List of off-season Atlantic hurricanes

An off-season Atlantic hurricane is a tropical or subtropical cyclone that existed in the Atlantic basin outside of the official Atlantic hurricane season. The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration currently defines the season as occurring between June 1 and November 30 each calendar year, which is when 97% of all Atlantic tropical cyclones occur.^[1] Peak activity is known to be between August and October.^[1][2] Between 1938, when the United States Weather Bureau began issuing tropical cyclone warnings as a collaborative observation network for cities along the U.S. coastline, and 1963, the season was defined between June 15 and November 15.^[3] In 1964, the season was extended to begin on June 1 and end on November 30,^[2] which remains the official length of the season.

Satellite image of the most recent Atlantic off-season system, an unnamed subtropical storm on January 16, 2023

As of 2023^[update], there have been 92 off-season cyclones recorded in the official Atlantic hurricane database, which dates back to 1851. In addition, six earlier such storms have been documented, but are not part of the database. The first off-season storm in the database was an 1865 storm that developed in the Caribbean Sea; an earlier documented 1863 hurricane is not part of the database. The most recent off-season system was an unnamed January subtropical storm in 2023.

Background

Tracks of all known storms that formed during the off-season between 1851 and 2023.

Off-season storms are most likely to occur in May, with approximately 60% of such storms occurring during that month. Off-season cyclones are most likely to develop in the central to western Atlantic Ocean, and most do not make landfall. Of the storms that have, a tropical storm in 1948 that struck the Dominican Republic, killing 80 people in the Dominican Republic, was the deadliest.^[4] However, the unofficial hurricane in 1863 killed 110 people, in a shipwreck off Florida and on land. That same storm was estimated to have reached winds of 105 mph (169 km/h), making it the strongest hurricane between December and May; the strongest currently in the official database was a March hurricane in 1908 that reached winds of 100 mph (160 km/h). In addition, the strongest off-season cyclone to make landfall in the United States was Tropical Storm Beryl in May of 2012, which made landfall near Jacksonville Beach, Florida with 65 mph (105 km/h) winds.^[5] Hurricane Alice was the only one to officially make a landfall as a hurricane, doing so to islands in the northern Lesser Antilles; it caused locally heavy rainfall and moderate damage.^[6] However, 1822 Martinique–Venezuela hurricane also did so unofficially in both the Lesser Antilles and Venezuela. Of all cyclones during the off-season, Hurricane Lili in 1984 lasted the longest, for a total of 12 days. In 2005, Hurricane Epsilon maintained hurricane status for five days, longer than any other storm in December; the previous record was two and a half days, set by Hurricane Lili.

The year with the most off-season storms was 1887, with a total of five. The 1951 season had four, one of which a depression. Several others had three tropical cyclones, of which only 2003 had three tropical storms. The 1908 and 1951 seasons were the only ones with two hurricanes forming in the off-season. In eight seasons, there were storms both prior to the start of the season as well as after the season ended, those being 1887, 1911, 1951, 1953, 1954, 1970, 2003, and 2007; all but 1911 had tropical cyclones of at least tropical storm status before and after the season.^[7][8] The longest streak of consecutive years featuring at least one pre-season storm was seven, from 2015 through 2021.

Chronology

Radar image of Hurricane Alice in 1955, the first recorded North Atlantic hurricane to span two calendar years.

Tropical cyclones have been named in the Atlantic since the 1947 Atlantic hurricane season, and subtropical cyclones have been recognized in HURDAT since 1968. The National Hurricane Center issues names for tropical and subtropical cyclones once their winds reach 39 mph (63 km/h). Before 1950, storms were numbered based on their appearance in the Atlantic hurricane database; tropical depressions were unnumbered.^[7][8][9] Storms before 1851 are unofficial and are not part of the official Atlantic hurricane best track.^[10] In addition, a hurricane from May 1863, labeled "Amanda", is included after being rediscovered in 2013.^[11]

The wind speeds listed are maximum one-minute average sustained winds, and the pressure is the minimum barometric pressure; tropical cyclones listed with N/A under pressure indicates there is no known estimated pressure. For deaths, "None" indicates that there were no reports of fatalities; death tolls listed as "several" mean there were fatalities reported, but an exact total is unavailable. For both deaths and damage, N/A refers to no known total, although such storms may have impacted land. The damage totals are the United States dollar of the year of the storm.

