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Evolution of the Portuguese Empire

Overview of the possessions of the Portuguese Empire From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Evolution of the Portuguese Empire
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This article is a comprehensive list of all possessions of the Portuguese Empire.[1][2][3][4]

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Cantino planisphere, 1502

Europe

Portuguese founded factories in various places in Europe, with a purely commerce-focused strategy, different from the other continents.

Africa

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Perspective

Portuguese presence in Africa started in 1415 with the conquest of Ceuta and is generally viewed as ending in 1975, with the independence of its later colonies, although the present autonomous region of Madeira is located in the African Plate, some 650 km (360 mi) off the North African coast, Madeira belongs and has always belonged ethnically, culturally, economically and politically to Europe, some 955 km (583 mi) from the European mainland.[8]

  • Angola/Portuguese West Africa: colony (1575–1589); crown colony (1589–1951); overseas province (1951–1971); state (1971–1975). Independence in 1975.
    • Santo António do Zaire/Soyo (1482–1670): Main economic center between the Portuguese and the Kongo Kingdom. Portuguese driven out in 1670.
    • Cabinda: protectorate (1883–1887); Congo district (1887–1921); intendancy subordinate to Maquela (1921–1922); dependency of Zaire district (1922–1930); Intendacy of Zaire and Cabinda (1930–1932); intendancy under Portuguese Angola (1932–1934); dependency under Angola (1934–1945); restored as District (1946–1975). Controlled by Frente Nacional para a Libertação de Angola (National Liberation Front of Angola) as part of independent Angola in 1975. Declared Cabinda a republic in 1975, but not recognized by Portugal nor Angola.
  • Arguin/Arguim: (1455–1633)
  • Cabo Verde/Cape Verde: settlements (1462–1495); dominion of crown colonies (1495–1587); crown colony (1587–1951); overseas province (1951–1974); autonomous republic (1974–1975). Independence in 1975.
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From Cantino planisphere of 1502.
  • Benin (1485–1897): Factory. City destroyed by the British in 1897.[citation needed]
  • Boma: Factory.[citation needed]
  • Fort Mocusso (1909–1912): Military fort constructed in German South-West Africa. Abandoned and relocated to Angola in 1912.
  • Portuguese Settlements in Gambia[9]
    • San Domingo/St. Andrew's Island (1456-1651)
    • Tankular
    • Bintang
    • Geregia (1652-?)
    • Joal (1703-?)
  • Portuguese Gold Coast: (1482–1642), conquered by the Dutch in 1642.
  • Gorée (1444–1588): Trading post. Lost to the Dutch. Briefly reconquered in 1629.[10]
  • Gwato: Trading post. (1485/1486 - 1507/1520s)
  • Guiné Portuguesa/Portuguese Guinea: colony (1879–1951); overseas province (1951–1974). Unilateral independence declared in 1973, recognized by Portugal in 1974.
