This article is about the human Y-DNA haplogroup. For the human mtDNA haplogroup, see
Haplogroup K (mtDNA).
Haplogroup K or K-M9 is a genetic lineage within human Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup. A sublineage of haplogroup IJK, K-M9, and its descendant clades represent a geographically widespread and diverse haplogroup. The lineages have long been found among males on every continent except Antarctica.
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The direct descendants of Haplogroup K1 (L298 = P326, also known as LT) and K-M9 are Haplogroup K2 (formerly KxLT; K-M526).[4][5]
Origins and distribution
Y-DNA haplogroup K-M9 is an old lineage that arose approximately 47,000-50,000 years ago.[6] According to geneticist Spencer Wells, haplogroup K or the Eurasian clan, originated in the Middle East (perhaps Iran) or Central Asia.[1][2][3]
Basal K* is exceptionally rare and under-researched; while it has been reported at very low frequencies on many continents it is not always clear if the examples concerned have been screened for subclades.[4][7] Confirmed examples of K-M9* now appear to be most common amongst some populations in Island South East Asia and Melanesia.[8][9][10]
Primary descendants of haplogroup LT are L (M20), also known as K1a, and T (M184), also known as K1b.[4][5]
The descendants of haplogroup K2 include:
- K2a (detected in paleolithic specimens Oase1 and Ust'-Ishim),[11] the subclades of which include the major haplogroups N and O,[12] and;
- K2b – the ancestor of haplogroups M, P, Q, R, S.[13]
- Haplogroup K-M9 tree [4][14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22][23][24][25][26][27][28][29][30][31][32]
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LT (L298; a.k.a. K1) has never been found in basal form (LT*). Subclades are widely distributed at low concentrations. Haplogroup L is found at its highest frequency in India, Pakistan and among the Baloch of Afghanistan. T is most common among: Fulanis, Toubou, Tuareg, Somaliland, Egyptians, some Middle East,[33] the Aegean Islands and among Kurru, Bauris and Lodha in India. |
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| K2 |
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K2* (M526) has been found in an estimated 27% of indigenous Australians (based on large scale surveys in which 56% of the samples were assumed to be non-indigenous.).[34] According to Mark Lipson et al.(2014), from MIT – Massachusetts Institute of Technology, United States Of America, from his jurnal: "New statistical genetic methods for elucidating the history and evolution of human populations”, K2* (M526) has also been found in Toba-Batak and Mandar in an estimated 14%. Only Toba Batak and Mandar have K2* (M526) from indigenous Sunda land [35] |
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| K2a (K-M2308)[11] |
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K2a* - found only in the remains of Ust'-Ishim man, dating from approximately 45,000 BP and found in
Omsk Oblast, Russia.[11] (These remains were initially classified, erroneously, as K2*.) |
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| K-M2313* |
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K-M2313*[11] – so far found only in one Telugu male and one ethnic Malay, and ancient Oase-1. |
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NO (M214; a.k.a. K2a2) – The two primary branches of NO include the major
haplogroups:
• N, which is found mainly in populations across Northern Eurasia (and at lower frequencies in regions including East Asia, Central Asia,
Southeast Asia, Anatolia, and Southeast Europe) and;
• O, which is now numerically dominant among males from East Asia, Southeast Asia, and the Pacific Islands. |
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| K2b (P331) |
| K2b1 |
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S (B254) which is numerically dominant in the highlands of Papua New Guinea;[36] subclades of S1, such as S1a3 (P315) and S1a1a1 (P308),[37] have also been reported at levels of up to 27% among indigenous Australians, while[34] S1a (P405; previously K2b1a) has also been found at significant levels in other parts of Oceania. S2 (P336; previously K2b1b) has been found on Alor, Timor and Borneo and; S3 (P378; previously K2b1c) found among Aeta people of the Philippines. |
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M (P256, Page93/S322) a.k.a. K2b1b (previously K2b1d) is the most common haplogroup in both West Papua and Papua New Guinea; also found in Australia,[34] and neighbouring parts of Melanesia and Polynesia. |
