Gusano (slur)

This article is about the term used to refer to dissident Cubans. For other uses, see Gusano.

Gusano (lit. worm, fem. gusana)^[1] is the Spanish language term for "worm". It is a name for Cuban counter-revolutionaries and those who emigrated from Cuba following the rise of Fidel Castro after the Cuban Revolution.^[2][3]

March in Cuba featuring posters comparing anti-revolutionaries to worms

Origins

Cuba experienced several waves of emigration after the revolution, with political dissidents and wealthy Cubans leaving in the first waves during the 1960s. By 1962, over 200,000 had already left the country.^[4] The number increased to 500,000 by the beginning of 1969.^[5] During the 1990s, many poorer Cubans left due to economic stagnation, especially following the collapse of the Soviet Union.^[6] By the 1960s and 1970s, Castro and his supporters had widely adopted the term in speeches and discussion to refer to Cubans that have fled the country, as well as the Cubans that applied to leave.^[7][8] The term supposedly originated in a 1961 speech that Castro gave where he discussed "shaking the rotten tree, and the gusanos will drop out",^[9] in reference to the counter-revolutionaries. Many chants would evolve from the phrase, such as "Con saya o pantalón, gusanos al paredón." (Whether with skirts or pants, gusanos to the wall [to be executed]).^[10]

During the initial exodus of Batista supporters from Cuba after the fall of the Batista regime, reports came out from the Havana Airport stating that the word was used by airport officials.^[11]

To a lesser extent, many Cubans who stayed in the country, but were against the revolution, began to refer to identify themselves with the term.^{[12] [13][14][15][16]} At the same time, Cuban media often contained imagery of the gusano and the desire to crush anti-revolutionaries.^[17] In response, anti-revolutionaries began distributing "gusano leaflets" with political cartoons involving worms.^[18] Throughout the years, many raids and attacks by defectors from Cuba, certified the widespread notion that gusano were enemies of the current Government.^[19]

Usage in post-revolution Cuba

In the 1960s, the Cuban state-run newspaper, Revolución, had a daily column which featured political cartoons that featured drawings of worms, paired with a list of activities of Cubans in exile. In response, many self-identified gusanos bought and sold keyrings with worms on them to demonstrate pride in the label.^{[citation needed]}

The military fort, Castillo del Príncipe, was used in the 1960s to house political prisoners of Castro that had been captured. Their wives would frequent the establishment in hopes to see their husbands and sons, and due to the large amount of anti-revolutionary women loitering around, the prison became colloquially known as La Gusaneria.^[20]

By 1961, several thousand Cubans were employed at The United States Guantanamo Bay Naval Base. They were referred to as gusanos by the public. ^[21][22][23]

The term was also prevalent in attacks against anti-revolutionary Cubans. In September or October 1961, over the course of a week, 12 deceased bodies were discovered over Havana with notes attached to them that said "gusanos with pro-revolutionary [ideologies], CIA agents, who tried to escape to the United States."^[24] In 1961, during a campaign by the Cuban government to imprison political dissidents, a Canadian priest who had been imprisoned dressed an icon in a dress and called she was called "The Virgin of the Gusanos".^[25]

During the 1962 wildfires that destroyed sugarcane farms, locals in Cubas were said that "gusanos have infiltrated the canefields."^[26] This led to quick military tribunals resulting in death by firing squad for gusanos who sought to destroy Cuban farms.^[27] In a 1961 speech in Santiago de Cuba, Raúl Castro said, "Our motherland will be attacked again by those gusanos allied with [American] imperialism, who will try to bring back all the bad things that the revolution is dominating. Our country will [be prepared] to eliminate them."^[28] Vigilante groups were formed for people to report their neighbors for "anti-revolutionary behavior", labelling them gusanos. According to American propaganda, the government could detain such people arbirtrarily. ^[29][30] Imprisoned political dissidents awaiting trial are recorded to have carved Soy Gusano on their jail cells.^[31]

In an interview with The Tampa Tribune, Cuban professional boxer Luis Manuel Rodríguez, who had supported the Batista regime, recalled a time when a Cuban soldier threatened him with a machine gun, calling him a gusano.^[32]