Name	Dates	Peak intensity			Areas affected	Damage (USD)	Deaths	Refs
		Category	Wind speed	Pressure
Unnamed	May 23–24, 1771	Tropical storm	≥40 mph (64 km/h)	Not specified	Cuba	N/A	None	[10]
Unnamed	May 25–26, 1779	Tropical storm	≥40 mph (64 km/h)	Not specified	Cuba	N/A	None	[10]
Unnamed	May 28, 1794	Tropical storm	≥40 mph (64 km/h)	Not specified	Cuba	N/A	None	[10]
Martinique–Venezuela	December 13–22, 1822	Category 1 hurricane	≥75 mph (121 km/h)	Not specified	Eastern Caribbean, Venezuela	Unknown	65–105	[10][12]
Unnamed	May 28 – June 5, 1825	Category 1 hurricane	≥75 mph (121 km/h)	Not specified	Cuba, United States East Coast	Unknown	7	[10][13]
Unnamed	May 20–21, 1838	Tropical storm	≥40 mph (64 km/h)	Not specified	Jamaica	N/A	None	[10]
Amanda	May 24–29, 1863	Category 2 hurricane	105 mph (169 km/h)	975 hPa (28.79 inHg)	Florida	Unknown	110	[11]
One	May 30, 1865	Tropical storm	60 mph (97 km/h)	Not specified	Caribbean Sea	N/A	None	[7]
Twelve	November 25 – December 2, 1878	Tropical storm	70 mph (110 km/h)	Not specified	Lesser Antilles, Puerto Rico, Jamaica	N/A	None	[7]
One	May 15–18, 1887	Tropical storm	70 mph (110 km/h)	≤997 hPa (29.44 inHg)	Atlantic Canada	N/A	None	[8]
Two	May 17–21, 1887	Tropical storm	60 mph (97 km/h)	≤1,002 hPa (29.59 inHg)	Jamaica, Cuba, Bahamas	N/A	None	[8]
Seventeen	November 27 – December 4, 1887	Category 1 hurricane	80 mph (130 km/h)	Not specified	Bahamas	N/A	None	[8]
Eighteen	December 4–8, 1887	Category 1 hurricane	80 mph (130 km/h)	Not specified	Central Atlantic Ocean	N/A	None	[8]
Nineteen	December 7–12, 1887	Tropical storm	60 mph (97 km/h)	Not specified	Lesser Antilles, Colombia, Nicaragua	N/A	None	[8]
One	May 16–21, 1889	Category 1 hurricane	80 mph (130 km/h)	Not specified	Western Atlantic Ocean	N/A	None	[8]
One	May 27–29, 1890	Tropical storm	60 mph (97 km/h)	Not specified	Cuba	N/A	4	[8][4]
Unnamed	May 1–6, 1899	Tropical depression	25 mph (40 km/h)	1,010 hPa (29.83 inHg)	Haiti, Cuba	N/A	None	[8]
Unnamed	January 17–19, 1900	Tropical depression	35 mph (56 km/h)	Not specified	Central Atlantic Ocean	N/A	None	[8]
One	March 6–9, 1908	Category 2 hurricane	100 mph (160 km/h)	≤991 hPa (29.26 inHg)	Lesser Antilles	N/A	None	[8]
Two	May 24–31, 1908	Category 1 hurricane	75 mph (121 km/h)	989 hPa (29.21 inHg)	North Carolina	N/A	None	[8]
Unnamed	February 19–21, 1911	Tropical depression	35 mph (56 km/h)	1,009 hPa (29.80 inHg)	Central Atlantic Ocean	N/A	None	[14]
Unnamed	May 22–24, 1911	Tropical depression	35 mph (56 km/h)	Not specified	Central Atlantic Ocean	N/A	None	[14]
Unnamed	December 11–13, 1911	Tropical depression	35 mph (56 km/h)	1,005 hPa (29.68 inHg)	Haiti, Cuba	N/A	None	[14]
Unnamed	April 14–16, 1912	Tropical depression	35 mph (56 km/h)	Not specified	Central Atlantic	N/A	None	[14]
Unnamed	May 5–8, 1913	Tropical depression	35 mph (56 km/h)	1,003 hPa (29.62 inHg)	Northern Atlantic Ocean	N/A	None	[14]
Unnamed	April 29 – May 2, 1915	Tropical depression	35 mph (56 km/h)	1,003 hPa (29.62 inHg)	Central Atlantic Ocean	N/A	None	[8]
One	May 13 – 16, 1916	Tropical storm	60 mph (95 km/h)	990 hPa (29.23 inHg)	Cuba, United States East Coast	N/A	None	[8][15]
Unnamed	May 12–15, 1922	Tropical depression	35 mph (56 km/h)	1,008 hPa (29.77 inHg)	Nicaragua	N/A	None	[8]
Four	November 27 – December 1, 1925	Tropical storm	65 mph (105 km/h)	995 hPa (29.38 inHg)	Cuba, United States East Coast Bermuda, Azores	$3 million	73	[8][16][17]
One	May 5–11, 1932	Tropical storm	65 mph (105 km/h)	995 hPa (29.38 inHg)	Dominican Republic	N/A	None	[18]
One	May 14–19, 1933	Tropical storm	50 mph (80 km/h)	1,001 hPa (29.56 inHg))	Yucatán Peninsula	N/A	None	[19]
One	May 15–18, 1935	Tropical storm	60 mph (97 km/h)	1,003 hPa (29.62 inHg)	Hispaniola	N/A	None	[20]
Unnamed	May 21–26, 1936	Tropical depression	35 mph (56 km/h)	Not specified	Texas	N/A	None	[21]
