Cambodian–Spanish War

The Cambodian–Iberian War (Spanish: Guerra Ibero-Camboyana; Filipino: Digmaang Kambodyano-Espanyol; Khmer: សង្គ្រាមកម្ពុជា-អេស្ប៉ាញ)^[1] (1593-1597) was an attempt to conquer Cambodia on behalf of King Satha I and Christianize Cambodia's population by the Spanish and Portuguese Empires.^[2] Along with the Spanish, Filipinos, Mexican recruits, Japanese mercenaries participated in the invasion of Cambodia.^[3]

Cambodian–Iberian War
Date 1593–1597 Location Cambodia, Phnom Penh Result Spanish Defeat •Cambodia remains as a Siamese vassal • Spanish Empire fails to make Cambodia a protectorate
Belligerents
Kingdom of Cambodia Supported by: Ayutthaya Kingdom Johor Sultanate Kingdom of Champa	Spanish Empire Captaincy General of the Philippines Mexican recruits Kingdom of Portugal Cambodian allies Japanese mercenaries
Commanders and leaders
Preah Ram I † Preah Ram II † Laksamana Naresuan the Great Ali Jalla Abdul Jalil Shah II Po Klong Halau	Luis Pérez Dasmariñas Gregorio Vargas Machuca Blas Ruiz de Hernán Gonzáles Diogo Veloso Satha I Barom Reachea II
Strength
Siamese, Cambodian, Malay, and Cham forces	Cambodian, Spanish, Mexican, Portuguese, Filipino, and Japanese forces

Background

Each power that participated in the war possessed different motives for their invasion of Cambodia; specifically, the Siamese (Thai) interference in Cambodian affairs and the Spanish expedition resulting from the power struggle between rival factions in Cambodia's government.^[4] Both Spanish and Portuguese took part in the invasion of Cambodia because King Philip II ruled both Spain and Portugal as the Iberian Union.^[5]

In February 1593, Siamese ruler Naresuan attacked Cambodia.^[6] Later on, in May 1593, 100,000 Siamese soldiers invaded Cambodia.^[7] The increasing Siamese expansion, which later got the approval of China, drove the Cambodian king Satha I to search for allies overseas, ultimately finding it in Portuguese adventurer Diogo Veloso and his Spanish associates Blas Ruiz de Hernán Gonzáles and Gregorio Vargas Machuca.^[8]

The Iberian adventurers tried to raise reinforcements from Portuguese Malacca, but were unsuccessful, and the same happened in the Spanish Philippines, when the governor Gómez Pérez Dasmariñas rejected their plan of an alliance with Cambodia, and chose to try to arbitrate the conflict between Cambodia and Siam. Dasmariñas was more concerned with protecting Portuguese trading interests in the Strait of Malacca. The Siamese conquered the Cambodian capital Longvek in July 1594 and Satha was executed or fled to Laos.^[8]

The three Iberian adventurers, now accompanied by Pantaleón Carnero and Antonio Machado, were captured and sent to Siam. However, Veloso and Vargas convinced Naresuan to send them as emissaries to Manila, where they escaped, while Ruiz and the rest managed to seize the junk that carried them as prisoners. They all reunited in Manila, where they organized a military expedition.^[8]

Conflict

The Iberian adventurers' attempts in the Philippines to gain support for a Cambodian expedition faced much skepticism and so took more than a year to organize. The first Spanish expedition arrived in Cambodia in 1596 in three ships under the command of Juan Juárez Gallinato, having 140 Spanish soldiers, mostly from New Spain, and Filipino and Japanese Christian mercenaries. Gallinato's ship was driven away by a storm, but the other two, commanded by Ruiz and Veloso, reached Cambodia, where they learned the throne had been taken by the king's former vassal Preah Ram I. The presence of the Iberians became troublesome after they clashed with and defeated a force of 2000 Chinese, and in view of the king's hostility, Veloso advised the expedition to assault his palace and capture him. The assault was unsuccessful, as the king died, and the expedition was forced to rejoin Gallinato and escape. Gallinato then ordered the fleet to search for allies in Laos, but their failure forced them away, and the expedition disbanded shortly after.^[8][9]