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| P (K2b2) |
| P* (K2b2*) 28% of Aeta (Philippines), 10% in Timor |
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| P1*(M45/PF5962) |
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P1* 22.2–35.4% in Tuvans, Kizhi, Todjins and also in Andamanese_peoples of India |
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Q (M242) Native Americans and Siberia/Central Asia (Kets, Selkups, Altai, Tuvans, Xirong, Mongolian Altai Kurgans) |
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R* found only in remains from 24,000 years BP at Mal'ta' in Siberia |
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R2 found in South Asia and parts of Central Asia, Caucasus and the Middle East |
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R1a found in Eastern Europe, South Asia, Central Asia, and Scandinavia. Ancient samples include 10 out of 11 samples from Xiaohe Tomb complex, Andronovo, Pazyryk, Mongolian Altai Kurgans (R1a/Z93 mixed with Q1a2a1/L54), The Tagar Culture, Karasuk culture, Tashtyk culture, some Corded ware folk |
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R1b West Europe, Chadic Languages, Banjara tribes of India, Hazaras of Pakistan, Armenian Highlands (Found in several Bell Beakers from Germany and in late antique Basques of whom it is still common in as well as 13.3% (4):one P probably R1b2 (V88): of Guanches from the Canary Islands, (reports of King Tut belonging to R1b, by iGENEA belonging to R1b have not been verified.) |
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K2c (P261). Minor lineage of Bali. |
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K2d (P402). Minor lineage of Java |
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K2e (M147). Highly rare lineage; two cases in South Asia.[38] |
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Karafet, Tatiana M; Lansing, J S; Redd, Alan J; Reznikova, Svetlana; Watkins, Joseph C; Surata, S P K; Arthawiguna, W A; Mayer, Laura; Bamshad, Michael; Jorde, Lynn B; Hammer, Michael F (February 2005). "Balinese Y-chromosome perspective on the peopling of Indonesia: genetic contributions from pre-neolithic hunter-gatherers, Austronesian farmers, and Indian traders". Human Biology. 77 (1): 93–114. doi:10.1353/hub.2005.0030. eISSN 1534-6617. hdl:1808/13586. ISSN 0018-7143. PMID 16114819. S2CID 7953854. Archived from the original on 31 January 2024 – via Project MUSE. Hollard C, Keyser C, Giscard PH, et al. (September 2014). "Strong genetic admixture in the Altai at the Middle Bronze Age revealed by uniparental and ancestry informative markers". Forensic Science International: Genetics. 12: 199–207. doi:10.1016/j.fsigen.2014.05.012. PMID 25016250. Robino C, Varacalli S, Gino S, et al. (October 2004). "Y-chromosomal STR haplotypes in a population sample from continental Greece, and the islands of Crete and Chios". Forensic Science International. 145 (1): 61–4. doi:10.1016/j.forsciint.2004.02.026. PMID 15374596. Trivedi, R.; Sahoo, Sanghamitra; Singh, Anamika; Bindu, G. Hima; Banerjee, Jheelam; Tandon, Manuj; Gaikwad, Sonali; Rajkumar, Revathi; Sitalaximi, T; Ashma, Richa; Chainy, G. B. N.; Kashyap, V. K. (2007). "High Resolution Phylogeographic Map of Y-Chromosomes Reveal the Genetic Signatures of Pleistocene Origin of Indian Populations" (PDF). Anthropology Today. Hirbo, Jibril Boru (2011). Complex Genetic History of East African Human Populations (PhD Thesis). hdl:1903/11443.[page needed] Sanchez, J.J. (2004). "Y chromosome SNP haplogroups in Danes, Greenlanders and Somalis". International Congress Series. 1261: 347–349. doi:10.1016/S0531-5131(03)01635-2. Magoon, Gregory R; Banks, Raymond H; Rottensteiner, Christian; Schrack, Bonnie E; Tilroe, Vincent O; Robb, Terry; Grierson, Andrew J (2013). "Generation of high-resolution a priori Y-chromosome phylogenies using 'next-generation' sequencing data". bioRxiv 10.1101/000802. Nagle, N.; Ballantyne, K. N.; Van Oven, M.; Tyler-Smith, C.; Xue, Y.; Taylor, D.; Wilcox, S.; Wilcox, L.; Turkalov, R.; Van Oorschot, R. A.; McAllister, P.; Williams, L.; Kayser, M.; Mitchell, R. J.; Genographic, Consortium (2016). "Antiquity and diversity of aboriginal Australian Y-chromosomes". American Journal of Physical Anthropology. 159 (3): 367–381. doi:10.1002/ajpa.22886. PMID 26515539. As of 2017, S1a1a1 (P308) – formerly K2b1a1 – included an unnamed subclade, identified by the SNP P60 (and previously by P304, which has been removed by ISOGG as unreliable). S1a1a1 and any sublades have only been found among indigenous Australians.
