Demographics of Italy

Demographic features of the population of Italy include population density, ethnicity, education level, health of the populace, economic status, religious affiliations and other aspects.

Demographics of Italy
Population pyramid of Italy as of 2022
Population	58,974,433 (31 July 2024)[1]
Growth rate	-0.30% (2022)
Birth rate	6.7 births/1,000 population (2022)
Death rate	12.1 deaths/1,000 population (2022)
Life expectancy	82.0 years (2020)
• male	79.7 years
• female	84.4 years
Fertility rate	1.2 children born/woman (2023)
Infant mortality rate	3.6 deaths/1,000 live births (2015)[2]
Net migration rate	1.3 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2020)
Age structure
0–14 years	12.89%
15–64 years	63.57%
65 and over	23.54%
Nationality
Nationality	noun: Italian(s) adjective: Italian
Major ethnic	Italians
Minor ethnic	Sicilians Sardinians Romanians Afro-Italians Albanians Arabs Ukrainians Others
Language
Official	Italian
Spoken	Languages of Italy

Animated population pyramid 1982–2021. Those born during the World wars are marked in dark

At the beginning of 2024, Italy had an estimated population of 58.9 million. Its population density, at 195.7 inhabitants per square kilometre (507/sq mi), is higher than that of most Western European countries. However, the distribution of the population is very uneven: the most densely populated areas are the Po Valley (with about a third of the country's population) in northern Italy and the metropolitan areas of Rome and Naples in central and southern Italy, while large rural areas are very sparsely populated, like the plateaus of Basilicata, the Alps and Apennines highlands, and the island of Sardinia.

The population of the country almost doubled during the 20th century, but the pattern of growth was extremely uneven due to large-scale internal migration from the rural South to the industrial cities of the North, due to the Italian economic miracle of the 1950s and 1960s. In addition, after centuries of net emigration, since the 1980s Italy has experienced large-scale immigration for the first time in modern history. Italian government data, in its annual report for 2019, estimated the number of foreign nationals residing within Italy, including immigrants, at about 5.234 million.^[3] Due to such large-scale immigration to the country, particularly from the early 2000s to 2014, the population peaked at 60.79 million. Since then, decreasing migration, a continuously falling birth rate, and continuous aging have led to a sharp decrease in the Italian population.

High fertility and birth rates persisted until the 1970s, after which they started to dramatically decline, leading to rapid population aging. At the end of the 2000s decade, one in five Italians was over 65 years old.^[4] Italy experienced a short-term growth in birth rates.^[5] The total fertility rate temporarily rose from an all-time low of 1.18 children per woman in 1995 to 1.46 in 2010.^[6] Since then, fertility rates have resumed their decline, to reach a low of 1.24 in 2022.^[7]

Since the revision of the Lateran Treaty in 1984, Italy has no official religion, although it continues to recognize the role the Catholic Church plays in Italian society. In 2017, 78% of the population identified as Catholic, 15% as non-believers or atheists, 2% as other Christians and 6% adhered to other religions.^[8]

Historical overview

1861 to early 20th century

Main article: Italian diaspora

Map of the Italian diaspora in the world

From its unification in 1861 to the Italian economic miracle of the 1950s and 1960s, Italy has been a country of mass emigration. Between 1898 and 1914, the peak years of Italian diaspora, approximately 750,000 Italians emigrated each year.^[9] As a consequence, large numbers of people with full or significant Italian ancestry are found in Brazil (32 million Italian Brazilians),^[10][11] Argentina (25 million Italian Argentines),^[12] United States (18 million Italian Americans),^[13] France (5 million Italian French),^[14] Venezuela (5 million Italian Venezuelans),^[15] Paraguay (2.5 million Italian Paraguayans),^[16][17][18] Colombia (2 million Italian Colombians),^[19] Uruguay (1.5 million Italian Uruguayans),^[20] Peru (1.5 million Italian Peruvians),^[21] Canada (1.5 million Italian Canadians),^[22] Germany (1.2 million Italian Germans)^[23] and Australia (1 million Italian Australians).^[24] In addition, Italian communities once thrived in the former African colonies of Eritrea (nearly 100,000 at the beginning of World War II),^[25] Somalia and Libya (150,000 Italians settled in Libya, constituting about 18% of the total Libyan population).^[26]

After World War II

Istrian Italians leave Pola in 1947 during the Istrian-Dalmatian exodus

After Tito's annexation of Istria, Kvarner, most of the Julian March as well as the Dalmatian city of Zara following the Treaty of Peace with Italy, 1947, up to 350,000 local ethnic Italians (Istrian Italians and Dalmatian Italians) left communist Yugoslavia (Istrian–Dalmatian exodus).^[27][28] Furthermore, all of Libya's Italians were expelled after Muammar Gaddafi's takeover in 1970.^[29]

As a result of the profound economic and social changes brought by rapid postwar economic growth, including low birth rates, an aging population and thus a shrinking workforce, by the 1970s emigration had all but stopped and Italy started to have a positive net migration rate.^[30] The nation's immigrant population reached 5 million by 2015, making up some 8% of the total population.^[31] However, the long-lasting effects of the Eurozone crisis double-dip recession strongly slowed down immigration rates in Italy in the 2010s.^[32]

In calendar years 2020 and 2021, as a direct effect of COVID-19 pandemic and Deltacron hybrid variant, Italy registered at least 178,000 excess deaths, a reduction of about 1.4 years in the average life expectancy, a noticeable decrease in birth rates and a marked decrease in immigration rates. Thus there was a record natural population decline of 342,042 units in that^{[clarification needed]} year, the largest ever recorded since 1918 (at the time of World War I and the Spanish flu pandemic).^[33] In 2022, Italy's birth rate declined to its lowest level on record since 1861, with fewer than 400,000 births recorded that year.^{[34][35][36][37][38][39]}

Population

Historic population of Italy

Historical population

Year	Pop.	±% p.a.
1861	21,777,334	—
1871	26,801,154	+2.10%
1881	28,459,628	+0.60%
1901	32,475,253	+0.66%
1911	34,671,377	+0.66%
1921	37,973,977	+0.91%
1931	41,176,671	+0.81%
1936	42,993,602	+0.87%
1951	47,515,537	+0.67%
1961	50,623,569	+0.64%
1971	54,136,547	+0.67%
1981	56,556,911	+0.44%
1991	56,778,031	+0.04%
2001	56,995,744	+0.04%
2011	59,433,744	+0.42%
2021	59,257,566	−0.03%
2024 (est.)	58,968,501	−0.16%
Source: ISTAT[40][41][33]

Further information: Italians

Demographic statistics according to the World Population Review in 2022.^[42]

• One birth every 1 minute 18 seconds
• One death every 50 seconds
• Net loss of one person every 3 minutes 6 seconds
• One net migrant every 9 minutes

^[43]

Life expectancy

See also: List of Italian provinces by life expectancy

Italian regions by life expectancy in 2022^[44]

Italian provinces by life expectancy in 2022^[44]

Life expectancy in Italy since 1960 with sex gap

Life expectancy in Italy since 1872

Sources: Our World In Data and the United Nations. 1871–1950

Life expectancy in Italy

Years	1871	1872	1873	1874	1875	1876	1877	1878	1879	1880[45]
Life expectancy	29.8	29.7	31.6	31.8	31.3	33.6	34.9	34.3	34.0	32.8
Years	1881	1882	1883	1884	1885	1886	1887	1888	1889	1890[45]
Life expectancy	34.2	34.3	35.2	36.6	36.9	35.1	36.0	37.0	39.1	38.5
Years	1891	1892	1893	1894	1895	1896	1897	1898	1899	1900[45]
Life expectancy	38.5	38.9	39.8	40.0	39.6	40.7	43.3	42.3	43.7	41.7
Years	1901	1902	1903	1904	1905	1906	1907	1908	1909	1910[45]
Life expectancy	43.5	43.0	43.1	44.4	43.9	45.1	45.4	43.1	44.6	46.7
Years	1911	1912	1913	1914	1915	1916	1917	1918	1919	1920[45]
Life expectancy	44.7	48.9	48.4	49.9	42.5	39.6	38.1	25.8	42.3	45.5
Years	1921	1922	1923	1924	1925	1926	1927	1928	1929	1930[45]
Life expectancy	49.2	50.0	51.4	51.5	51.3	50.9	52.5	52.6	52.3	55.2
Years	1931	1932	1933	1934	1935	1936	1937	1938	1939	1940[45]
Life expectancy	54.8	54.7	56.3	56.8	56.2	56.7	55.5	56.1	57.6	57.0
Years	1941	1942	1943	1944	1945	1946	1947	1948	1949	1950[45]
Life expectancy	54.7	52.5	49.4	52.4	54.9	59.0	61.2	63.4	64.1	65.8

1950–2020

Period	Life expectancy in Years	Period	Life expectancy in Years
1950–1955	66.5	1985–1990	76.4
1955–1960	68.4	1990–1995	77.5
1960–1965	69.7	1995–2000	78.8
1965–1970	70.9	2000–2005	80.3
1970–1975	72.2	2005–2010	81.5
1975–1980	73.6	2010–2015	82.4
1980–1985	74.9	2015–2020	83.3

Source: UN World Population Prospects^[46]

Fertility

By 2021, the number of births had fallen to 400,249, a decrease of 25% compared to 2011. If the trend is not reversed, it may adversely affect GDP growth and social security benefits.^[47] The reasons that Italians give for not having children are economic costs, fear of losing their job and lack of services for families, but it is claimed that these problems have ceased to be the main motivation for childlessness.^{[dubious – discuss][47]} Other countries such as Sweden and France with superior childcare service and better job conditions also have birth rates below the population replacement level, which is approximately 2.1.

