List of off-season Pacific hurricanes
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There have been 26 recorded tropical and subtropical cyclones in the North-eastern Pacific basin outside the official Pacific hurricane season. The National Hurricane Center (NHC) monitors the area from North America westward to 140°W, while the Central Pacific Hurricane Center is from 140°W to the International Date Line, north of the equator.[nb 1] The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) currently defines the season as starting May 15 in the eastern Pacific and June 1 for the central Pacific and ending on November 30 for both regions in each calendar year.[1] Occasionally, however, storms develop in late November and persist until December.
Few off-season tropical cyclones in the east Pacific have affected land, and none of them have made landfall.[2] Only Hurricane Nina caused both property damage and fatalities. It prompted evacuations in Hawaii and caused $100,000 (1957 USD) in damage in the state.[3] The storm also killed four people and produced 35 ft (10 m) waves.[4] The strongest hurricane between December and May was Hurricane Ekeka in 1992, which reached winds of 115 mph (185 km/h). In 1997, after Tropical Storm Paka crossed the International Date Line, it intensified into a typhoon with winds equivalent to a Category 5 hurricane on the Saffir–Simpson hurricane wind scale, and caused $580 million (1997 USD) in damage in the Marshall Islands, Guam, and the Northern Mariana Islands.[5] The most recent off-season storm is Tropical Storm Andres in mid-May 2021.
The beginning of HURDAT, the official Pacific hurricane database maintained by the NHC, is 1949. Since then, thirteen storms have occurred[2][6] outside the official bounds of hurricane season in the eastern and central north Pacific, respectively.[1] The first storm officially to occur outside of the current season was Hurricane Nina in 1957.[2] In addition, the CPHC reports nine off-season storms from 1900 to 1952 with another off-season tropical cyclone occurring in 1832.[7][8] There have been documents published in the Monthly Weather Review reporting additional off-season storms within 2,000 mi (3,220 km) of the Mexican coastline, including one in December.[9][10] Of all off-season tropical cyclones, the "Froc Cyclone" lasted longest, spanning 12 days and two calendar years.[7] The year with the most off-season storms was tied between 1904 and 1992, with a total of two tropical cyclones. No Pacific hurricane season had both a pre-season and post-season storm.[2][7]
Chronology
Summarize
Perspective
| Saffir–Simpson scale | ||||||
| TD | TS | C1 | C2 | C3 | C4 | C5 |
The wind speeds listed are maximum one-minute average sustained winds. The category refers to the intensity on the Saffir–Simpson hurricane wind scale; TS stands for tropical storm, and TD for tropical depression.
| Storm | Season | Duration | Peak classification | Maximum sustained winds |
Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Unnamed | 1832 | December 1832 | Unknown | Unknown | [8] |
| "Froc Cyclone" | 1902 | December 23, 1902 – January 2, 1903 | Unknown | Unknown | [7] |
| "Zikawei Cyclone" | 1904 | November 26 – December 4 | Unknown | Unknown | [7] |
| "Hurd Cyclone" | 1904 | December 23–30 | Unknown | Unknown | [7] |
| "Gauthier Cyclone" | 1906 | May 3–10 | Unknown | Unknown | [7] |
| Unnamed | 1922 | February 1922 | Unknown | Unknown | [7] |
| Unnamed | 1925 | December 22–26 | Unknown | Unknown | [7] |
| Unnamed | 1936 | December 4 | Unknown | Unknown | [7] |
| Unnamed | 1938 | January 2–5 | Unknown | Unknown | The Monthly Weather Review was uncertain if the storm was a tropical cyclone[11] |
| Nina | 1957 | November 29 – December 6 | Category 1 hurricane | 85 mph (135 km/h) | Caused $100,000 in damage and four fatalities in Hawaii[12] |
| Carmen | 1980 | April 4–8 | Tropical storm | 50 mph (80 km/h) | [13] |
| Winnie | 1983 | December 4–7 | Category 1 hurricane | 90 mph (145 km/h) | Strongest east Pacific tropical cyclone in the month of December;[2] caused minor rainfall in parts of Mexico.[14] |
| Winona | 1989 | January 9–15 | Tropical storm | 45 mph (70 km/h) | [6] |
| Alma | 1990 | May 12–20 | Category 1 hurricane | 85 mph (135 km/h) | [15] |
| Ekeka | 1992 | January 28 – February 3 | Category 3 hurricane | 115 mph (185 km/h) | Strongest off-season east Pacific tropical cyclone[2][16] |
| Hali | 1992 | March 28–30 | Tropical storm | 50 mph (80 km/h) | [16] |
| One-E | 1996 | May 13–16 | Tropical storm | 50 mph (80 km/h) | Assumed to have caused two deaths after the ship Solar Wind was lost at sea[17] |
| Paka | 1997 | December 2–7 | Tropical storm | 65 mph (105 km/h) | Later became a super typhoon in the West Pacific[18] |
| Omeka | 2010 | December 18–22 | Tropical storm | 60 mph (95 km/h) | Was subtropical from December 18–20 in central Pacific, was in the western Pacific from December 20–22, and tropical on December 22 onward in the central Pacific[19] |
| Aletta | 2012 | May 14–19 | Tropical storm | 50 mph (80 km/h) | [20] |
| Nine-C | 2015 | December 31 | Tropical depression | 35 mph (55 km/h) | Latest formation of a tropical cyclone in the eastern Pacific basin.[21] |
| Pali | 2016 | January 7–15 | Category 2 hurricane | 100 mph (160 km/h) | Earliest formation of a tropical cyclone in the eastern Pacific basin.[22] |
| Adrian | 2017 | May 9–10 | Tropical storm | 45 mph (70 km/h) | [23] |
| One-E | 2018 | May 10–11 | Tropical depression | 35 mph (55 km/h) | [24] |
| One-E | 2020 | April 25–26 | Tropical depression | 35 mph (55 km/h) | Earliest formation of a tropical cyclone in the eastern Pacific basin proper (east of 140°W).[25] |
| Andres | 2021 | May 9–11 | Tropical storm | 40 mph (65 km/h) | Earliest named storm in the East Pacific basin proper.[26] |
Systems by month
Off-season storms are most likely to occur in December, followed by May. Only one cyclone each was reported in February or in March.[2]
See also
Notes
- The National Hurricane Center (NHC)'s warning responsibly is often referred to as the "eastern Pacific" while the Central Pacific Hurricane Center (CPHC)'s warning zone is often referred to as the "central Pacific", even though, the two areas are combined in datasets like HURDAT and IBTRACS.
References
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