestinians, Lebanese, Jews, Armenians	Meaning "Turk" in Portuguese and Spanish. The term originated in the late 19th century to refer those who came to Brazil, Argentina and Chile from the Ottoman Empire. Since Jews (both Sephardic and Ashkenazi) frequently occupied the same roles as peddlers as Syrians and Lebanese (who were the majority of those with Ottoman passports in Brazil), they were also called "turcos" in Brazil. Ironically, there was no relevant immigration of ethnic Turks to Brazil.	[678][679][680]
Turčin, Poturčin	Serbs	Bosniaks	In reference to the supposed ambiguity of Bosniaks and their ethnic origins; referring to their acceptance of the Muslim faith as them becoming "Turkified" or "Poturčin"	[681]
Turk	South Wales	Llanelli residents	The origin of this term is uncertain; some theories suggest it due to Llanelli's popularity with Turkish sailors in the late 19th to early 20th century or possibly when Turkish migrants heading for the United States stopped in Llanelli and decided to settle due to there being jobs available. However, most likely it's due to the fact that during World War One there was a trade embargo in place during Gallipoli, but Llanelli continued to trade tin with the Turkish; this led to people from neighbouring Swansea and other surrounding areas referring to them as Turks.	[682]
Turko	Sephardic Jews	Ashkenazi Jews	Ladino word meaning "Turk". The exact history of the term is uncertain, but possibly refers to the Khazar hypothesis of Ashkenazi ancestry.	[683]
Twinkie: Not to be confused with Twink (gay slang).	United States	European Americans, Asian Americans	European Americans with few or no social or genealogical links to an indigenous tribe, who claims to be Native American, particularly a New Age practitioner purporting to be a spiritual leader, healer, or medicine man/woman (see also Plastic shaman). Also an Asian American who has become assimilated into mainstream American culture (See Banana, Coconut, and Twinkie).[41]	[684][685][686]
Type C	Malaysia	Chinese people	Type C was another name for USB-C before being used as a slur referring to Chinese people, its proclaimed meaning is 'Type Chinese'.	[687][688]

U

Term	Location or origin	Targets	Meaning, origin and notes	References
Ukro-Nazi, Ukronazi, Ukrofascist	Russia	Ukrainians	Label used to link self-identifying Ukrainians during the Russo-Ukrainian War to Nazism, evoke Soviet victory in WWII, and justify Russian atrocities in Ukraine. Russian: укро-нацист, romanized: ukro-natsist,[689][690] укро-фашист, ukro-fashist.	[691][692][693]
Ukrop	Russians	Ukrainians	A disparaging term which means "dill" in Russian, itself derived from "Ukrainian" ↔ Ukrop.	[694][385]
Uncle Tom	United States	Black people	Refers to black people perceived as behaving in a subservient manner to white authority figures. In South Africa, the term "Uncle Tom" has been used as a derogatory slur against coloreds who were perceived as collaborating with the apartheid regime or being subservient to white people. In South Africa, the use of the term "Uncle Tom" by black people against coloureds or vice versa is considered racist and discriminatory according to the Promotion of Equality and Prevention of Unfair Discrimination Act.	[695][696]
Unta	Indonesia	Arab Indonesians	Meaning "Camel".	[697]
UPAina/ UPAińcy / UPAiniec, UPAinka	Poland	Ukrainians	Portmanteau word Ukraine + UPA (Ukrayins'ka Povstans'ka Armiia) responsible for Volhynia genocide.	[698][699]
Uppity		Black people	Refers to black people who are perceived as being insolent.	[275][700]
Uzkoglazyj	Russia	Asian people, in particular East and Central Asians.	Narrow-eyed	[701]