Historical fertility rates

TFR of Italy overtime to 2016

The total fertility rate is the number of children born per woman. This table is based on fairly good data for the entire period. Sources: Our World in Data and Gapminder Foundation.^[48]

The Sicilian photographer Giuseppe Riggio (1871–1960) with his large nuclear family in 1925

Total fertility rates in Italy^[48]

Years	1850	1851	1852	1853	1854	1855	1856	1857	1858	1859	1860
Rate	5.47	5.42	5.38	5.33	5.29	5.24	5.19	5.15	5.10	5.06	5.01
Years		1861	1862	1863	1864	1865	1866	1867	1868	1869	1870
Rate		4.96	4.93	4.90	4.90	4.91	4.91	4.92	4.92	4.91	4.90
Years		1871	1872	1873	1874	1875	1876	1877	1878	1879	1880
Rate		4.90	4.89	4.88	4.89	4.9	4.9	4.91	4.92	4.95	4.98
Years		1881	1882	1883	1884	1885	1886	1887	1888	1889	1890
Rate		5.00	5.03	5.06	5.05	5.04	5.04	5.03	5.02	4.98	4.95
Years		1891	1892	1893	1894	1895	1896	1897	1898	1899
Rate		4.91	4.88	4.84	4.79	4.74	4.69	4.64	4.59	4.56

In 2021 this was 1.47 children born/woman.

Mother's mean age at first birth; 31.1 years (2017 est.)

Internal migration

Main article: Internal migration in Italy

View of the Falck steelworks in Sesto San Giovanni, in Lombardy

Internal migration in Italy is a human migration within the Italian geographical region that occurred for similar reasons to emigration, primarily socioeconomic.^[49] Its largest wave consisted of 4 million people moving from Southern Italy to Northern Italy (and mostly to Northern or Central Italian industrial cities like Rome or Milan, etc.), between the 1950s and 1970s.^[50]

The oldest migration goes back to the 11th century when soldiers and settlers from Northern Italy (at the time collectively called "Lombardy"^[51]), settled the central and eastern part of Sicily during the Norman conquest of southern Italy. After the marriage between the Norman king Roger I of Sicily with Adelaide del Vasto, member of Aleramici family, many Lombard colonisers left their homeland, in the Aleramici's possessions in Piedmont and Liguria, to settle on the island of Sicily.^[52][53] The migration of people from Northern Italy to Sicily continued until the end of the 13th century.^[54]

Age structure

0-14 years: 0–14 years: 13.45% (male 4,292,431/female 4,097,732)

15-24 years: 9.61% (male 3,005,402/female 2,989,764)

25-54 years: 40.86% (male 12,577,764/female 12,921,614)

55-64 years: 14% (male 4,243,735/female 4,493,581)

65 years and over: 22.08% (male 5,949,560/female 7,831,076) (2020 est.)

Median age

total: 46.5 years. Country comparison to the world: 5th

male: 45.4 years

female: 47.5 years (2020 est.)

Cities

See also: Metropolitan areas in Italy and List of cities in Italy by population

70.4% of Italian population is classified as urban,^[55] a relatively low figure among developed countries. Italy's administrative boundaries have seen significant devolution in recent decades; the metropolitan area was created as a new administrative unit, and major cities and metro areas now have a provincial status.

According to OECD,^[56] the largest conurbations are:

• Milan – 7.4 million
• Rome – 3.7 million
• Naples – 3.1 million
• Turin – 2.2 million

Urbanization

urban population: 71% of total population (2020)

rate of urbanization: 0.29% annual rate of change (2015–20 est.)

Map of Italy's population density at the 2011 census

Metropolitan cities and larger urban zone^[57][58]

Metropolitan city	Region	Area (km2)	Population (1 January 2019)	Functional Urban Areas (FUA) Population (2016)
Rome	Lazio	5,352	4,342,212	4,414,288
Milan	Lombardy	1,575	3,250,315	5,111,481
Naples	Campania	1,171	3,084,890	3,418,061
Turin	Piedmont	6,829	2,259,523	1,769,475
Palermo	Sicily	5,009	1,252,588	1,033,226
Bari	Apulia	3,821	1,251,994	749,723
Catania	Sicily	3,574	1,107,702	658,805
Florence	Tuscany	3,514	1,011,349	807,896
Bologna	Emilia-Romagna	3,702	1,014,619	775,247
Genoa	Liguria	1,839	841,180	713,243
Venice	Veneto	2,462	853,338	561,697
Messina	Sicily	3,266	626,876	273,680
Reggio Calabria	Calabria	3,183	548,009	221,139
Cagliari	Sardinia	1,248	431,038	488,954