Seventeen	December 4–6, 1936	Tropical storm	65 mph (105 km/h)	996 hPa (29.41 inHg)	Eastern Atlantic Ocean	N/A	None	[21]
One	January 3–6, 1938	Category 1 hurricane	80 mph (130 km/h)	992 hPa (29.29 inHg)	Eastern Atlantic Ocean	N/A	None	[22]
One	May 19–24, 1940	Tropical storm	65 mph (105 km/h)	<996 hPa (29.41 inHg)	Western Atlantic Ocean	N/A	None	[23]
One	May 22–28, 1948	Tropical storm	50 mph (80 km/h)	1,004 hPa (29.65 inHg)	Dominican Republic	N/A	80	[7][4]
One	January 4–9, 1951	Tropical storm	65 mph (105 km/h)	997 hPa (29.44 inHg)	Western Atlantic Ocean	N/A	None	[7]
Able	May 16–24, 1951	Category 1 hurricane	90 mph (140 km/h)	973 hPa (28.73 inHg)	Bahamas, North Carolina	N/A	None	[24][25]
Unnamed	May 17–18, 1951	Tropical depression	35 mph (56 km/h)	1008 hPa (29.77 inHg)	Western Atlantic Ocean	N/A	None	[8]
Twelve	December 7–10, 1951	Category 1 hurricane	80 mph (130 km/h)	995 hPa (29.38 inHg)	Azores	N/A	None	[7]
One	February 2–3, 1952	Tropical storm	70 mph (110 km/h)	990 hPa (29.23 inHg))	Florida	N/A	None	[7]
Alice	May 25 – June 7, 1953	Tropical storm	70 mph (110 km/h)	994 hPa (29.35 inHg)	Cuba, Florida	N/A	6	[26][8]
Irene	December 7–9, 1953	Tropical storm	65 mph (105 km/h)	≤999 hPa (29.50 inHg)	Central Atlantic Ocean	N/A	None	[7]
Unnamed	December 13–14, 1953	Tropical depression	35 mph (56 km/h)	Not specified	Lesser Antilles	N/A	None	[8]
Unnamed	January 27–28, 1954	Subtropical depression	35 mph (56 km/h)	1,010 hPa (29.83 inHg)	Central Atlantic Ocean	N/A	None	[8]
Unnamed	May 19–25, 1954	Subtropical depression	35 mph (56 km/h)	1,010 hPa (29.83 inHg)	Northeastern Atlantic Ocean	N/A	None	[8]
One	May 28–30, 1954	Tropical storm	50 mph (80 km/h)	≤997 hPa (29.44 inHg))	North Carolina	N/A	None	[7]
Alice	December 30, 1954 – January 6, 1955	Category 1 hurricane	90 mph (140 km/h)	980 hPa (28.94 inHg)	Lesser Antilles	$623,000	None	[6]
One	May 25–27, 1958	Tropical storm	60 mph (97 km/h)	999 hPa (29.50 inHg)	Western Atlantic Ocean	N/A	None	[7]
Arlene	May 28–31, 1959	Tropical storm	65 mph (105 km/h)	993 hPa (29.32 inHg)	United States Gulf Coast	$500,000	1	[27]
Unnamed	April 30, 1962	Tropical depression	35 mph (56 km/h)	Not specified	Western Atlantic Ocean	N/A	None	[28]
Ten	November 28 – December 4, 1962	Category 1 hurricane	90 mph (140 km/h)	988 hPa (29.18 inHg)	Southeastern United States	N/A	None	[28]
Ten	November 29 – December 2, 1965	Tropical storm	50 mph (80 km/h)	999 hPa (29.50 inHg)	Western Atlantic Ocean	N/A	None	[28]
Alma	May 17–26, 1970	Category 1 hurricane	80 mph (130 km/h)	993 hPa (29.32 inHg)	Cuba, Florida	N/A	8	[29][30]
Unnamed	November 28 - December 1, 1970	Tropical storm	65 mph (105 km/h)	987 hPa (29.15 inHg)	Western Atlantic Ocean	N/A	None	[31]
Alpha	May 23–29, 1972	Subtropical storm	70 mph (110 km/h)	991 hPa (29.26 inHg)	Southeastern United States	$100,000	2	[7][32][33]
Unnamed	April 18–21, 1973	Tropical depression	30 mph (48 km/h)	Not specified	Central Atlantic Ocean	None	None	[7]
Unnamed	May 2–5, 1973	Tropical depression	30 mph (48 km/h)	Not specified	Central Atlantic Ocean	None	None	[7]
Unnamed	May 19–20, 1974	Tropical depression	30 mph (48 km/h)	Not specified	Belize, Mexico, Cuba Jamaica, United States Gulf Coast	N/A	None	[34][35]
Unnamed	December 9–13, 1975	Subtropical storm	70 mph (110 km/h)	985 hPa (29.09 inHg)	Northeast Atlantic Ocean	N/A	None	[7]
One	May 21–25, 1976	Subtropical storm	50 mph (80 km/h)	994 hPa (29.35 inHg)	Florida	N/A	None	[7]
Unnamed	January 18–23, 1978	Subtropical storm	45 mph (72 km/h)	1,002 hPa (29.59 inHg)	Central Atlantic Ocean	N/A	None	[7]
Arlene	May 6–9, 1981	Tropical storm	60 mph (97 km/h)	999 hPa (29.50 inHg)	Cuba, Bahamas	N/A	None	[36]
Lili	December 12–24, 1984	Category 1 hurricane	80 mph (130 km/h)	980 hPa (28.94 inHg)	Hispaniola	N/A	None	[37]
Unnamed	December 7–9, 1985	Tropical depression	35 mph (56 km/h)	Not specified	Western Caribbean	N/A	None	[7]