V

Term	Location or origin	Targets	Meaning, origin and notes	References
Vanja	Finland	Russian people	Synonym of ryssä, referring to Russians or Slavs broadly.	[702]
Veneco [es]	South America	Venezuelans		[703]
Vrindavan, Prindapan	Indonesia	Indian people	Indonesian version of pajeet. Originated from Little Krishna animated series.	[704]
Vuzvuz	Sephardi and Mizrahi Jews	Ashkenazi Jews	Onomatopoeia of the Yiddish word for "What", which Judaeo-Spanish speaking Sephardi Jews and Judaeo-Arabic speaking Mizrahi Jews did not understand.	[705]

W

Term	Location or origin	Targets	Meaning, origin and notes	References
Wagon burner		Native American people	A reference to when Native American tribes would attack wagon trains during the wars in the eastern American frontier.	[706]
Wasi'chu, Wasichu	Lakota people, Dakota people	Non-Native white people	Word for a non-Native white person, meaning "the one who takes the best meat for himself".	[707]
West Brit	Ireland	Irish people	Directed at Irish people perceived as being insufficiently Irish or too Anglophilic.	[708][709]
Wetback	United States	Undocumented immigrants	Refers to undocumented immigrants residing in the United States. Originally applied specifically to undocumented Mexican migrant workers who had crossed the United States border via the Rio Grande river to find work in the United States, its meaning has since broadened to any undocumented person who enters the United States through its southern border.	[710]
White ears	Nauru	White people		[711]
White interloper		White people	Refers to a white person who becomes involved in a place or situation where they are not wanted or are considered not to belong.	[712]
Wigger / Whigger / Wigga (meaning white nigger)	United States	Irish people	Used in 19th-century United States to refer to the Irish. Sometimes used today in reference to white people in a manner similar to white trash or redneck. Also refers to white youth that imitate urban black youth by means of clothing style, mannerisms, and slang speech. Also used by radical Québécois in self-reference, as in the seminal 1968 book White Niggers of America.	[713]
White nigger, Nigger wop	United States	Southern Italians	From the 1800s, inferring such Italians were not "white" enough to be allowed citizenship.	[714][715]
White trash	United States	Poor white people	Common usage from the 1830s by black house slaves against white servants.	[716]
Whitey		White people		[717]
Wog	Commonwealth	Dark-skinned foreigners	Any swarthy or dark-skinned foreigner. Possibly derived from "golliwogg." In Western nations, it usually refers to dark-skinned people from Asia or Africa, though some use the term to refer to anyone outside the borders of their own country.	[718]
	Australia	Southern Europeans, Mediterraneans	Usually used to refer to Southern Europeans and Mediterraneans (Italians, Croatians, Greeks, Albanians, Maltese, Macedonians, Turks, Lebanese). It has become reappropriated by the cultures that it is commonly used to describe, but may be considered by some as controversial.	[719]
Wop	United States, Canada, United Kingdom	Italian people	Derived from the Italian dialectism, "guappo", close to "dude, swaggerer" and other informal appellations, a greeting among male Neapolitans.	[720][721]

X

Term	Location or origin	Targets	Meaning, origin and notes	References
Xiǎo Rìběn	China	Japanese people	Literally translated, it means "little Japan". It is often used with "guizi" or ghost/devil, such as "xiao Riben guizi", or "little Japanese devil".	[citation needed]
Xing Ling	Brazil	Chinese people	Chinese products or low-quality products in general. Sometimes used to refer to Chinese people as well. Etymologically, this term is said to be derived from Mandarin 星零 xing ling ("zero stars").	[722]

