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Drug precursors, also referred to as precursor chemicals or simply precursors, are substances used to manufacture illicit drugs. Most precursors also have legitimate commercial uses and are legally used in a wide variety of industrial processes and consumer products, such as medicines, flavourings, and fragrances.[1]
International regulators of precursor chemicals consider it necessary to recognise and protect the legal trade of these chemicals, while at the same time preventing their diversion from such trade for use in the illegal manufacture of narcotic drugs and psychoactive substances. For example, phenylacetic acid is used legally in the production of penicillin, flavourings, perfume, and cleaning solutions, but it can also be used in the illegal manufacture of amphetamines and methamphetamine.
The international framework for precursor control is set out under Articles 12 and 13 of the 1988 United Nations Convention against Illicit Traffic in Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances, requiring UN member states to establish and enforce regulatory systems that monitor the trade in their country, as well as movement of precursor chemicals into and out of their country (e.g. transshipment).[2] Monitoring is carried out through measures including the licensing and registration of operators, procedures and requirements governing movement of chemicals, as well as documentation, record keeping and labelling requirements.
The International Narcotics Control Board has also established tools including the Pre-Export Notification Online (PEN-Online) and Precursors Incident Communication (PICS) systems, in addition to annual information reporting through 'Form D' and the International Special Surveillance List (ISSL) for non-controlled and designer chemicals which can be used as precursors themselves for certain illicit drugs or pre-precursors, to support UN Member States in their domestic regulatory efforts and cross-border coordination. There is also harmonised legislation across Europe which puts a control system in place with the aim to achieve a balance between precursor diversion prevention without inhibiting legal trade.
The East Asia and Southeast Asia regions are referred to by many regulatory and law enforcement experts as the largest source for precursor chemicals used for illicit drug production, including by the INCB and UN Office on Drugs and Crime, in-part because a wide variety of chemicals are frequently diverted and trafficked within the region and to other parts of the world including to North America, Central and South America, Oceania (Australia and New Zealand), Europe, and Africa.[3]
Organized crime groups operating in East and Southeast Asia have demonstrated significant sophistication in recent years, as well as their comparative advantage when it comes to sourcing precursors and specialized non-controlled precursor and pre-precursor chemicals for the illicit manufacture of drugs.[4] Aside from regulatory controls that are easily bypassed, Southeast Asia, and in particular the Mekong sub-region, is situated next to two of the world's leading chemical-producing countries, China and India.
However, while the chemical and pharmaceutical industries of China, and to a lesser extent India, are known to be the primary sources of the chemicals used for illicit drug production in Southeast Asia, these industries have also grown rapidly within the region itself in recent years and play an increasingly important role in the illicit drug trade. For example, between 2010 and 2018, outputs of chemicals and their products in Indonesia, Malaysia, the Philippines, Singapore, Thailand, and Vietnam, increased in value by nearly 40 per cent from US$132 billion to US$181 billion.[5]
Examples of such precursors and drugs made with them are listed below.
- 2C-H
- N-Acetylanthranilic acid
- Anthranilic acid
- Benzaldehyde
- Benzyl cyanide
- CBD
- THC (see conversion of CBD to THC)
- Ephedrine and pseudoephedrine
- Ergocristine, ergine, ergonovine, and ergotamine
- Ethylamine
- GBL
- Safrole, isosafrole, and 3,4-methylenedioxyphenylpropan-2-one
- Methylamine
- N-Methylephedrine and N-methylpseudoephedrine
- N-Phenethyl-4-piperidone (NPP)
- fentanyl and analogues
- Nitroethane
- Norpseudoephedrine and phenylpropanolamine
- Phenylacetic acid
- Piperidine
- phencyclidine (PCP)
- Piperonal (heliotropin)
- Propionic anhydride
- fentanyl and analogues
- Acetic anhydride
- Benzyl chloride
- 1-(2-Chloro-N-methylbenzimidoyl)cyclopentanol
- Hydriodic acid
- Hypophosphorous acid
- Iodine
- Red phosphorus and white phosphorus
- Potassium permanganate
- Sodium permanganate
- Hydrochloric acid (hydrogen chloride)
- amphetamine
- cocaine
- N,N-dimethylamphetamine
- ethylamphetamine
- fentanyl and analogues
- heroin
- LSD
- MDA
- MDE
- MDMA
- methamphetamine
- methaqualone
- methcathinone
- phencyclidine (PCP)
- Sulfuric acid
- amphetamine
- cocaine
- MDA
- MDE
- MDMA
- methamphetamine
- methaqualone
- phenylacetone
- Acetone
- cocaine
- heroin
- LSD
- MDA
- MDE
- MDMA
- methamphetamine
- Diethyl ether
- amphetamine
- cocaine
- fentanyl and analogues
- heroin
- LSD
- MDA
- MDE
- MDMA
- methamphetamine
- methaqualone
- methcathinone
- phencyclidine (PCP)
- phenylacetone
- Methylethylketone (butanone) and methyl isobutyl ketone
- cocaine
- heroin
- MDA
- MDEA
- methamphetamine
- Toluene
- cocaine
- fentanyl and analogues
- methaqualone
- phencyclidine (PCP)
- phenylacetone
- Denatured Ethanol/Isopropynol
- Hexane
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