Unnamed	May 24 – June 1, 1987	Tropical depression	35 mph (56 km/h)	1,011 hPa (29.85 inHg)	Bahamas	N/A	None	[7]
Unnamed	May 31 – June 2, 1988	Tropical depression	35 mph (56 km/h)	1,004 hPa (29.65 inHg)	Cuba	N/A	37	[38][39]
Karen	November 28 – December 4, 1989	Tropical storm	60 mph (97 km/h)	1,000 hPa (29.53 inHg)	Cuba	N/A	None	[40]
Unnamed	May 24–27, 1990	Tropical depression	35 mph (56 km/h)	1,007 hPa (29.74 inHg)	Cuba, Florida	None	None	[41]
One	April 21–24, 1992	Subtropical storm	50 mph (80 km/h)	1,002 hPa (29.59 inHg)	Central Atlantic Ocean	None	None	[42]
Unnamed	May 31 – June 3, 1993	Tropical depression	35 mph (56 km/h)	999 hPa (29.50 inHg)	Cuba, Florida	None	20	[43]
Nicole	November 24 – December 1, 1998	Category 1 hurricane	85 mph (137 km/h)	979 hPa (28.91 inHg)	Northeastern Atlantic Ocean	None	None	[44]
Olga	November 24 – December 6, 2001	Category 1 hurricane	90 mph (140 km/h)	973 hPa (28.73 inHg)	Western Atlantic Ocean	None	None	[45]
Ana	April 20–24, 2003	Tropical storm	60 mph (97 km/h)	994 hPa (29.35 inHg)	Florida	None	2	[46]
Odette	December 4–7, 2003	Tropical storm	65 mph (105 km/h)	993 hPa (29.32 inHg)	Hispaniola	$8 million	10	[46][47]
Peter	December 7–11, 2003	Tropical storm	70 mph (110 km/h)	990 hPa (29.23 inHg)	Eastern Atlantic Ocean	None	None	[46]
Otto	November 29 – December 3, 2004	Tropical storm	50 mph (80 km/h)	995 hPa (29.38 inHg)	Central Atlantic Ocean	None	None	[48]
Epsilon	November 29 – December 8, 2005	Category 1 hurricane	85 mph (137 km/h)	981 hPa (28.97 inHg)	Central Atlantic Ocean	None	None	[49]
Zeta	December 30, 2005 – January 7, 2006	Tropical storm	65 mph (105 km/h)	994 hPa (29.35 inHg)	Central Atlantic Ocean	None	None	[49]
Andrea	May 9–11, 2007	Subtropical storm	60 mph (97 km/h)	1,001 hPa (29.56 inHg)	Southeast United States coast	Minimal	6	[50]
Olga	December 11–12, 2007	Tropical storm	60 mph (97 km/h)	1,003 hPa (29.62 inHg)	Greater Antilles	$45 million	40	[50][51]
Arthur	May 31 – June 2, 2008	Tropical storm	45 mph (72 km/h)	1,004 hPa (29.65 inHg)	Belize, Yucatán Peninsula	$78 million	9	[52]
Unnamed	May 28–29, 2009	Tropical depression	35 mph (56 km/h)	1,006 hPa (29.71 inHg)	Western Atlantic Ocean	None	None	[53]
Alberto	May 19–22, 2012	Tropical storm	60 mph (97 km/h)	995 hPa (29.38 inHg)	South Carolina, North Carolina, Georgia	Minimal	None	[54]
Beryl	May 26–30, 2012	Tropical storm	70 mph (110 km/h)	992 hPa (29.29 inHg)	Florida, Georgia, Cuba, The Bahamas	$148,000	3	[5][55]
Unnamed	December 5–7, 2013	Subtropical storm	50 mph (80 km/h)	997 hPa (29.44 inHg)	Azores	None	None	[56]
Ana	May 8–11, 2015	Tropical storm	60 mph (97 km/h)	998 hPa (29.47 inHg)	Southeastern United States	Minimal	2	[57]
Alex	January 12–15, 2016	Category 1 hurricane	85 mph (137 km/h)	981 hPa (29.0 inHg)	Bermuda, Azores	Minimal	1	[58]
Bonnie	May 27 – June 4, 2016	Tropical storm	45 mph (72 km/h)	1,006 hPa (29.71 inHg)	Southeastern United States, The Bahamas	$640,000	2	[59]
Arlene	April 19–21, 2017	Tropical storm	50 mph (80 km/h)	990 hPa (29.23 inHg)	Central Atlantic Ocean	None	None	[60]
Alberto	May 25–31, 2018	Tropical storm	65 mph (105 km/h)	990 hPa (29.23 inHg)	Yucatán Peninsula, Cuba, Southeastern United States	$125 million	18	[61]
Andrea	May 20–21, 2019	Subtropical storm	40 mph (64 km/h)	1,006 hPa (29.71 inHg)	Bermuda	None	None	[62]
Arthur	May 16–19, 2020	Tropical storm	60 mph (97 km/h)	991 hPa (29.26 inHg)	Florida, Bahamas, North Carolina, Bermuda	$112,000	None
Bertha	May 27–28, 2020	Tropical storm	50 mph (80 km/h)	1,004 hPa (29.65 inHg)	The Bahamas, Florida, Georgia, The Carolinas, Virginia, West Virginia, Pennsylvania	$133,000	None
Ana	May 22–24, 2021	Tropical storm	45 mph (72 km/h)	1,006 hPa (29.71 inHg)	Bermuda	None	None
Unnamed	January 16–17, 2023	Subtropical storm	70 mph (110 km/h)	976 hPa (28.82 inHg)	New England, Atlantic Canada	None	None	[63]