Y

Term	Location or origin	Targets	Meaning, origin and notes	References
Yam yam	United Kingdom	Black Country residents	Term used by people from Birmingham.	[723]
Yanacona	Chile	Mapuche people	Term used by modern Mapuche as an insult for Mapuches considered to be subservient to non-indigenous Chileans, "sellout." Use of the word "yanacona" to describe people have led legal action in Chile.	[724]
Yank	British English speakers	Americans	A contraction of "Yankee" below, first recorded in 1778 and employed internationally by speakers of British English in informal reference to all Americans generally.	[725]
Yankee	Dutch speakers	Americans	Possibly from Janke ("Johnny") or a dialectical variant of Jan Kaas ("John Cheese"). First applied by the Dutch colonists of New Amsterdam to Connecticuters and then to other residents of New England, "Yankee" remains in use in the American South in reference to Northerners, often in a mildly pejorative sense. Outside the US, especially in Spain and South America, used to describe all citizens of the US, regardless of which part of the US they come from.	[725]
Yaposhka	Russia	Japanese people	Derived from "yaponets" (Cyrillic: японец)	[726][727]
Yellow		Asian people	An East or southeast Asian person, in reference to those who have a yellowish skin color.	[728]
		Mixed Ethnic people	Anyone of mixed heritage, especially black or white people; a light-skinned black person, or a dark-skinned white person.	[728]
Yellow bone / High yellow	United States	A light-skin black person Equivalent of yellow (above).		[376]
Yid		Jewish people	Derived from its use as an endonym among Yiddish-speaking Jews. In the United Kingdom, "yid" is also used to refer to supporters of the Tottenham Hotspur football club, whose fans refer to themselves and players as "yids" (or the derivative form "yiddo"), regardless of whether or not they are Jewish, as part of a reclamation attempt centered around the club's significant historic Jewish following. The latter sense is common and well-established enough to be found under the word's Oxford English Dictionary entry, though its use has become controversial and a matter of debate in the 21st century, with opinions from both Jews and non-Jews, Tottenham fans and non-fans, running the gamut.	[729][730]
Yuon	Cambodia	Vietnamese people	The Cambodian word "Yuon" (yuôn) យួន /juən/ is derived from the Indian word for Greek, Yavana". It can also be spelled as "Youn". Alternately, it may have come from the Chinese cognate of the country, "Yue" 越.	[731][732][733][734]

Z

Term	Location or origin	Targets	Meaning, origin and notes	References
Zanj, Zang, Zenj, Zinj, and Zang	Persian,Arabic	Black people	Zanj Rebellion	[735]
Zip, Zipperhead	United States	Asian people	Used by American military personnel during the Korean War and Vietnam War. Also used in the films Apocalypse Now (1979), Platoon (1986), Full Metal Jacket (1987), Romeo Must Die (2000), Gran Torino (2008), and Premium Rush (2012).	[736][737][738]
Zuca, Brazuca	Portugal	Brazilians	Short for Brazuca, derived from "Brasil", used by Portuguese people to refer to Brazilians living in Portugal.	[739][740]
Zhyd, zhid, zhydovka, zhidovka	East Slavic language speakers	Jewish people	Originally neutral (as in other Slavic languages), but became pejorative as debate over the Jewish question and the antisemitism in the Russian Empire intensified in the end of the 19th century. While still in official use during the Ukrainian War of Independence and the short-lived Belarusian Democratic Republic, its use was banned by the Soviet authorities, which had previously been campaigning against its usage, in the 1930s. The usage of the word "żyd" in Polish depends on capitalisation and grammatical form: upper-case Żyd is neutral and denotes Jews in general or Jews as a nationality; the lower-case form (żyd, plural: żydzi) denotes a follower of Judaism; both are neutral. Related terms are considered offensive: alternative plural "żydy" or diminutive "żydek" (plural: żydki).	[741][742]

See also

• Category:Sex- and gender-related slurs
• Fighting words
• Graphic pejoratives in written Chinese
• Hate speech
• LGBT slang
• List of disability-related terms with negative connotations
• List of ethnic group names used as insults
• List of ethnic slurs and epithets by ethnicity
• List of regional nicknames
• List of religious slurs
• List of terms used for Germans
• Lists of pejorative terms for people
• Pejorative
• Xenophobia
• Xenophobia in the United States
• Xenophobia and racism related to the COVID-19 pandemic
• wikt:Category:English ethnic slurs
• Wiktionary category: English derogatory terms
• wikt:Appendix:English terms for outsiders