Vital statistics

^{[59][60][61][62][63][64]}

	Average population (January 1)	Live births	Deaths[65]	Natural change	Crude birth rate (per 1,000)	Crude death rate (per 1,000)	Natural change (per 1,000)	Crude migration change (per 1,000)	Total fertility rates[fn 1][48][66]
1900	32,377,000	1,067,376	768,917	298,459	33.0	23.7	9.2	-3.9	4.53
1901	32,550,000	1,057,763	715,036	342,727	32.5	22.0	10.5	-3.2	4.49
1902	32,787,000	1,093,074	727,181	365,893	33.3	22.2	11.2	-4.6	4.46
1903	33,004,000	1,042,090	736,311	305,779	31.6	22.3	9.3	-2.2	4.43
1904	33,237,000	1,085,431	698,604	386,827	32.7	21.0	11.6	-4.0	4.44
1905	33,489,000	1,084,518	730,340	354,178	32.4	21.8	10.6	-3.8	4.45
1906	33,718,000	1,070,978	696,875	374,103	31.8	20.7	11.1	-4.2	4.45
1907	33,952,000	1,062,333	700,333	362,000	31.3	20.6	10.7	-3.5	4.46
1908	34,198,000	1,138,813	770,054	368,759	33.3	22.5	10.8	-3.3	4.47
1909	34,455,000	1,115,831	738,460	377,371	32.4	21.4	11.0	-2.4	4.43
1910	34,751,000	1,144,410	682,459	461,951	32.9	19.6	13.3	-5.2	4.39
1911	35,033,000	1,093,545	742,811	350,734	31.2	21.2	10.0	-3.9	4.36
1912	35,246,000	1,133,985	635,788	498,197	32.2	18.0	14.1	-11.1	4.32
1913	35,351,000	1,122,482	663,966	458,516	31.8	18.8	13.0	-3.1	4.28
1914	35,701,000	1,114,091	643,355	470,736	31.2	18.0	13.2	2.8	4.04
1915	36,271,000	1,109,183	809,703	299,480	30.6	22.3	8.3	-2.5	3.80
1916	36,481,000	881,626	854,703	26,923	24.2	23.4	0.7	-4.5	3.56
1917	36,343,000	691,207	948,710	-257,503	19.6	26.1	-7.1	-4.5	3.32
1918	35,922,000	640,263	1,268,290	-628,027	18.2	35.3	-17.5	11.8	3.08
1919	35,717,000	770,620	676,329	94,291	21.6	18.9	2.6	4.2	3.24
1920	35,960,000	1,158,041	681,749	476,292	32.2	19.0	13.2	39.9	3.41
1921	37,869,000	1,118,344	670,234	448,110	30.7	17.7	13.0	-4.4	3.57
1922	38,196,000	1,127,444	690,054	437,390	30.8	18.1	12.7	-2.9	3.74
1923	38,571,000	1,107,505	654,827	452,678	29.9	17.0	11.7	-2.5	3.90
1924	38,927,000	1,124,470	663,077	461,393	28.9	17.0	11.9	-3.2	3.81
1925	39,265,000	1,109,761	669,695	440,066	28.2	17.1	11.2	-2.9	3.72
1926	39,590,000	1,094,587	680,274	414,313	27.7	17.2	10.5	-2.0	3.64
1927	39,926,000	1,093,772	639,843	453,929	27.4	16.0	11.4	-2.5	3.55
1928	40,281,000	1,072,316	645,654	426,662	26.6	16.0	10.6	-2.5	3.46
1929	40,607,000	1,037,700	667,223	370,477	25.6	16.4	9.1	-0.5	3.42
1930	40,956,000	1,092,678	576,751	515,927	26.7	14.1	12.6	-3.2	3.38
1931	41,339,000	1,026,197	609,405	416,792	24.8	14.7	10.1	-4.2	3.21
1932	41,584,000	990,995	610,646	380,349	23.8	14.7	9.1	-0.8	3.06
1933	41,928,000	995,979	574,113	421,866	23.8	13.7	10.1	-1.8	3.04
1934	42,277,000	992,966	563,339	429,627	23.5	13.3	10.2	-1.8	3.00
1935	42,631,000	996,708	594,722	401,986	23.4	14.0	9.4	-1.6	2.98
1936	42,965,000	962,686	593,380	369,306	22.4	13.8	8.6	-1.5	2.87
1937	43,269,000	991,867	618,290	373,577	22.9	14.3	8.6	-1.0	2.93
1938	43,596,000	1,037,180	614,988	422,192	23.8	14.1	9.7	0	3.05
1939	44,018,000	1,040,213	591,483	448,730	23.6	13.4	10.2	0	3.07
1940	44,467,000	1,046,479	606,907	439,572	23.5	13.6	9.9	-1.7	3.07
1941	44,830,000	937,546	621,735	315,811	20.9	13.9	7.0	-1.0	2.74
1942	45,098,000	926,063	643,607	282,456	20.5	14.3	6.3	-16.4	2.69
1943	44,641,000	882,105	679,708	202,397	19.8	15.2	4.5	-1.1	2.61
1944	44,794,000	814,746	685,171	129,575	18.3	15.3	2.9	0.5	2.39
1945	44,946,000	815,678	615,092	200,586	18.2	13.7	4.5	2.3	2.37
1946	45,253,000	1,036,098	547,952	488,146	23.0	12.1	10.8	-2.2	3.01
1947	45,641,000	1,011,490	524,019	487,471	22.2	11.5	10.8	5.4	2.89
1948	46,381,000	1,005,851	490,450	515,401	21.8	10.6	11.2	-3.6	2.83
1949	46,733,000	937,146	485,277	451,869	20.1	10.4	9.7	-1.8	2.62
1950	47,104,000	908,622	455,169	453,453	19.3	9.7	9.6	-3.0	2.50
1951	47,417,000	860,998	485,208	375,790	18.2	10.2	7.9	-2.6	2.35
1952	47,666,000 [67]	863,661	488,470	375,191	17.7	10.0	7.7	-1.6	2.34
1953	47,957,000	860,345	484,527	375,818	17.5	9.9	7.6	-0.5	2.31
1954	48,299,000	881,845	445,902	435,943	18.0	9.1	8.9	-2.0	2.35
1955	48,633,000	879,130	449,058	430,072	17.9	9.2	8.7	-2.8	2.33
1956	48,920,000	884,043	499,504	384,539	17.9	10.2	7.7	-2.4	2.34
1957	49,181,000	885,812	483,558	402.254	17.9	9.8	8.0	-2.0	2.33
1958	49,475,000	880,361	459,366	420,995	17.6	9.3	8.3	-1.1	2.31
1959	49,831,000	910,628	454,547	456,081	18.1	9.1	9.0	-1.6	2.38
1960	50,198,000	923,004	480,848	442,156	18.1	9.6	8.6	-2.1	2.41
1961	50,523,000	924,203	460,009	464,194	18.4	9.3	9.1	-2.1	2.41
1962	50,878,000	945,842	503,106	442,736	18.4	10.0	8.4	-1.1	2.46
1963	51,251,000	978,143	514,000	464,143	18.8	10.1	8.7	-0.4	2.56
1964	51,675,000	1,035,207	488,601	546,606	19.7	9.5	10.2	-1.7	2.70
1965	52,112,000	1,017,944	516,922	501,022	19.1	10.0	9.1	-1.3	2.66
1966	52,518,000	999,316	493,562	505,754	18.7	9.5	9.2	-1.9	2.62
1967	52,900,000	962,197	507,845	454,352	18.0	9.7	8.3	-2.0	2.53
1968	53,235,000	944,837	530,738	414,099	17.6	10.1	7.5	-1.8	2.49
1969	53,538,000	949,155	530,348	418,807	17.5	10.1	7.4	-2.1	2.51
1970	53,821,000	917,496	528,622	388,874	16.8	9.7	7.1	-2.4	2.42
1971	54,073,000	911,084	515,318	395,766	16.8	9.7	7.1	-1.4	2.41
1972	54,381,000	893,061	518,020	375,041	16.3	9.6	6.7	0.1	2.36
1973	54,751,000	887,953	544,461	343,492	16.0	10.0	6.0	0.6	2.34
1974	55,111,000	886,310	532,753	353,557	15.8	9.7	6.1	-0.1	2.33
1975	55,441,000	841,858	556,019	285,839	14.9	10.0	4.9	0.1	2.20
1976	55,718,000	806,358	556,143	250,215	14.0	9.9	4.1	0.2	2.11
1977	55,955,000	757,281	547,011	210,270	13.2	9.8	3.5	0.1	1.97
1978	56,155,000	720,545	539,685	180,860	12.6	9.6	3.0	-0.1	1.87
1979	56,318,000	682,742	541,825	140,917	11.9	9.6	2.3	-0.2	1.76
1980	56,434,000	657,278	559,376	97,902	11.3	9.8	1.5	-0.3	1.68
1981	56,502,000	628,113	540,764	87,349	11.0	9.7	1.4	-0.7	1.60
1982	56,544,000	634,678	537,727	96,951	10.9	9.5	1.5	-1.1	1.60
1983	56,564,000	612,936	563,807	49,129	10.6	10.0	0.7	-0.5	1.54
1984	56,577,000	597,560	535,661	61,899	10.4	9.5	0.9	-0.6	1.48
1985	56,593,000	589,233	549,529	39,704	10.2	9.7	0.5	-0.4	1.45
1986	56,596,000	562,512	545,189	17,323	9.8	9.5	0.3	-0.2	1.37
1987	56,602,000	560,265	534,993	25,272	9.7	9.3	0.5	0	1.35
1988	56,629,000	577,856	537,545	40,311	10.1	9.5	0.5	0.3	1.38
1989	56,672,000	567,268	531,557	35,711	9.9	9.4	0.5	0.3	1.35
1990	56,719,000	580,761	544,397	36,364	10.0	9.6	0.5	0.2	1.36
1991	56,759,000	556,175	547,131	9,044	9.9	9.8	0.2	0.5	1.32
1992	56,797,000	575,216	545,038	30,178	10.0	9.6	0.4	0.2	1.32
1993	56,832,000	552,587	555,043	-2,456	9.7	9.7	-0.1	0.3	1.26
1994	56,843,000	536,665	557,513	-20,848	9.4	9.8	-0.4	0.4	1.22
1995	56,844,000	526,064	555,203	-29.139	9.2	9.8	-0.5	0.8	1.19
1996	56,860,000	536,740	557,756	-21,016	9.3	9.8	-0.5	1.0	1.22
1997	56,890,000	540,048	564,679	-24,631	9.4	9.9	-0.5	0.8	1.23
1998	56,907,000	532,843	576,911	-44,068	9.3	10.1	-0.8	1.0	1.21
1999	56,917,000	537,242	571,356	-34.114	9.4	10.0	-0.5	0.9	1.23
2000	56,942,000	543,039	560,241	-17,202	9.5	9.8	-0.3	0.9	1.26
2001	56,974,000	535,282	548,254	-12.972	9.4	9.8	-0.4	1.9	1.25
2002	57,059,000	538,198	557,393	-19,195	9.4	9.8	-0.4	4.9	1.27
2003	57,313,000	544,063	586,468	-42,405	9.5	10.3	-0.7	7.2	1.29
2004	57,685,000	562,599	546,658	15,941	9.8	9.5	0.3	4.6	1.34
2005	57,969,000	554,022	567,304	-13.282	9.5	9.8	-0.2	3.2	1.33
2006	58,144,000	560,010	557,892	2,118	9.6	9.6	0.0	5.1	1.37
2007	58,438,000	563,933	570,801	-6.868	9.6	9.8	-0.2	6.9	1.39
2008	58,827,000	576,659	585,126	-8,467	9.8	9.9	-0.1	4.7	1.44
2009	59,095,000	568,857	591,663	-22.806	9.6	9.8	-0.3	3.4	1.44
2010	59,277,000	561,944	587,488	-25.544	9.4	9.7	-0.3	2.0	1.44
2011	59,379,000	546,585	593,402	-46,817	9.1	9.9	-0.8	3.5	1.44
2012	59,540,000	534,186	612,883	-78,697	8.9	10.2	-1.3	13.0	1.42
2013	60,234,000	514,308	600,744	-86,436	8.5	10.0	-1.4	10.6	1.39
2014	60,789,000	502,596	598,364	-95,768	8.3	9.9	-1.6	1.7	1.38
2015	60,796,000	485,780	647,571	-161,791	8.1	10.7	-2.7	0.6	1.36
2016	60,666,000	473,438	615,261	-141,823	7.9	10.2	-2.4	1.0	1.36
2017	60,579,000	458,151	649,061	-190,910	7.6	10.8	-3.2	1.6	1.34
2018	60,484,000	439,747	633,133	-193,386	7.3	10.6	-3.2	-7.8	1.31
2019	59,816,673	420,084	634,417	-214,333	7.0	10.6	-3.6	0.7	1.27
2020	59,641,488	404,892	740,317	-335,425	6.8	12.4	-5.6	-1.2	1.24
2021	59,236,213	400,249	701,346	-301,097	6.8	11.8	-5.2	1.7	1.25
2022	59,030,133	393,333	715,077	-321,744	6.8	12.1	-5.4	4.8	1.24
2023	58,997,201	379,890	671,065	-291,174	6.4	11.2	-4.8	4.7	1.20
2024	58,971,230