    • Cacheu: captaincy (1640–1879). United with Bissau in 1879.
    • Bissau: settlement under Cacheu (1687–1696); captaincy (1696–1707); abandoned (1707–1753); separate colony under Cape Verde (1753–1879). United with Cacheu in 1879.
  • Lamu (1506–1652): Subjugated in 1506. Driven out by native Inhabitants.
  • Loango (1500–1867): Slave port.
  • Madagascar (1508–1553): Settlement at Matatana. Abandoned in 1553
  • Madeira: possession (1418–1420); colony (1420–1580); crown colony (1580–1834); autonomous district (1834–1976). Made an autonomous region in 1976.
  • Malindi: occupation (1500–1630)
  • Maçuá/Massawa (1513–1557). Driven out by the Ottomans[11]
  • Mombaça/Mombasa: occupation (1593–1638); colony subordinate to Goa (1638–1698; 1728–1729). Under Omani sovereignty in 1729.
  • Matadi: Trading post.[citation needed]
  • Morocco enclaves
    • Aguz/Souira Guedima (1506–1525)
    • Alcácer Ceguer/El Qsar es Seghir (1458–1550)
    • Arzila/Asilah (1471–1550; 1577–1589). Restored to Morocco in 1589.
    • Azamor/Azemmour (1513–1541). City restored to Morocco in 1541.
    • Ceuta: possession (1415–1640). Ceded to Spain in 1668.
    • Mazagan/El Jadida (1485–1550); possession (1506–1769). Incorporation into Morocco in 1769.
    • Mogador/Essaouira (1506–1510)
    • Safim/Safi (1488–1541)
    • Santa Cruz do Cabo de Gué/Agadir (1505–1541)
    • São João da Mamora/Mehdya (1515–1550)
    • Tangier: possession (1471–1662). Ceded to England in 1662.
  • Moçambique/Portuguese East Africa: possession (1498–1501); subordinate to Goa (1501–1569); captaincy-general (1569–1609); colony subordinate to Goa (1609–1752); colony (1752–1951); overseas province (1951–1971); state (1971–1974); local transitional administration (1974–1975). Independence in 1975.
  • Ouadane: factory (1487)[12]
  • Quíloa (1505–1512)
  • Rokupr: possession (it was under the Portuguese c. 1778)[13]
  • São Tomé and Príncipe/São Tomé e Príncipe: crown colony (1753–1951); overseas province (1951–1971); local administration (1971–1975). Independence in 1975.
    • São Tomé: possession (1470–1485); colony (1485–1522); crown colony (1522–1641); administration under Dutch occupation (1641–1648). French occupation in 1648.
    • Príncipe: colony (1471–1753). United with São Tomé in 1753.
  • Zanzibar and Pemba Island possession (1503–1698). Lost to Oman in 1698.
  • Ziguinchor: possession (1645–1888). Ceded to France in 1888.
  • Portuguese Trading Settlements in Zimbabwe[14][15][16]
    • 'Feiras'
      • Angwa Feiras (Ongoe): (1580s–1684)[17]
      • Dambarare: (1580s–1693)
      • Luanze (Ruhanje): (1580s–1693)[18]
      • Massapa (Baranda Farm): (1580s–1693)[19]
      • Bandire (Nyakouee)
      • Bokuto: (1580s–?)
      • Chipangura (in Mozambique)
      • Chitomborwizi (Quitamboroizi)
      • Vumba
      • Feira (Luangwe): in present day Zambia
    • Trading Settlements (without 'Feira" status)
      • Maramuca (Rimuka): (1580s–?)
      • Chipiriviri
      • Hwangwa
      • Manzovo
      • Matafuna
      • Matuca
      • Zumbo (in Mozambique)
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Asia-Pacific