Systems by month

Off-season storms are most likely to occur in May, followed by December. Several late November systems have persisted into December thus enhancing its count. Conversely, only one storm has formed in March, followed by February with two. Additionally, a pair of hurricanes have spanned two calendar years: Hurricane Alice in 1954–1955, and Tropical Storm Zeta in 2005–2006.^[7][8]

Number of recorded off-season cyclones by month^[7][8]

Month	Number of cyclones
January	7
February	2
March	1
April	7
May	50
December	28(Includes 11 that formed in November)

See also

• Tropical cyclones portal

• List of off-season Australian region tropical cyclones
• List of off-season Pacific hurricanes
• List of off-season South Pacific tropical cyclones
• List of off-season South-West Indian Ocean tropical cyclones

References

1. Dorst, Neil; Hurricane Research Division; Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory (2012). "Subject: G1 – When is hurricane season?". United States National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's Office of Oceanic and Atmospheric Research. Retrieved 2010-03-02.
2. Staff writer (1964-06-01). "Annual Man Against Nature Battle Opens This Morning". Sarasota Herald-Tribune. United Press International. p. 2. Retrieved 2010-02-28.
3. Staff writer (1938-06-15). "Hurricane Warning Service Expanded". The Evening Independent. Associated Press. p. 14. Retrieved 2010-02-28.
4. Rappaport, Edward N; Fernandez-Partagas, Jose (January 1995). The Deadliest Atlantic Tropical Cyclones, 1492 – 1994 (PDF) (NOAA Technical Memorandum NWS NHC-47). United States National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's National Weather Service's National Hurricane Center. p. 23. Archived (PDF) from the original on March 1, 2013. Retrieved January 13, 2013.
5. Beven II, John L; National Hurricane Center (December 12, 2012). Tropical storm Beryl (PDF) (Tropical Cyclone Report). United States National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's National Weather Service. Retrieved December 14, 2012.
6. Colón, José A (1955). "On the formation of Hurricane Alice, 1955" (PDF). Monthly Weather Review. 84 (1): 1–14. Bibcode:1956MWRv...84....1C. doi:10.1175/1520-0493(1956)084<0001:OTFOHA>2.0.CO;2. Retrieved January 14, 2013.
7. "Atlantic hurricane best track (HURDAT version 2)" (Database). United States National Hurricane Center. April 5, 2023. Retrieved December 21, 2024. This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.