In the year 2023 80,942 babies were born to at least one foreign parent which makes up 21.31% of all newborns in that year (20,084 or 5.29% were born to foreign mothers, 9,411 or 2.48% to foreign fathers, and 51,447 or 13.54% to two foreign parents). In Southern Italy (including Sicily and Sardinia) only 9.01 percent of all newborns had 1 or 2 foreign parents, while in Central and Northern Italy their share reached 23.72 and 30.01 percent, respectively.^[68]

Current vital statistics

^[64]

Period	Live births	Deaths	Natural increase
January - October 2023	315,943	547,421	-231,478
January - October 2024	305,486	534,132	-228,646
Difference	-10,457 (-3.31%)	-13,289 (-2.43%)	+2,832

Total fertility rates by region

Total fertility rate (TFR) in Italy by region as of 2023:

2023

Region	TFR
Trentino-Alto Adige	1.42
Sicily	1.32
Campania	1.29
Calabria	1.28
Emilia-Romagna	1.22
Veneto	1.21
Lombardy	1.21
Friuli-Venezia Giulia	1.21
Apulia	1.20
Piedmont	1.17
Marche	1.17
Aosta Valley	1.16
Liguria	1.16
Abruzzo	1.13
Tuscany	1.12
Lazio	1.11
Umbria	1.10
Molise	1.10
Basilicata	1.08
Sardinia	0.91

Structure of the population

Age Group	Male	Female	Total	%
Total	28 866 226	30 369 987	59 236 213	100
0–4	1 138 845	1 077 665	2 216 510	3.74
5–9	1 326 061	1 252 279	2 578 340	4.35
10–14	1 463 873	1 377 822	2 841 695	4.80
15–19	1 476 815	1 380 198	2 857 013	4.82
20–24	1 549 500	1 407 840	2 957 340	4.99
25–29	1 566 265	1 479 314	3 045 579	5.14
30–34	1 633 887	1 592 259	3 226 146	5.45
35–39	1 747 529	1 735 723	3 483 252	5.88
40–44	2 001 502	2 007 068	4 008 570	6.77
45–49	2 329 457	2 363 044	4 692 501	7.92
50–54	2 377 041	2 440 634	4 817 675	8.13
55–59	2 261 108	2 362 857	4 623 965	7.81
60–64	1 901 209	2 044 887	3 946 096	6.66
65-69	1 652 948	1 821 385	3 474 333	5.87
70-74	1 609 510	1 831 661	3 441 171	5.81
75-79	1 140 634	1 406 576	2 547 210	4.30
80-84	953 118	1 324 845	2 277 963	3.85
85-89	513 213	882 889	1 396 102	2.36
90-94	186 194	443 464	629 658	1.06
95-99	34 670	123 247	157 917	0.27
100-104	2 728	13 404	16 132	0.03
105-109	117	907	1 024	<0.01
110+	2	19	21	<0.01
Age group	Male	Female	Total	Percent
0–14	3 928 779	3 707 766	7 636 545	12.89
15–64	18 844 313	18 813 824	37 658 137	63.57
65+	6 093 134	7 848 397	13 941 531	23.54

Population Estimates by Sex and Age Group (01.I.2021): ^[69]

Health

Obesity – adult prevalence rate

19.9% (2016) Country comparison to the world: 108

Employment and income

Unemployment, youth ages 15–24:

total: 32.2%. Country comparison to the world: 26th

male: 30.4%

female: 34.8% (2018 est.)

Immigration

Main article: Immigration to Italy

Since the fall of the Berlin Wall in 1989, and more recently, the 2004 and 2007 enlargements of the European Union, Italy received growing flows of migrants from the former socialist countries of Eastern Europe (especially Romania, Albania, Ukraine and Poland).^[70] The second most important area of immigration to Italy has always been the neighboring North Africa (especially Morocco, Egypt, Tunisia and Algeria).^[71] Furthermore, in recent years, growing migration fluxes from the Far East (notably, China^[72] and the Philippines) and Latin America (Ecuador, Peru) have been recorded.

Italy does not collect data on ethnicity or race of the country, but does collect data on nationality of its residents.^[73]

In 2021, Istat estimated that 5,171,894 foreign citizens lived in Italy, representing about 8.7% of the total population.^[33] These figures do not include naturalized foreign-born residents (121,457 foreigners acquired Italian citizenship in 2021)^[74] as well as illegal immigrants, the so-called clandestini, whose numbers, difficult to determine, are thought to be at least 670,000.^[75] Romanians made up the largest community in the country (1,145,718; around 10% of them being ethnic Romani people^[76]), followed by Albanians (441,027) and Moroccans (422,980).^[77][78]

The fourth largest community of foreign residents in Italy was represented by the Chinese.^[79] The majority of Chinese living in Italy are from the city of Wenzhou in the province of Zhejiang.^[80] Breaking down the foreign-born population by continent, in 2020 the figures were as follows: Europe (54%), Africa (22%), Asia (16%), the Americas (8%) and Oceania (0.06%). The distribution of immigrants is largely uneven in Italy: 83% of immigrants live in the northern and central parts of the country (the most economically developed areas), while only 17% live in the southern half of the peninsula.^[81]

Net migration rate

3.21 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2021 est.) Country comparison to the world: 34th

Nationality groups	Year
	2002[82]		2005[82]		2010[82]		2015[82]		2019[83]		2021[84]		2023[85]
	Number	%	Number	%	Number	%	Number	%	Number	%	Number	%	Number	%
Italians	55,651,856	97.64%	55,775,350	96.09%	55,853,967	93.57%	55,460,252	91.98%	54,820,515	91.65%	54,064,319	91.27%	53,855,860	91.29%
Foreigners	1,341,414	2.36%	2,269,018	3.91%	3,836,349	6.43%	4,835,245	8.02%	4,996,158	8.35%	5,171,894	8.73%	5,141,341	8.71%
EU-27	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	1,472,847	2.46%	1,406,623	2.47%	1,393,782	2.36%
Other European	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	1,036,761	1.73%	1,053,765	1.78%	1,024,029	1.74%
Northern Africa	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	639,994	1.07%	689,649	1.16%	689,083	1.17%
Central and South Asia	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	528,182	0.88%	605,000	1.02%	619,671	1.05%
Eastern Asia	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	464,557	0.78%	521,686	0.88%	489,804	0.83%
Western Africa	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	389,602	0.65%	400,112	0.68%	401,218	0.68%
Central and South America	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	345,466	0.58%	366,062	0.62%	370,415	0.63%
Western Asia	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	36,914	–	44,272	–	71,761	–
Eastern Africa	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	37,131	–	35,486	–	35,833	–
Central and South Africa	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	24,919	–	25,343	–	25,299	–
Northern America	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	17,082	–	21,216	–	17,812	–
Oceania	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	2,120	–	2,248	–	1,991	–
Stateless	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	583	–	432	–	643	–
Total	56,993,270	100%	58,044,368	100%	59,690,316	100%	60,295,497	100%	59,816,673	100%	59,236,213	100%	58,997,201	100%

Italy is home to a large population of migrants from Eastern Europe and North Africa.

Total foreign resident population on 1 January^{[note 1]}

Year	Population
2002	1,341,209[86]
2003	1,464,663[86]
2004	1,854,748[86]
2005	2,210,478[86]
2006	2,419,483[86]
2007	2,592,950[86]
2008	3,023,317[86]
2009	3,402,435[86]
2010	3,648,128[86]
2011	3,879,224[86]
2012	4,052,081[87]
2013	4,387,721[88]
2014	4,922,085[89]
2015	5,014,437[90]
2016	5,026,153[91]
2017	5,047,028[92]
2018	5,144,440[93]
2019	5,255,503[94]
2020	5,013,215[95]
2021	5,171,894 (8.7%)[96]

There are, as of 2022, 5,030,716 Foreign-born residents, accounting for 8.5% of the total population.