Anyone who was accused or revealed to be building a stockpile of food outside of government rations were also labeled gusanos.^[33] The 20 and 25 Centavo coins were given gusano as a nickname due to a shortage of the coins that was rumored to be caused by anti-revolutionaries hoarding them for personal use.^[34] Many in the late 1960s who applied to leave the country were forced to work farms as gusano laborers before their departure was approved by the Cuban government.^[35] According to British author Michael Frayn, writing for the London Observer in 1969, there were as many as 200,000 laborers working in the agricultural camps at any given point, and that only a quarter could expect to be granted leave by the end of the year.^[36]

In 2021 Cubans who attended an anti-government protest in Matanzas in response to the government's handling of the COVID-19 pandemic, energy shortages and the economy, were detained and interrogated in a local facility called "Técnico" run by Cuba's state security services. While detained, a man called Michel Parra was beaten with a baton, repeatedly called a gusano and threatened to have him and his family shot.^[37]

Bay of Pigs Invasion

The use of the word was exacerbated by the Bay of Pigs Invasion, when many Cuban dissidents were taken prisoner by Castro's government. The term then began to be used to describe dissidents as "American puppets".^[38] In May 1961, that stigma continued when a state-run radio station called Costa Rican politicians gusanos in response to a call from their government urging the OAS to take action against the Cuban government.^[39] Over 1,000 men were captured during the invasion, and Castro issued a ransom to the United States, saying "Si los imperialistas no quieren que sus gusanos trabajen, que los cambien por tractores." (If the imperialist [Americans] do not want their [prisoners] (gusanos) to labor, let them be exchanged for tractors).^[40]

The invasion, though a failure, sparked some fear amongst revolutionaries, who jailed between 150,000 and 200,000 Cuban citizens who were accused of being gusanos. Many public buildings, such as the Sports City building, were converted into makeshift prisons to hold all the detainees.^[41]

In relation to the anti-American and anti-revolutionary ties, the term was stigmatized further upon the labelling of terrorists as gusanos who sought to destroy the country. In November 1961, Pedro Arias Hernandez, who was stationed at Guanabacoa's Nico Lopez Refinery, was killed when 3 people attacked the state-run business. The killers were labelled gusanos by the media, and were accused of working for the CIA.^[42] Many protests, including demonstrations against the famine, unrelated to Socialism directly, had their protestors classified as gusanos. In 1962, Castro said that "those gusanos must be stopped. The street belongs to us, the gusano parlachin, the quintacolumnista must be punished physically, but without taking him to the wall. Now, if they engage in sabotage, that is another matter..."^[43]

Usage in the United States

Starting as early as the late 1950s, after the settlement of the Cuban diaspora, large portions of former Batista supporters settled in Florida, and specifically in Miami. Florida's proximity to Cuba naturally led to a large influx of Cubans in the region; hence, much of the use of the word gusano was found in those areas with a high concentration of Cubans.

In 1970, Spanish Tampa newspaper El Sol received messages from pro-Castro Cubans who threatened the paper's advertisers, saying "Merchants who advertise in El Sol sink to the level of gusanos, and will be boycotted if they persist, [be] warned."^[44]

The American leftist revolutionary group The Young Lords used the term to refer to the First Spanish United Methodist Church congregation, stating it was a gusano establishment.^[45]

In a piece called Intolerancia, Miami Herald writer Roberto Luque Escalona describes his frustration with the term, with it being prevalent among supporters of Castro and often targeted at Cuban entrepreneurs in Florida. Escalona showed an example of the caricature of la gusanera de Miami, with a stigma being attached to former Batista supporters who fled to Florida and make their own livings under a similar regime, differing from the government-run economy of Cuba.^{[46] [citation needed]}

Other usage

In 1962, the Chilean state-run press accused "Cuban gusanos in Miami" of having planned an attempt on the life of then-president Jorge Alessandri during his stopover in Washington, D.C. on December 10.^[47]

During the late 1960s, former Bolivian Minister of the Interior Antonio Arguedas gave press interviews following his involvement in the publication of Che Guevara's diary in late 1967. He reported that prior to his fleeing of Bolivia to Chile, it was a common occurrence in the Bolivian Cabinet to refer to their Cuban colleagues in exile as gusanos.^[48]