   • • Landsea, Chris (April 2022). "The revised Atlantic hurricane database (HURDAT2) - Chris Landsea – April 2022" (PDF). Hurricane Research Division – NOAA/AOML. Miami: Hurricane Research Division – via Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory.
8. Hurricane Research Division; Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory. Documentation of Atlantic Tropical Cyclones Changes in HURDAT (Report). National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's Office of Oceanic and Atmospheric Research. Retrieved May 14, 2015.
9. Colin J. McAdie; Christopher W. Landsea; Charles J. Neumann; Joan E. David; Eric S. Blake; Gregory R. Hammer (August 20, 2009). Tropical Cyclones of the North Atlantic Ocean, 1851 – 2006 (PDF) (Sixth ed.). National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. p. 18. Retrieved July 7, 2010.
10. Chenoweth, Michael (2006). "A Reassessment of Historical Atlantic Basin Tropical Cyclone Activity, 1700–1855" (PDF). Climatic Change. 76 (1–2): 169–240. Bibcode:2006ClCh...76..169C. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.693.8761. doi:10.1007/s10584-005-9005-2. ISSN 0165-0009. S2CID 154932650. Retrieved January 12, 2013.
11. Chenoweth, Michael; Mock, Cary J (2013). "Hurricane "Amanda": Rediscovery of a Forgotten U.S. Civil War Florida Hurricane". Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society. 94 (11): 1735–1742. Bibcode:2013BAMS...94.1735C. doi:10.1175/BAMS-D-12-00171.1. S2CID 123011306.
12. The Portland Gazette (Feb 11, 1823)
13. Ludlum, David M. "The Early June Hurricane of 1825 – II — June 3 – 5" (PDF). Florida State University. Archived (PDF) from the original on July 28, 2012.
14. Hurricane Research Division; Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory (2005). Documentation of Atlantic Tropical Cyclones Changes in HURDAT – 2005 Changes/Additions for 1911 to 1914 (Report). National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's Office of Oceanic and Atmospheric Research. Archived from the original on February 18, 2013. Retrieved January 13, 2013.
15. "1916 Tropical Storm Not Named (1916135N21280)". International Best Track Archive for Climate Stewardship. Retrieved June 13, 2022.
16. Day, W P (1925). "Tropical Cyclones During 1925" (PDF). Monthly Weather Review. 53 (December 1925): 540–555. Bibcode:1925MWRv...53..540D. doi:10.1175/1520-0493(1925)53<540a:TCD>2.0.CO;2. Retrieved January 13, 2013.
17. "Four Lives Lost in Storm Off Tampa Coast". Morning Avalanche. December 2, 1925.
18. Hurricane Research Division; Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory (2012). "Documentation of Atlantic Tropical Cyclones Changes in HURDAT in 1932". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's Office of Oceanic and Atmospheric Research. Archived from the original on January 7, 2014. Retrieved January 13, 2013.
19. Hurricane Research Division; Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory (2012). "Documentation of Atlantic Tropical Cyclones Changes in HURDAT in 1933". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's Office of Oceanic and Atmospheric Research. Archived from the original on September 21, 2013. Retrieved January 13, 2013.
20. Hurricane Research Division; Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory (2012). "Documentation of Atlantic Tropical Cyclones Changes in HURDAT in 1935". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's Office of Oceanic and Atmospheric Research. Archived from the original on August 19, 2014. Retrieved January 13, 2013.
21. Hurricane Research Division; Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory (2012). "Documentation of Atlantic Tropical Cyclones Changes in HURDAT in 1936". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's Office of Oceanic and Atmospheric Research. Archived from the original on May 12, 2014. Retrieved January 13, 2013.
22. Hurricane Research Division; Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory (2012). "Documentation of Atlantic Tropical Cyclones Changes in HURDAT in 1938". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's Office of Oceanic and Atmospheric Research. Archived from the original on October 4, 2013. Retrieved January 13, 2013.