Their distribution by country of origin was as follows:

Country	Population[97]
Romania	1,081,836
Albania	416,829
Morocco	415,088
China	307,038
Ukraine	249,613
Bangladesh	174,058
India	167,333
Philippines	158,926
Egypt	147,797
Pakistan	144,129
Nigeria	123,646
Senegal	112,598
Sri Lanka	109,828
Moldova	109,804
Tunisia	102,422
Peru	98,733
Poland	74,387
Ecuador	63,211
Brazil	51,125
North Macedonia	51,090
Bulgaria	49,518
Ghana	47,335
Russia	39,705
Kosovo	36,372
Germany	34,003
Serbia	30,835
France	29,942
Dominican Republic	29,571
Georgia	29,222
Ivory Coast	28,559
Spain	27,854
United Kingdom	27,758
Cuba	23,351
El Salvador	22,693
Gambia	22,637
Mali	21,032
Colombia	20,856
Bosnia and Herzegovina	20,454

Italy migration data

Italy Migration Data of Italian nationals (1971-2014)

Year	Emigration	Immigration	Net Migration
1971	167,721	128,572	-39,149
1972	141,852	138,246	-3,606
1973	123,802	125,168	1,366
1974	112,020	116,708	4,688
1975	92,666	122,774	30,108
1976	97,247	115,997	18,750
1977	87,655	101,985	14,330
1978	85,550	89,897	4,347
1979	88,950	91,693	2,743
1980	84,877	90,463	5,586
1981	89,221	88,886	-335
1982	98,241	92,423	-5,818
1983	85,138	87,804	2,666
1984	77,318	77,002	-316
1985	66,737	67,277	540
1986	57,862	56,006	-1,856
1987	38,305	57,665	19,360
1988	36,660	52,562	15,902
1989	59,894	53,893	-6,001
1990	48,916	70,035	21,119
1991	51,478	56,004	4,526
1992	50,226	54,849	4,623
1993	54,980	49,261	-5,719
1994	59,402	46,761	-12,641
1995	34,886	28,472	-6,414
1996	39,017	28,816	-10,201
1997	38,984	30,352	-8,632
1998	38,148	29,946	-8,202
1999	56,283	32,152	-24,131
2000	47,480	34,411	-13,069
2001	46,901	35,416	-11,485
2002	34,056	44,476	10,420
2003	39,866	47,530	7,664
2004	39,155	41,794	2,639
2005	41,991	37,326	-4,665
2006	46,308	37,666	-8,642
2007	36,299	36,693	394
2008	39,536	32,118	-7,418
2009	39,024	29,330	-9,694
2010	39,545	28,192	-11,353
2011	50,057	31,466	-18,591
2012	67,998	29,467	-38,531
2013	82,095	28,433	-53,662
2014	88,859	29,271	-59,588

Italy Immigration and Emigration Data

Year	Immigration	Emigration	Net Migration
2002	316,278	51,494	264,784
2003	356,452	54,512	301,940
2004	358,415	59,885	298,530
2005	413,531	56,688	356,843
2006	466,718	60,471	406,247
2007	527,070	66,125	460,945
2008	535,349	80,894	454,455
2009	459,483	82,884	376,599
2010	458,856	92,585	366,271
2011	386,638	79,894	306,744
2012	321,324	106,177	215,147
2013	307,454	114,000	193,454
2014	277,631	136,328	141,303
2015	280,078	147,649	132,429
2016	300,823	157,627	143,196
2017	343,440	155,135	188,305
2018	332,324	157,417	174,907
2019	307,382	161,075	146,307
2020	248,070	160,579	87,491
2021	247,516	137,458	110,058
2022	345,716	141,028	204,688
2023	362,649	146,231	216,418

^[98]

Languages

Main articles: Regional Italian, Languages of Italy, and Historical linguistic minorities of Italy

Local languages spoken in Italy

Italy's official language is Italian; Ethnologue has estimated that there are about 55 million speakers of Italian in the country and a further 6.7 million outside of it, primarily in the neighboring countries and in the Italian diaspora worldwide.^[99] Italian, adopted by the central state after the unification of Italy, is a language based on the Florentine variety of Tuscan and is somewhat intermediate between the Italo-Dalmatian languages and the Gallo-Romance languages. Its development was also influenced by the Germanic languages of the post-Roman invaders. When Italy unified in 1861, only 3% of the population spoke Italian,^[100] even though an estimated 90% of Italians speak Italian as their L1 nowadays.^[101]

Italy is in fact one of the most linguistically diverse countries in Europe,^[102] as there are not only varieties of Italian specific to each cultural region, but also distinct regional and minority languages. The establishment of the national education system has led to the emergence of the former and a decrease in the use of the latter. The spread of Italian was further expanded in the 1950s and 1960s, because of the economic growth and the rise of mass media and television, with the state broadcaster (RAI) setting a colloquial variety of Italian to which the population would be exposed.

As a way to distance itself from the Italianization policies promoted because of nationalism, Italy recognized twelve languages as the Country's "historical linguistic minorities",^[103] which are promoted alongside Italian in their respective territories. French is co-official in the Aosta Valley as the province's prestige variety, under which the more commonly spoken Franco-Provencal dialects have been historically roofed.^[104] German has the same status in the province of South Tyrol as, in some parts of that province and in parts of the neighbouring Trentino, does Ladin.^[105] Slovene^[106] and Friulian are officially recognised in the provinces of Trieste, Gorizia and Udine in Venezia Giulia. In Sardinia, the Sardinian language has been the language traditionally spoken and is often regarded by linguists as constituting its own branch of Romance;^[107] in the 1990s, Sardinian has been recognized as "having equal dignity" with Italian,^[108] the introduction of which to the island officially started under the rule of the House of Savoy in the 18th century.

In these regions, official documents are either bilingual (trilingual in Ladin communities) in the co-official language(s) by default, or available as such upon request. Traffic signs are also multilingual, except in the Valle d'Aosta where French toponyms are generally used, with the exception of Aosta itself, which has retained its Latin form in Italian as well as English. Attempts to Italianize them, especially during the Fascist period, have been formally abandoned. Education is possible in minority languages where such schools are operating.

UNESCO and other authorities recognize a number of other languages which are not legally protected by Italian government: Piedmontese, Venetian, Ligurian, Lombard, Emilian-Romagnolo, Neapolitan and Sicilian.

Religion

Main article: Religion in Italy

Religion in Italy according to the Eurobarometer survey, 2021^[109]

  Catholicism (79.2%)

  Eastern Orthodoxy (3.5%)

  Protestantism (0.3%)

  Other Christian (1.4%)

  Islam (1.0%)

  Buddhism (0.4%)

  Hinduism/Sikhism (0.3%)

  Judaism (0.1%)

  Other (1.4%)

  Agnosticism (7.5%)

  Atheism (4.1%)

  Undeclared (1.0%)

Roman Catholicism is by far the largest religion in the country, although the Catholic Church is no longer officially the state religion. In 2006, 87.8% of Italy's population self-identified as Roman Catholic,^[110] although only about one-third of these described themselves as active members (36.8%). In 2016, 71.1% of Italian citizens self-identified as Roman Catholic.^[111] This increased again to 78% in 2018.^[8]

Most Italians believe in God, or a form of a spiritual life force. According to a Eurobarometer Poll in 2005:^[112] 74% of Italian citizens responded that 'they believe there is a God', 16% answered that 'they believe there is some sort of spirit or life force' and 6% answered that 'they do not believe there is any sort of spirit, God, or life force'. There are no data collected through census.

Christianity

The Italian Catholic Church is part of the global Roman Catholic Church, under the leadership of the Pope, curia in Rome, and the Conference of Italian Bishops. In addition to Italy, two other sovereign nations are included in Italian-based dioceses, San Marino and Vatican City. There are 225 dioceses in the Italian Catholic Church, see further in this article and in the article List of the Roman Catholic dioceses in Italy. Even though by law Vatican City is not part of Italy, it is in Rome, and along with Latin, Italian is the most spoken and second language of the Roman Curia.^[113]

Italy has a rich Catholic culture, especially as numerous Catholic saints, martyrs and popes were Italian themselves. Roman Catholic art in Italy especially flourished during the Middle Ages, Renaissance and Baroque periods, with numerous Italian artists, such as Michelangelo, Leonardo da Vinci, Raphael, Caravaggio, Fra Angelico, Gian Lorenzo Bernini, Sandro Botticelli, Tintoretto, Titian and Giotto. Roman Catholic architecture in Italy is equally as rich and impressive, with churches, basilicas and cathedrals such as St Peter's Basilica, Florence Cathedral and St Mark's Basilica. Roman Catholicism is the largest religion and denomination in Italy, with around 71.1% of Italians considering themselves Catholic. Italy is also home to the greatest number of cardinals in the world,^[114] and is the country with the greatest number of Roman Catholic churches per capita.^[115]

The Santa Maria del Fiore cathedral in Florence, which has the biggest brick dome in the world,^[116][117] and is considered a masterpiece of Italian architecture.