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Perspective

India was reached by the Portuguese in 1498 by Vasco da Gama. Macau was the last possession in Asia and was handed over to the People's Republic of China in 1999.

Middle East

  • Aden: Attempted conquest by Albuquerque (1513) and Albergaria (1516). Occupied for a few months in 1547–1548 before being recaptured by Piri Reis[20]
  • Bahrain: possession (1521–1602). Driven out by a native revolt and occupied by Persian troops.
  • Bandar-e-Kong/Bandar Congo: free factory and port, by treaty with Persia (1629-1725)[21]
  • Basra (1550–1668): Portuguese vassal (1550–1595). Occupation (1595–1624). Integral part of the Portuguese Empire (1624–1668). Lost to the Ottomans.
  • Bushehr (1506–1622): Lost to the Safavids.
  • Comorão/Bandar Abbas: possession (1506–1615). Conquered by Persian forces.
  • Chabahar (1508–1621): Lost to the British.[citation needed]
  • Failaka Island/Ilha de Aguada: Possible portuguese settlements[22][23]
  • Isfahan (1602–1748): Augustinian convent founded in 1602; acted as an informal embassy[21]
  • Portuguese Oman (1507–1666): String of forts, port cities, and trading posts along the southeastern coast of the Arabian Peninsula.
    • Borca/Barka: Trading post.
    • Calaiate/Calha/Qalhat: Quickly abandoned in favor of Muscat.
    • Cassapo/Khasab: Coastal fort.
    • Corfacão/Khor Fakkan (1513–1666): Major economic center.
    • Curiate/Qurayyat: Coastal fort.
    • Doba/Dibba (1623–1650): Taken on behalf of Hormuz. Lost to the Omanis.
    • Ghallah/Quelba/Kalba: Coastal fort.
    • Julfar: Trading post.
    • Libidia/Al Badiyah: Coastal fort. Abandoned in 1600.
    • Lima/Limah: Possession.
    • Madá/Madha: Fortified post.
    • Matara/Muttrah: Coastal fort.
    • Muscat (1507–1650): Driven out by native inhabitants.
    • Mocombira/Mocombi: Possession.
    • Sibo/Seeb: Coastal fort.
    • Soar/Sohar: Coastal fort.
  • Qatar: possession (1517–1538). Lost to the Ottomans.
  • Queixome/Qeshm Island (1515–1622).
  • Hormuz/Ormus: possession subordinate to Goa (1515–1622). Captured by a joint force between the Safavid Empire and the English East India Company.
  • Socotra: possession (1506–1511). Became part of Mahri Sultanate of Qishn and Suqutra

Indian Subcontinent

  • Ceylon: colony (1597–1658). Dutch took control in 1656, Jaffna taken in 1658.
  • Maldives: possession (1518–1521, 1558–1573)
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From an anonymous atlas c.1550

East Asia

  • Chinese concessions: Territories gained through the Unequal Treaties of the 19th and 20th century.
  • Japanese Voyages (1550–1639): Portuguese arrive and begin to settle in 1543. Officially established by the government in Goa in 1550. Ended in 1639 by decree of the Tokugawa Shogunate.
    • Deshima (1570–1639): Constructed by the Portuguese. Forced out by the Shōgun and granted to the Dutch in 1641.
    • Fukuda (1565–1571): Portuguese invited into the port in 1565. Abandoned in 1571 due to bad weather conditions.
    • Funai/Ōita (16th century): Port of call.
    • Hirado (1543–1571): Abandoned in favor of Nagasaki.
    • Kagoshima (1543–1639): center of Jesuit activity. Anti-Christian bans forced out the Jesuits in 1639.
    • Nagasáqui/Nagasaki (1543–1639): Unofficial settlement (1543–1570). Leased territory (1570–1580). Administrative control (1580–1587). Trading post and settlement (1587–1639). Portuguese forced out as a part of the Shōgun's policy of Sakoku.
    • Vocoxiura/Yokoseura (1562–1571): Initial base for Jesuit activities in Japan. Abandoned in favor of Nagasaki.
  • Liampó/Ningbo (1522–1548): Heavy Portuguese presence in the city itself and settlement in nearby Shuangyu. Settlement destroyed by Ming authorities in 1548 as a part of an anti-piracy campaign.[25][26]
  • São João Island/Shangchuan Island: possession (15??–1557). Abandoned in favor of Macao.
  • Tamão: (1513–1521) Trade settlement. Driven out by the Ming Navy.
  • Yuegang: (1533–???) Popular trading and smuggling port for Portuguese merchants. Unknown when Portuguese merchants ceased trading. Port closed in 1727.