23. Hurricane Research Division; Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory (2012). "Documentation of Atlantic Tropical Cyclones Changes in HURDAT in 1940". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's Office of Oceanic and Atmospheric Research. Archived from the original on August 19, 2014. Retrieved January 13, 2013.
24. Norton, Grady (January 1, 1952). "Hurricanes of 1951" (PDF). Monthly Weather Review. 80 (1): 1–4. Bibcode:1952MWRv...80....1N. doi:10.1175/1520-0493(1952)080<0001:HO>2.0.CO;2. Retrieved January 13, 2013.
25. Moore, Paul L; Davis, Walter R. (October 1, 1951). "A Preseason Hurricane of Subtropical Origin" (PDF). Monthly Weather Review. 79 (10): 189–195. Bibcode:1951MWRv...79..189M. doi:10.1175/1520-0493(1951)079<0189:APHOSO>2.0.CO;2.
26. Norton, Grady (December 1, 1953). "Hurricanes of 1953" (PDF). Monthly Weather Review. 81 (12): 388–391. Bibcode:1953MWRv...81..388N. doi:10.1175/1520-0493(1953)081<0388:HO>2.0.CO;2. Retrieved January 14, 2013.
27. Dunn, Gordon E (December 1, 1959). "The Hurricane Season of 1959" (PDF). Monthly Weather Review. 87 (12): 441–450. Bibcode:1959MWRv...87..441D. doi:10.1175/1520-0493-87.12.441.
28. Sandy Delgado; Chris Landsea (December 26, 2019). 1961 Atlantic Hurricane Database Reanalysis (PDF) (Report). Hurricane Research Division. Retrieved January 10, 2020.
29. "Seven Cubans Drown in Floods of Alma". The Miami News. May 25, 1970. p. 6-A. Retrieved September 28, 2021 – via Newspapers.com.
30. National Hurricane Center (1970). "Deaths from Hurricane Alma". Retrieved December 26, 2009.
31. "1966–1970 Metadata" (PDF). National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved January 18, 2022.
32. "Four Drown in Area Mishaps". Palm Beach Post. May 29, 1972. p. C1. Retrieved September 28, 2021 – via Newspapers.com.
33. "May 1972" (PDF). Storm Data. 14 (5). Archived from the original (PDF) on May 20, 2024. Retrieved May 20, 2024.
34. Frank, Neil L (April 1, 1975). "Atlantic Tropical Systems of 1974". Monthly Weather Review. 103 (4): 294–300. Bibcode:1975MWRv..103..294F. doi:10.1175/1520-0493(1975)103<0294:ATSO>2.0.CO;2.
35. "Tropical Depression South Of New Orleans". The Spartanburg Herald. Associated Press. May 21, 1974. p. 1. Retrieved July 21, 2011.
36. Lawrence, Miles B; Pelissier, Joseph M (July 1, 1982). "Atlantic Hurricane Season of 1981". Monthly Weather Review. 110 (7): 852–866. Bibcode:1982MWRv..110..852L. doi:10.1175/1520-0493(1982)110<0852:AHSO>2.0.CO;2.
37. Lawrence, Miles B; Clark, Gilbert B (July 1, 1985). "Atlantic Hurricane Season of 1984". Monthly Weather Review. 113 (7): 1228–1237. Bibcode:1985MWRv..113.1228L. doi:10.1175/1520-0493(1985)113<1228:AHSO>2.0.CO;2.
38. Instituto Nacional de Recursos Hidráulicos (2003). "Características generales de los factores del régimen hidrológico de Cuba" (in Spanish). Archived from the original on March 12, 2007. Retrieved March 3, 2007.
39. Avila, Lixion A; Clark, Gilbert B (October 1, 1989). "Atlantic Tropical Systems of 1988". Monthly Weather Review. 117 (10): 2260–2265. Bibcode:1989MWRv..117.2260A. doi:10.1175/1520-0493(1989)117<2260:ATSO>2.0.CO;2.
40. Case, Bob; Mayfield, Britt M (May 1, 1990). "Atlantic Hurricane Season of 1989". Monthly Weather Review. 118 (5): 1165–1177. Bibcode:1990MWRv..118.1165C. doi:10.1175/1520-0493(1990)118<1165:AHSO>2.0.CO;2. See p. 1176.
41. Avila, Lixion A; Pasch, Richard J (August 1, 1991). "Atlantic Tropical Systems of 1990". Monthly Weather Review. 119 (8): 2027–2033. Bibcode:1991MWRv..119.2027A. doi:10.1175/1520-0493(1991)119<2027:ATSO>2.0.CO;2. Archived from the original on September 21, 2018. Alt URL
42. Mayfield, Britt M; Avila, Lixion A; Rappaport, Edward N (March 1, 1994). "Atlantic Hurricane Season of 1992". Monthly Weather Review. 122 (3): 517–538. Bibcode:1994MWRv..122..517M. doi:10.1175/1520-0493(1994)122<0517:AHSO>2.0.CO;2.
43. Avila, Lixion A; National Hurricane Center (June 30, 1993). Tropical Depression One (Preliminary Report). United States National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's National Weather Service. Retrieved March 1, 2010.
44. Pasch, Richard J.; Avila, Lixion A.; Guiney, John L. (December 2001). "Atlantic Hurricane Season of 1998". Monthly Weather Review. 129 (12). American Meteorological Society: 3115–3116. Bibcode:2001MWRv..129.3085P. doi:10.1175/1520-0493(2001)129<3085:AHSO>2.0.CO;2. S2CID 119709886.