Even though the main Christian denomination in Italy is Roman Catholicism, there are some minorities of Protestant, Waldensian, Eastern Orthodox and other Christian churches.

Immigration from Western, Central, and Eastern Africa at the beginning of the 21st century has increased the size of Baptist, Anglican, Pentecostal and Evangelical communities in Italy, while immigration from Eastern Europe has produced large Eastern Orthodox communities.

In 2006, Protestants made up 2.1% of Italy's population, and members of Eastern Orthodox churches comprised 1.2% or more than 700,000 Eastern Orthodox Christians including 180,000 Greek Orthodox,^[118] 550,000 Pentecostals and Evangelists (0.8%), of whom 400,000 are members of the Assemblies of God, about 250,000 are Jehovah's Witnesses (0.4%),^[119] 30,000 Waldensians,^[120] 25,000 Seventh-day Adventists, 22,000 Mormons, 15,000 Baptists (plus some 5,000 Free Baptists), 7,000 Lutherans, 4,000 Methodists (affiliated with the Waldensian Church).^[121]

Other religions

The longest-established religious faith in Italy is Judaism, Jews having been present in Ancient Rome before the birth of Christ. Italy has seen many influential Italian-Jews, such as prime minister Luigi Luzzatti, who took office in 1910, Ernesto Nathan served as mayor of Rome from 1907 to 1913 and Shabbethai Donnolo (died 982). During the Holocaust, Italy took in many Jewish refugees from Nazi Germany. However, with the creation of the Nazi-backed puppet Italian Social Republic, about 15% of 48,000 Italian Jews were killed. This, together with the emigration that preceded and followed the Second World War, has left only a small community of around 45,000 Jews in Italy today.

Due to immigration from around the world, there has been an increase in non-Christian religions. As of 2009, there were 1.0 million Muslims in Italy^[122] forming 1.6 percent of population; independent estimates put the Islamic population in Italy anywhere from 0.8 million^[123] to 1.5 million.^[124] 50,000 Italian Muslims hold Italian citizenship.

There are more than 200,000 followers of faiths originating in the Indian subcontinent, including some 70,000 Sikhs with 22 gurdwaras across the country,^[125] 70,000 Hindus, and 50,000 Buddhists.^[126] There were an estimated 4,900 Bahá'ís in Italy in 2005.^[127]

Education

Literacy

definition: age 15 and over can read and write

total population: 99.2%

male: 99.4%

female: 99% (2018 est.)

School life expectancy (primary to tertiary education)

total: 16 years

male: 16 years

female: 17 years (2018)

Genetics and ethnic groups

Main article: Genetic history of Italy

Principal Component Analysis of the Italian population.^[128]

The genetic history of Italy is greatly influenced by geography and history. The ancestors of Italians are mostly Indo-European speakers (Italic peoples such as Latins, Umbrians, Samnites, Oscans, Sicels and Adriatic Veneti, as well as Celts, Iapygians and Greeks) and pre-Indo-European speakers (Etruscans, Ligures, Rhaetians and Camunni in mainland Italy, Sicani and Elymians in Sicily and the Nuragic people in Sardinia). During the imperial period of Ancient Rome, the city of Rome was also home to people from various regions throughout the Mediterranean basin, including Southern Europe, North Africa and the Middle East.^[129] Based on DNA analysis, there is evidence of ancient regional genetic substructure and continuity within modern Italy dating to the pre-Roman and Roman periods.^{[130][131][132][133]}

Within the Italian population, there is enough cultural, linguistic, genetic and historical diversity for them to constitute several distinct groups throughout the peninsula.^[134] In this regard, peoples like the Friulians, the Ladins, the Sardinians and the South Tyroleans, who also happen to constitute recognized linguistic minorities, or even the Sicilians who are not, are cases in point, attesting to such internal diversity.

Linguistic minorities in Italy include Sardu-speakers 1 million, Tyrolese German-speakers 350,000, Albanians 70,000 – 100,000, Slovenes 60,000, Franco-Provençal-speakers 50,000 – 70,000, Occitans 20,000 – 40,000, Ladins 30,000, Catalans 15,000, Greek-speakers 12,000, Croatians 3,000 and Friulians 600,000. The Roma community is one of the largest ethnic minorities in Italy. Due to the lack of disaggregated data the size of the Italian Roma community remains unknown. The Council of Europe estimates that between 120,000 and 180,000 Roma live in Italy. A significant proportion of Roma in Italy do not have Italian citizenship.^[135]

See also

• Italy portal

• List of Italians
• Italian diaspora
• Italian Americans
• Italian Brazilians
• Italian Argentines
• Italian Venezuelans
• Romani people in Italy

Footnotes

1. In fertility rates, 2.1 and above is a stable population and has been marked blue, 2 and below leads to an aging population and the result is that the population decreases.

1. The figures for 2002–2011 have been revised downwards as a result of the 15th General Census of Italy which offered more precise data. The figures since 2012 are calculated adding to the foreign population enumerated by the census the foreign population inflows and outflows recorded in all Italian municipalities during each calendar year.