Southeast Asia

  • Arakan: had a Portuguese quarter[27]
  • Ayutthaya: portuguese settlement (1516-1767)[28]
  • Bassein/Pathein/Cosmim (1516): Expelled by the Burmese[29]
  • Cambodia (1593-1597): Joint Spanish-Portuguese invasion against the Siamese occupation of cambodia; ultimately failed.
  • Portuguese East Indies (1511–1975/2002). Colonial dependency of Goa (1522–1844); Subordinated to Macao (1844–1850); Independent colony (1850–1851); Subordinated to Macao (1851–1856); Subordinated to Goa (1856–1863); Overseas province (1863–1866); Subordinate to Macao (1866–1896); Independent colony (1896–1950); Overseas province (1950–1975); Unilateral Independence and Indonesian Occupation (1975–1999); UN Administration (1999–2002).
    • Calapa (1522–1619): Port granted to the Portuguese by the Hindu Sunda Kingdom in return for military support against their Muslim neighbors. Lost to the Dutch.[citation needed]
    • Keling Fort (1613–1645): Destroyed by the Dutch.[citation needed]
    • Malacca: settlement (1511–1641); lost to the Dutch.
      • Muar Fortress (1604–1641): Built to defend Malacca against Dutch and Acehnese attacks. Seized by the Dutch after the loss of Malacca.
    • Maluku Islands
      • Amboina/Ambon: settlement (1576–1605).
        • Fort Victoria/Forte de Nossa Senhora da Anunciada de Amboíno (1576-1605)
      • Bacan: Trading post (1513–1575). Conquered by Ternate.
      • Loki: Fort erected in war against the Dutch (1651-1652)[30]
      • Ternate: settlement (1522–1575). Portuguese forced out by the Sultan of Ternate.
      • Tidore: colony (1578–1605). Seized by Dutch in 1605
        • Fort Tidore/Forte dos Reis Magos de Tidore (1578-1605).[31]
        • Fort Tafasoho (in Makian/Maquiém) (1602-1608).[32]
    • Celebes: Possessions on the island between 1512 and 1658.
      • Makassar (1544–1665); portuguese settlement and important commercial center; lost to the Dutch.[33][34]
    • Pacem (1521–1524): Occupied, then quickly abandoned.
    • Timor: claimed and partially possessed from 1520 to 1640.
      • Cupão/Kupang: Trading post. Taken by the Dutch in 1613
      • Flores Island: possession (16th–19th century). Sold the island to the Dutch East Indies.
      • Solor: possession (1520–1636).
        • Fort Solor/Forte de Nossa Senhora da Piedade de Solor (1566-1613)
      • West Timor: part of Timor lost to the Dutch in 1640.
      • Portuguese Timor: colony subordinate to Portuguese India (1642–1844); subordinate to Macau (1844–1896); separate colony (1896–1951); overseas territory (1951–1975); republic and unilateral independence proclaimed, annexed by Indonesia (1975–1999, UN recognition as Portuguese territory). UN administration from 1999 until independence in 2002.[35]
        • Ilha de Ataúro (1859–1975): Granted to the Portuguese by the Dutch in 1859.
  • Faifo/Hội An: Jesuit residency.
  • Ligor/Nakhon Si Thammarat: In 1518 the Portuguese were allowed to settle and trade in there, in return the Siamese were allowed to settle in Malacca and the Portuguese were expected to provide arms and ammunition against Chiang Mai[36]
  • Martaban: Factory (1521–?)[37]
  • Mergui/Myeik: In 1518 the Portuguese were allowed to settle and trade in there, in return the Siamese were allowed to settle in Malacca and the Portuguese were expected to provide arms and ammunition against Chiang Mai[36]
  • Pattani: factory (1516-1640)[38][39]
  • Syriam/Thanlyin: possession (1599–1613). Ruled by Filipe de Brito e Nicote.
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South America

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From Vaz Dourado atlas of c. 1576

Brazil was explored and claimed in 1500, and become independent in 1822. Unlike the Spanish, the Portuguese did not divide their possession in South America in several vice-royalties.

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North Atlantic and Northern America

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From Reinel-Lopo Homem Atlantic chart of 1519.

The Azores were discovered early in the Discovery Ages. Labrador and Corte-Real brothers later explored and claimed Greenland and eastern modern Canada from 1499 to 1502.

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See also

References

Further reading

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