45. Beven, John L; Stewart, Stacy R; Lawrence, Miles B; Avila, Lixion A; Franklin, James L; Pasch, Richard J (July 1, 2003). "Atlantic Hurricane Season of 2001". Monthly Weather Review. 131 (7): 1454–1484. Bibcode:2003MWRv..131.1454B. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.406.2342. doi:10.1175/1520-0493(2003)131<1454:ASHSO>2.0.CO;2. ISSN 1520-0493. S2CID 123028502.
46. Lawrence, Miles B; Avila, Lixion A; Beven, John L; Franklin, James L; Pasch, Richard J; Stewart, Stacy R (June 1, 2005). "Atlantic Hurricane Season of 2003" (PDF). Monthly Weather Review. 133 (6): 1744–1773. Bibcode:2005MWRv..133.1744L. doi:10.1175/MWR2940.1.
47. DR1 (2003). "Odette damage: RD$294 million". Archived from the original on January 4, 2013. Retrieved March 13, 2010.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
48. Franklin, James L; Pasch, Richard J; Avila, Lixion A; Beven, John L; Lawrence, Miles B; Stewart, Stacy R; Blake, Eric S (March 1, 2006). "Atlantic Hurricane Season of 2004". Monthly Weather Review. 134 (3): 981–1025. Bibcode:2006MWRv..134..981F. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.212.5664. doi:10.1175/MWR3096.1.
49. Beven, John L; Avila, Lixion A; Blake, Eric S; Brown, Daniel P; Franklin, James L; Knabb, Richard D; Pasch, Richard J; Rhome, Jamie R; Stewart, Stacy R (March 1, 2008). "Atlantic Hurricane Season of 2005". Monthly Weather Review. 136 (3): 1109–1173. Bibcode:2008MWRv..136.1109B. doi:10.1175/2007MWR2074.1.
50. Brennan, Michael J; Knabb, Richard D; Mainelli, Michelle; Kimberlain, Todd B (December 1, 2009). "Atlantic Hurricane Season of 2007". Monthly Weather Review. 137 (12): 4061–4088. Bibcode:2009MWRv..137.4061B. doi:10.1175/2009MWR2995.1.
51. United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (OCHA) (2007). Situation Reports: Caribbean: Tropical storm Olga – Dec 2007, Dominican Republic: Tropical storm Olga OCHA Situation Report No. 3 (PDF) (Report). p. 2. Retrieved March 2, 2010.
52. Brown, Daniel P; Beven, John L; Franklin, James L; Blake, Eric S (May 1, 2010). "Atlantic Hurricane Season of 2008". Monthly Weather Review. 138 (5): 1975–2001. Bibcode:2010MWRv..138.1975B. doi:10.1175/2009MWR3174.1.
53. Berg, Robbie; National Hurricane Center (June 12, 2009). Tropical Depression One (PDF) (Tropical Cyclone Report). United States National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's National Weather Service. Retrieved January 12, 2013.
54. Pasch, Richard J (December 7, 2012). Tropical Storm Alberto (PDF) (Tropical Cyclone Report). United States National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's National Weather Service's National Hurricane Center. Archived (PDF) from the original on May 20, 2024. Retrieved May 20, 2024.
55. Herndon, Rhonda. "May 2012" (PDF). Storm Data and Unusual Weather Phenomena with Late Reports and Corrections. 54 (5). ISSN 0039-1972. Archived from the original (PDF) on May 20, 2024. Retrieved August 30, 2012.
56. Blake Eric S; Kimberlain Todd B; Beven II< John L (February 7, 2014). Unnamed Tropical Storm Tropical Cyclone Report (PDF) (Report). United States National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's National Weather Service's National Hurricane Center. Retrieved February 11, 2014.
57. Pasch (May 8, 2015). Subtropical Storm Ana Forecast Discussion Number 1 (Report). United States National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's National Weather Service's National Hurricane Center. Retrieved May 8, 2015.
58. Pasch (January 13, 2016). Hurricane ALEX Public Advisory (Report). United States National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's National Weather Service's National Hurricane Center. Retrieved January 14, 2016.
59. Pasch. "TROPICAL STORM BONNIE ADVISORY NUMBER 5". National Hurricane Center. Retrieved 4 June 2016.
60. Beven. "Tropical Storm Arlene Advisory Number 7". National Hurricane Center. Retrieved 21 April 2017.
61. Robbie Berg (October 18, 2018). Tropical Storm Alberto Tropical Cyclone Report (PDF) (Report). National Hurricane Center. Retrieved October 18, 2018.
62. Andrew S. Latto (August 6, 2019). Tropical Cyclone Report: Subtropical Storm Andrea (PDF) (Report). Miami, Florida: National Hurricane Center. Retrieved September 21, 2019.
63. Papin, Philippe; Cangialosi, John; Beven, John (July 6, 2023). Unnamed Subtropical Storm (PDF) (Report). Miami, Florida: National Hurricane Center. Retrieved July 6, 2023.

External links

• Atlantic hurricane database (HURDAT)