References

1. "Istat: Bilancio demografico Mensile".
2. "La mortalità in Italia sotto i 5 anni: aggiornamento dei dati per causa, territorio e cittadinanza". Istat.it. Istat. 18 October 2018. Retrieved 15 May 2021.
3. "Tendenze demografiche" (PDF). istat.it (in Italian). Retrieved 11 November 2023.
4. EUROSTAT. "Ageing characterises the demographic perspectives of the European societies – Issue number 72/2008" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2 January 2009. Retrieved 28 April 2009.
5. ISTAT. "Crude birth rates, mortality rates and marriage rates 2005–2008" (PDF) (in Italian). Archived from the original (PDF) on 10 August 2011. Retrieved 10 May 2009.
6. ISTAT. "Average number of children born per woman 2005–2008" (PDF) (in Italian). Archived from the original (PDF) on 10 August 2011. Retrieved 3 May 2009.
7. "Births in Italy heading for new record low in 2023 - stats office". reuters. Retrieved 3 January 2024.
8. "Being Christian in Western Europe" (PDF). Pew Research Center. 2018. p. 22. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2 August 2019. Retrieved 5 January 2020.
9. "Causes of the Italian mass emigration". ThinkQuest Library. 15 August 1999. Archived from the original on 10 October 2010. Retrieved 30 October 2010.
10. "Dati dell'ambasciata italiana in Brasile" (in Italian). Archived from the original on 15 July 2015. Retrieved 10 February 2018.
11. "Italiani in Brasile" (in Italian). Archived from the original on 3 February 2009. Retrieved 10 February 2018.
12. Departamento de Derecho y Ciencias Políticas de la Universidad Nacional de La Matanza (14 November 2011). "Historias de inmigrantes italianos en Argentina" (in Spanish). infouniversidades.siu.edu.ar. Archived from the original on 15 July 2015. Se estima que en la actualidad, el 90% de la población argentina tiene alguna ascendencia europea y que al menos 25 millones están relacionados con algún inmigrante de Italia.
13. "Welcome to the most Italian place in the United States. It's in New Jersey". Retrieved 18 April 2023.
14. "The Cambridge survey of world migration". Robin Cohen (1995). Cambridge University Press. p. 143. ISBN 0-521-44405-5
15. ""Noi veneti del Venezuela, siamo i nuovi profughi fantasma"". www.ilgazzettino.it (in Italian). 3 February 2020. Retrieved 14 November 2021.
16. "Los italianos y su aporte a la nación - Articulos - ABC Color".
17. "Ya se puede sacar la nacionalidad italiana" (in Spanish). Retrieved 29 May 2020.
18. "Destacan influencia de migración italiana en la sociedad paraguaya" (in Spanish). 7 September 2017. Retrieved 18 June 2020.
19. "Convenzioni Inps estere, Fedi sollecita Nuova Zelanda ma anche Cile e Filippine" (in Italian). Archived from the original on 9 February 2018. Retrieved 10 February 2018.
20. "- Uruguay - Info". www.hotelsclick.com.
21. Giner Vásquez, Renzo (27 September 2017). "Embajador de Italia en Perú: Acá hay muchas oportunidades para nuestras empresas". El Comercio. Retrieved 22 December 2019.
22. Government of Canada, Statistics Canada (26 October 2022). "Ethnic or cultural origin by generation status: Canada, provinces and territories, census metropolitan areas and census agglomerations with parts". www12.statcan.gc.ca. Retrieved 26 October 2022.
23. Recchi, Ettore; Baglioni, Lorenzo Gabrielli e Lorenzo G. (16 April 2021). "Italiani d'Europa: Quanti sono, dove sono? Una nuova stima sulla base dei profili di Facebook". Neodemos (in Italian). Retrieved 31 January 2022.
24. "ABS Ancestry". 2012.
25. "Essay on Italian emigration to Eritrea (in Italian)" (PDF). Retrieved 30 October 2010.
26. Libya – Italian colonization. Britannica Online Encyclopedia.
27. Thammy Evans & Rudolf Abraham (2013). Istria. Bradt Travel Guides. p. 11. ISBN 9781841624457.
28. James M. Markham (6 June 1987). "Election Opens Old Wounds in Trieste". The New York Times. Retrieved 9 June 2016.
29. Libya cuts ties to mark Italy era.. BBC News. 27 October 2005.
30. Bonifazi, Corrado; Heins, Frank; Strozza, Salvatore; Vitiello, Mattia. "Italy: The Italian transition from an emigration to immigration country". ResearchGate.net. Idea Working Papers. Retrieved 17 May 2021.
31. "La popolazione straniera residente in Italia nel 2014" (in Italian). National Institute of Statistics (Italy). 12 February 2015. Retrieved 24 April 2015.
32. Caponio, Tiziana; Cappiali, Teresa. "Italian Migration Policies in Times of Crisis: The Policy Gap Reconsidered" (PDF). European University Institute. Retrieved 17 May 2021.
33. "Indicatori demografici, anno 2020" (PDF). Retrieved 3 May 2021.
34. S.A, Telewizja Polska. "Italian population keeps shrinking as birth rate hits record low in 2022". tvpworld.com. Archived from the original on 24 April 2023. Retrieved 10 May 2023.
35. "Italian births drop to lowest level since country's unification". Financial Times. 7 April 2023. Retrieved 10 May 2023.
36. "Population collapse imminent? Italy's birth rate drops to historic low in 2022". WION. 8 April 2023. Retrieved 10 May 2023.
37. April 08; 2023 - 5:27pm (8 April 2023), Italy's national birth rate declared a national emergency, retrieved 10 May 2023{{citation}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
38. "Italy's Birth Rate Slumps to a Historical Low, Istat Says". Bloomberg.com. 7 April 2023. Retrieved 10 May 2023.
39. "Births in Italy hit record low in 2022, population shrinks further". Reuters. 7 April 2023. Retrieved 10 May 2023.
40. "L'Italia in 150 anni. Sommario di statistiche storiche 1861–2010" (PDF). Istat. Retrieved 17 May 2021.
41. "15^o Censimento generale della popolazione e delle abitazioni" (PDF). Istat. Retrieved 17 May 2021.
42. "Italy Population 2023 (Live)". worldpopulationreview.com. Retrieved 30 July 2023.
43. Note: Crude migration change (per 1000) is a trend analysis, an extrapolation based average population change (current year minus previous) minus natural change of the current year (see table vital statistics). As average population is an estimate of the population in the middle of the year and not end of the year.
44. "Indicatori demografici" [Demographic indicators]. Italian National Institute of Statistics (in Italian). Retrieved 14 February 2024.
45. "Life expectancy". Our World in Data. Retrieved 28 August 2018.
46. "World Population Prospects – Population Division – United Nations". Archived from the original on 19 September 2016. Retrieved 15 July 2017.
47. "Italia, crollo natalità – In dieci anni i nuovi nati scendono del 25%. Ecco i motivi". torinonews24.it. 21 February 2023.
48. Max Roser (2014), "Total Fertility Rate around the world over the last centuries", Our World in Data, Gapminder Foundation, archived from the original on 7 August 2018, retrieved 7 August 2018
49. "L'emigrazione interna italiana negli anni '50 e '60" (in Italian). 16 November 2012. Retrieved 8 February 2018.
50. "Una indagine CATI per lo studio della mobilità interna in Italia in un'ottica longitudinale" (PDF) (in Italian). Archived from the original (PDF) on 20 April 2021. Retrieved 8 February 2018.
51. "Lombardo". treccani.it (in Italian). Retrieved 15 April 2022.
52. Graham A. Loud; Alex Metcalfe (2002). The Society of Norman Italy. BRILL. ISBN 9004125418.
53. These Lombard colonisers were native northern Italians and should not be confused with the Germanic tribe the Lombards, who were referred to as longobardi to distinguish them from the Italians of the region who were known as lombardi.
54. Fiorenzo Toso (2008). Le minoranze linguistiche in Italia (in Italian). Il Mulino. p. 137. ISBN 978-88-15-12677-1.
55. "The World Factbook – Central Intelligence Agency". cia.gov. Archived from the original on 22 January 2019. Retrieved 19 December 2011.
56. OECD. "Competitive Cities in the Global Economy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 1 October 2008. Retrieved 30 April 2009.
57. Roberto, Vincenzo Patruno, Marina Venturi, Silvestro. "Demo-Geodemo. – Mappe, Popolazione, Statistiche Demografiche dell'ISTAT". demo.istat.it. Archived from the original on 9 July 2011.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
58. "Population on 1 January by age groups and sex – functional urban areas". Eurostat. Archived from the original on 3 September 2015. Retrieved 3 November 2017.
59. B. R. Mitchell. European historical statistics, 1750–1975.
60. "United nations. Demographic Yearbook 1952" (PDF).
61. Roberto, Vincenzo Patruno, Marina Venturi, Silvestro. "Demo-Geodemo. – Mappe, Popolazione, Statistiche Demografiche dell'ISTAT". demo.istat.it.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
62. Arachi, Alessandra (15 December 2022). "Siamo sempre meno e sempre più anziani, calano gli stranieri". Corriere della Sera. Retrieved 15 December 2022.
63. "Population on 1 January by age and sex". ec.europa.eu. Retrieved 7 December 2023.
64. "Monthly Demographic Balance". demo.istat.it.
65. https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/databrowser/view/demo_gind/default/table?lang=en&category=demo.demo_ind ^{[bare URL]}
66. "The World FactBook – Italy", The World Factbook, 3 February 2021
67. Resident population at 1 January and average by region and geographical area - Years 1952-2014, visited August 27 2023
68. "Birthrate and fertility".
69. https://unstats.un.org/unsd/demographic-social/products/dyb/#statistics> ^{[bare URL]}
70. "Emigration and Its Economic Impact on Eastern Europe" (PDF). International Monetary Fund. Retrieved 17 May 2021.
71. "Migration from the Middle East and North Africa to Europe" (PDF). Amsterdam University Press. Retrieved 17 May 2021.
72. "Chinese immigration into the Eu: new trends, dynamics and implications" (PDF). The Europe China Research and Advice Network (ECRAN). Retrieved 17 May 2021.
73. Shendruk, Amanda (8 July 2021). "Are you even trying to stop racism if you don't collect data on race?". Quartz. Retrieved 4 July 2022.