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Bibliography

• Ayto, John; Simpson, John (2010). Oxford Dictionary of Modern Slang. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-923205-5.
• Dalzell, Tom (2018). The Routledge Dictionary of Modern American Slang and Unconventional English (2nd ed.). Taylor & Francis. ISBN 978-1-351-76520-6.
• Doane, Ashley W.; Bonilla-Silva, Eduardo, eds. (2003). White Out: The Continuing Significance of Racism. New York: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-93583-8.
• Green, Jonathon (2005). Cassell's Dictionary of Slang (2nd ed.). London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson. ISBN 978-0-304-36636-1.
• Herbst, Philip (1997). The Color of Words: An Encyclopaedic Dictionary of Ethnic Bias in the United States. Yarmouth, Maine: Intercultural Press. ISBN 978-1-877864-42-1.
• Moore, Bruce, ed. (2004). The Australian Oxford Dictionary. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-551796-5.
• Partridge, Eric (2006a). Dalzell, Tom; Victor, Terry (eds.). The New Partridge Dictionary of Slang and Unconventional English, Volume I: A–I. Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-25937-8.
• Partridge, Eric (2006b). Dalzell, Tom; Victor, Terry (eds.). The New Partridge Dictionary of Slang and Unconventional English, Volume II: J–Z. Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-25938-5.
• Rawson, Hugh (1989). Wicked Words: A Treasury of Curses, Insults, Put-downs, and Other Formerly Unprintable Terms from Anglo-Saxon Times to the Present. New York: Crown Publishers. ISBN 978-0-517-57334-1.
• South Africa Lexicon 2019. Available at:
• Spears, Richard A. (1990). Forbidden American English. Lincolnwood, Ill.: Passport Books. ISBN 978-0-8442-5152-3.
• Spears, Richard A. (2001). Slang and Euphemism: A Dictionary of Oaths, Curses, Insults, Ethnic Slurs, Sexual Slang and Metaphor, Drug Talk, College Lingo, and Related Matters (3rd revised & abridged ed.). New York: Signet. ISBN 978-0-451-20371-7.
• Wilkes, G. A. (1978). A Dictionary of Australian Colloquialisms. Sydney: Fontana/Collins. ISBN 978-0-00-635719-3.

Further reading

• Adhikari, Mohamed, editor. Burdened by Race: Coloured Identities in Southern Africa. UCT Press, 2013, pp. 69, 124, 203 ISBN 978-1-92051-660-4 .
• Burchfield, Robert. "Dictionaries and Ethnic Sensibilities." In The State of the Language, ed. Leonard Michaels and Christopher Ricks, University of California Press, 1980, pp. 15–23.
• Croom, Adam M. "Racial Epithets: What We Say and Mean by Them". Dialogue 51 (1):34–45 (2008)
• Henderson, Anita. "What's in a Slur?" American Speech, Volume 78, Number 1, Spring 2003, pp. 52–74 in Project MUSE
• Kennedy, Randall. Nigger: The Strange Career of a Troublesome Word (Pantheon, 2002)
• Mencken, H. L. "Designations for Colored Folk." American Speech, 1944. 19: 161–74.
• Mathabane, M. (1986). Kaffir Boy: The True Story of a Black Youth's Coming of Age in Apartheid South Africa. Simon & Schuster. (Chapter 2)
• Wachal, Robert S. "Taboo and Not Taboo: That Is the Question." American Speech, 2002. vol. 77: 195–206.

Dictionaries

• Erin McKean, ed. The New Oxford American Dictionary, second edition. (Oxford University Press, 2005)
• Eric Partridge, A Dictionary of Slang and Unconventional English (2002)
• John A. Simpson, Oxford English Dictionary Additions Series. ISBN 0-19-861299-0
• Catherine Soanes and Angus Stevenson, ed. The Concise Oxford English Dictionary. (Oxford University Press, 2004)