In October of the same year, Ruiz and Veloso found an heir to Satha, his second son Barom Reachea II, who was supported by Laos. With their help, the young king invaded Cambodia and was enthroned in May 1597.^[10] The king granted the Iberians territorial rights over two provinces on the east and west sides of the Mekong River.^[11] Veloso later secured permission and funds to build a fort, but the situation was still unstable. In 1599, he commanded four ships from Manila but two of them were wrecked in a storm.^[11] The Malay Muslim admiral Laksamana, who opposed the Iberians, took advantage of the situation to provoke an attack on one of their men, Luis Ortiz. The Spaniards retaliated by attacking a Malay camp,^[12] but Malays, Chams and their allies attacked and slaughtered the Spaniards and Portuguese, including Diogo Veloso.^[13][14] Only a few Filipinos and one Spaniard survived the massacre.^[15]

Because of the defeat, the Spanish plan for the Christianization of Cambodia failed.^[16] Laksamana later had Barom Reachea II executed. Cambodia became dominated by the Siamese in July 1599.^[17]

See also

• Luis Pérez Dasmariñas
• Blas Ruiz
• Diogo Veloso
• Post-Angkor Period
• Castilian War
• Spanish–Moro conflict
• Cambodian–Dutch War
• Spanish East Indies
• Siamese–Cambodian War (1591–1594)
• El Piñal

References

1. Tony Jaques (1 January 2007). Dictionary of Battles and Sieges: A-E. Greenwood Publishing Group. pp. xxxvi–. ISBN 978-0-313-33537-2.
2. Daniel George Edward Hall (1981). History of South-East Asia. Macmillan Press. p. 281. ISBN 978-0-333-24163-9.
3. "The Spanish Plan to Conquer China - Conquistadors in the Philippines, Hideyoshi, the Ming Empire and more".
4. Peter Church (3 February 2012). A Short History of South-East Asia. John Wiley & Sons. pp. 24–. ISBN 978-1-118-35044-7.
5. Arthur Cotterell (4 August 2011). Western Power in Asia: Its Slow Rise and Swift Fall, 1415 - 1999. John Wiley & Sons. pp. 35–. ISBN 978-1-118-16999-5.
6. Daniel George Edward Hall (1981). History of South-East Asia. Macmillan Press. p. 299. ISBN 978-0-333-24163-9.
7. George Childs Kohn (31 October 2013). Dictionary of Wars. Routledge. pp. 445–. ISBN 978-1-135-95494-9.
8. Rodao, Florentino (1997). Españoles en Siam, 1540-1939: una aportación al estudio de la presencia hispana en Asia. Editorial CSIC. pp. 11-. ISBN 978-8-400-07634-4.
9. Daniel George Edward Hall (1981). History of South-East Asia. Macmillan Press. p. 280. ISBN 978-0-333-24163-9.
10. Daniel George Edward Hall (1981). History of South-East Asia. Macmillan Press. p. 282. ISBN 978-0-333-24163-9.
11. Smith, T. O. (2018). Cambodia and the West, 1500-2000. London: Palgrave Macmillan. p. 15. ISBN 978-1-137-55531-1.
12. Jaques, Tony (2007). Dictionary of Battles and Sieges: P-Z. Westport, CT: Greenwood Publishing Group. pp. 794. ISBN 978-0-313-33536-5.
13. Ben Kiernan (1 October 2008). Blood and Soil: A World History of Genocide and Extermination from Sparta to Darfur. Yale University Press. pp. 139–. ISBN 978-0-300-13793-4.
14. Ainslie Thomas Embree; Robin Jeanne Lewis (1988). Encyclopedia of Asian history. Scribner. p. 185. ISBN 9780684189017.
15. Arthur Cotterell (15 July 2014). A History of South East Asia. Marshall Cavendish International Asia Pte Ltd. pp. 178–. ISBN 978-981-4634-70-0.
16. Milton Osborne (4 September 2008). Phnom Penh: A Cultural History. Oxford University Press. pp. 44–. ISBN 978-0-19-971173-4.
17. Donald F. Lach; Edwin J. Van Kley (1998). A Century of Advance. University of Chicago Press. pp. 1147–. ISBN 978-0-226-46768-9.