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Gyrista

Clade of eukaryotic organisms From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Gyrista
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Gyrista is a clade of stramenopile protists containing three diverse groups: the mostly photosynthetic Ochrophyta, the parasitic Pseudofungi, and the recently described group of nanoflagellates known as Bigyromonada.[2] Members of this clade are characterized by the presence of a helix or a double helix/ring system in the ciliary transition region.[1]

Quick Facts Scientific classification, Subgroups ...
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Systematics

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Taxonomic history

Gyrista was first described in 1998 by protistologist Thomas Cavalier-Smith in his work A revised six-kingdom system of life, originally as a superphylum containing two phyla: Ochrophyta, the heterokont algae; and Bigyra, which then contained the pseudofungi and bigyromonads together with the opalines.[1] Later, the name Bigyra was modified to contain opalines, bicosoecids and labyrinthulomycetes, while the Ochrophyta, Pseudofungi and Bigyromonada remained as groups within Gyrista.[2]

Molecular phylogenetics

Gyrista was seen in 2017 as the sister group to phylum Bigyra, which contains the Sagenista and Opalozoa. Together, Gyrista and Bigyra form the clade Stramenopiles or Heterokonta.[2][4]

Stramenopiles

A phylogenetic analysis in a 2022 preprint recovered a monophyletic Bigyromonada sister to Pseudofungi. The "Bigyra" is paraphyletic:[5]

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Classification

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The 2018 revised taxonomy of Gyrista is the following,[2] with the inclusion of new ochrophyte classes described in 2020[6] and 2021:[7]

  • Subphylum Bigyromonada Cavalier-Smith 1998
    • Class Developea Aleoshin et al. ex Cavalier-Smith 2017 [=Bigyromonadea Cavalier-Smith 1997]
    • Class Pirsonea Cavalier-Smith 2017[2]
  • Subphylum Pseudofungi Cavalier-Smith 1986 [=Heterokontimycotina M.W. Dick 1976]
    • Class Hyphochytrea Cavalier-Smith 1986 [=Hyphochytriomycota Whittaker 1969]
    • Class Oomycetes Winter in Rabenhorst 1879 [=Oomycota Arx 1967; Peronosporomycetes M.W. Dick 2001]
  • Subphylum Ochrophytina Cavalier-Smith 1995 [=Heterokontophyta van den Hoek et al. 1978; Stramenochromes Leipe et al. 1994]
    • Infraphylum Chrysista Cavalier-Smith 1991
      • Superclass Limnistia Cavalier-Smith 1996 emend. 2006
      • Superclass Raphidoistia Cavalier-Smith 1986 orth. mut. 2006
      • Superclass Fucistia Cavalier-Smith 1995
        • Class Aurophyceae Cavalier-Smith 2013
          • Subclass Aurearenophycidae Kai Yoshii Nakayama & Inouye 2008 (as Aurearenophyceae)[8] stat. nov. Cavalier-Smith 2013[9]
          • Subclass Phaeothamniophycidae Andersen & Bailey 1998 (as Phaeothamniophyceae) stat. nov. Cavalier-Smith 2006
        • Class Chrysomerophyceae Cavalier-Smith 1995
        • Class Chrysoparadoxophyceae Wetherbee et al. 2019
        • Class Phaeosacciophyceae R.A.Andersen L.Graf & H.S.Yoon 2020[6]
        • Class Schizocladiophyceae Henry Okuda & Kawai 2003
        • Class Phaeophyceae Kjellman 1891 [=Fucophyceae Warming 1884; Melanophyceae Rabenhorst 1863]
        • Class Xanthophyceae Allorge ex Fritsch 1935 [=Tribophyceae Hibberd 1981;[11] Heterokontae Luther 1899]
    • Infraphylum Diatomista Derelle et al. ex Cavalier-Smith 2017
      • Superclass Hypogyrista Cavalier-Smith 1995 stat. nov. 2006
        • Class Dictyochophyceae Silva 1980 [=Dictyochia Haeckel 1894; Alophycidae Cavalier-Smith 2006]
          • Subclass Pedinellia Cavalier-Smith 1986 stat. nov. 2017 [=Actinochrysophyceae Cavalier-Smith 1995; Axodines]
          • Subclass Pelagophycidae Andersen & Saunders 1993 (as Pelagophyceae) ex Cavalier-Smith 2006
          • ?Subclass Sulcophycidae Cavalier-Smith 2013 ?Sulcochrysis[a]
        • Class Pinguiophyceae Kawachi et al. 2002
      • Superclass Khakista Cavalier-Smith 2000 stat. nov. 2017
        • Class Bolidophyceae
        • Class Diatomeae [=Bacillariophyceae]
          • Subclass Corethrophycidae Round & Crawford 1990
          • Subclass Rhizosoleniophycidae Round & Crawford 1990
          • Subclass Eucentricophycidae Cavalier-Smith 2000
          • Subclass Bacillariophycidae [=Pennatia Pennatia Schütt 1896; =Pennatophycidae]
    • Ochrophytina incertae sedis
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Notes

  1. Cavalier-Smith suggested that Sulcochrysis is possibly related to Olisthodiscus and grouped both genera within this subclass.[9][2] However a study in 2021 reveals that Olisthodiscales is part of a new class Olisthodiscophyceae which includes only the genus Olisthodiscus. The position of the genus Sulcochrysis remains uncertain due to a lack of DNA sequences.[7]

References

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