74. "Acquisitions of citizenship : Most relevant country of citizenship". 2021. Retrieved 29 November 2022.
75. Elisabeth Rosenthal, "Italy cracks down on illegal immigration". The Boston Globe. 16 May 2008.
76. "EUROPE: Home to Roma, And No Place for Them". IPS ipsnews.net. Archived 5 March 2012 at the Wayback Machine
77. "Cittadini stranieri. Popolazione residente e bilancio demografico". istat.it (in Italian). istat. 31 December 2018. Retrieved 24 January 2019.
78. Lanni, Alessandro (27 December 2015). "From Morocco to Romania: how immigration to Italy has changed over 10 years". Open Migration. Retrieved 10 March 2016.
79. "Società Stranieri in Italia, 5,2 milioni i residenti regolari. Romania e Cina le provenienze con i maggiori incrementi negli ultimi 8 anni". Il Fatto Quotidiano. 20 September 2019. Retrieved 15 May 2021.
80. Chang, Angela (24 February 2012). "20th Century Chinese Migration to Italy: The Chinese Diaspora Presence within European International Migration". ResearchGate. Retrieved 11 March 2015.
81. "I numeri degli stranieri residenti in Italia". Youtrend.it. 9 December 2020. Retrieved 15 May 2021.
82. "Estimated resident population – Years 2002–2019". dati.istat.it. Retrieved 22 December 2021.
83. "Resident foreigners on 1st January – Citizenship : Italy, regions, provinces – Area of citizenship". dati.istat.it.
84. "Resident foreigners on 1st January – Citizenship : Italy, regions, provinces – Area of citizenship". dati.istat.it. Archived from the original on 28 January 2022.
85. "Resident foreigners on 1st January - Citizenship".
86. "Ricostruzione della popolazione residente per età, sesso e cittadinanza nei comuni". ISTAT. 26 September 2013. p. 9.
87. Statistics for 2011 at istat.it Accessed 30 October 2017.
88. Statistics for 2013 at istat.it Archived 31 March 2017 at the Wayback Machine Accessed 30 October 2017.
89. Statistics for 2013 at istat.it Archived 30 July 2015 at the Wayback Machine Accessed 30 October 2017.
90. "Cittadini Stranieri. Popolazione residente e bilancio demografico al 31 dicembre 2014". ISTAT. 15 June 2015. Archived from the original on 26 October 2019. Retrieved 19 May 2021.
91. Statistics for 2015 at istat.it Archived 13 June 2016 at the Wayback Machine Accessed 30 October 2017.
92. Statistics for 2017 at istat.it Archived 7 July 2017 at the Wayback Machine Accessed 4 April 2018.
93. "Statistiche demografiche ISTAT". Archived from the original on 6 August 2017. Retrieved 18 April 2019.
94. "5.255.503 cittadini stranieri in Italia". aise.it (in Italian). 24 October 2019. Retrieved 15 March 2020.
95. "Bilancio demografico popolazione straniera". demo.istat.it.
96. "Population by citizenship".
97. "Resident foreigners on 1st January - Citizenship". dati.istat.it. Retrieved 4 November 2022.
98. "International Migration". Istat. Retrieved 31 May 2024.
99. Ethnologue report for language code:ita (Italy) – Gordon, Raymond G., Jr. (ed.), 2005. Ethnologue: Languages of the World, Fifteenth edition. Dallas, Tex.: SIL International. Online version
100. "Italian | Ethnologue Free". Ethnologue (Free All).
101. "L'uso della lingua italiana, dei dialetti e di altre lingue in Italia". Istat. 9 March 2018.
102. «Italy holds especial treasures for linguists. There is probably no other area of Europe in which such a profusion of linguistic variation is concentrated into so small a geographical area». Martin Maiden, M. Mair Parry (1997), The Dialects of Italy, Psychology Press, p. 1
103. Norme in materia di tutela delle minoranze linguistiche storiche, Italian parliament, retrieved 17 October 2015
104. L.cost. 26 febbraio 1948, n. 4, Statuto speciale per la Valle d'Aosta
105. L.cost. 26 febbraio 1948, n. 5, Statuto speciale per il Trentino-Alto Adige
106. L.cost. 31 gennaio 1963, n. 1, Statuto speciale della Regione Friuli-Venezia Giulia
107. Martin Maiden, M. Mair Parry (1997), The Dialects of Italy, Psychology Press, p. 2
108. "Legge Regionale 15 ottobre 1997, n. 26-Regione Autonoma della Sardegna". Archived from the original on 1 March 2021. Retrieved 19 November 2019.
109. "Special Eurobarometer 516". European Union: European Commission. September 2021. Retrieved 24 September 2021 – via European Data Portal (see Volume C: Country/socio-demographics: IT: Question D90.2.).
110. "Italy: 88% of Italy's population declare themselves Catholic" (in Italian). Corriere della Sera. 18 January 2006. Retrieved 10 May 2009.
111. "Rapporto Italia 2016. La sindrome del Palio" (in Italian). 28 January 2016. Retrieved 10 November 2018.
112. "ReportDGResearchSocialValuesEN2.PDF" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 24 May 2006.
113. "Country profile: Vatican". BBC News. 26 October 2009. Retrieved 5 May 2010.
114. Miranda, Salvador. "Living cardinals arranged by country". The Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church. Florida International University. OCLC 53276621.
115. "Italy – Italian Language, Culture, Customs and Business Etiquette". Kwintessential.co.uk. Archived from the original on 12 August 2010. Retrieved 2 August 2010.
116. "The Duomo of Florence | Tripleman". tripleman.com. Archived from the original on 6 December 2009. Retrieved 25 March 2010.
117. "brunelleschi's dome – Brunelleschi's Dome". Brunelleschisdome.com. Retrieved 25 March 2010.
118. The Holy Orthodox Archdiocese of Italy and Malta Archived 5 March 2009 at the Wayback Machine
119. 2015 Yearbook of Jehovah's Witnesses. Watch Tower Society. p. 182.
120. "Waldensian Evangelical Church". Archived from the original on 11 February 2006.
121. "World Council of Churches". Archived from the original on 25 March 2013.
122. "Italy: Country's muslims raise funds to help quake victims – Adnkronos Religion". adnkronos.com.
123. "Muslims in Europe: Country guide". BBC News. 23 December 2005. Retrieved 5 May 2010.
124. Rosenthal, Elisabeth (25 July 2005). "Pressure is growingon Muslims in Italy". The New York Times. Retrieved 31 March 2010.
125. "NRI Sikhs in Italy". nriinternet.com.
126. "Unione Buddhista Italiana – UBI: L'Ente". www.buddhismo.it. Archived from the original on 4 April 2007.
127. "Most Baha'i Nations (2005)". QuickLists > Compare Nations > Religions >. The Association of Religion Data Archives. 2005. Archived from the original on 14 April 2010. Retrieved 30 January 2010.
128. Parolo, Silvia; Lisa, Antonella; Gentilini, Davide; Di Blasio, Anna Maria; Barlera, Simona; Nicolis, Enrico B.; Boncoraglio, Giorgio B.; Parati, Eugenio A.; Bione, Silvia (2015). "Characterization of the biological processes shaping the genetic structure of the Italian population". BMC Genetics. 16: 132. doi:10.1186/s12863-015-0293-x (inactive 5 December 2024). PMC 4640365. PMID 26553317. S2CID 17969623.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of December 2024 (link)
129. Antonio ML, Gao Z, Moots HM, Lucci M, Candilio F, Sawyer S, et al. (November 2019). "Ancient Rome: A genetic crossroads of Europe and the Mediterranean". Science. 366 (6466). American Association for the Advancement of Science (published 8 November 2019): 708–714. Bibcode:2019Sci...366..708A. doi:10.1126/science.aay6826. hdl:2318/1715466. PMC 7093155. PMID 31699931. Interestingly, although Iron Age individuals were sampled from both Etruscan (n=3) and Latin (n=6) contexts, we did not detect any significant differences between the two groups with f4 statistics in the form of f4(RMPR_Etruscan, RMPR_Latin; test population, Onge), suggesting shared origins or extensive genetic exchange between them. ... In the Medieval and early modern periods (n = 28 individuals), we observe an ancestry shift toward central and northern Europe in PCA (Fig. 3E), as well as a further increase in the European cluster (C7) and loss of the Near Eastern and eastern Mediterranean clusters (C4 and C5) in ChromoPainter (Fig. 4C). The Medieval population is roughly centered on modern-day central Italians (Fig. 3F). It can be modeled as a two-way combination of Rome's Late Antique population and a European donor population, with potential sources including many ancient and modern populations in central and northern Europe: Lombards from Hungary, Saxons from England, and Vikings from Sweden, among others (table S26).
130. Ralph P, Coop G (2013). "The geography of recent genetic ancestry across Europe". PLOS Biology. 11 (5): e1001555. doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.1001555. PMC 3646727. PMID 23667324.
131. Raveane A, Aneli S, Montinaro F, Athanasiadis G, Barlera S, Birolo G, et al. (September 2019). "Population structure of modern-day Italians reveals patterns of ancient and archaic ancestries in Southern Europe". Science Advances. 5 (9): eaaw3492. Bibcode:2019SciA....5.3492R. doi:10.1126/sciadv.aaw3492. PMC 6726452. PMID 31517044.
132. Capocasa M, Anagnostou P, Bachis V, Battaggia C, Bertoncini S, Biondi G, et al. (2014). "Linguistic, geographic and genetic isolation: a collaborative study of Italian populations". Journal of Anthropological Sciences. 92 (92): 201–31. doi:10.4436/JASS.92001. PMID 24607994.
133. Modi A, Lancioni H, Cardinali I, Capodiferro MR, Rambaldi Migliore N, Hussein A, et al. (July 2020). "The mitogenome portrait of Umbria in Central Italy as depicted by contemporary inhabitants and pre-Roman remains". Scientific Reports. 10 (1): 10700. Bibcode:2020NatSR..1010700M. doi:10.1038/s41598-020-67445-0. PMC 7329865. PMID 32612271.
134. «Italians, though often described as a homogeneous people, are divided into several culturally, socially, and politically diverse groups throughout the peninsula.» Jeffrey Cole (edited by), Ethnic Groups of Europe: An Encyclopedia, Santa Barbara (California), ABC-CLIO, 2011, p.204
135. "Italy - World Directory of Minorities & Indigenous Peoples". 2 November 2023.

External links

• Demographic page Archived 22 June 2017 at the Wayback Machine
• Demographic Profile Italy Allianz Knowledge