Demographics of Indonesia

The population of Indonesia was 270.20 million according to the 2020 national census, an increase from 237.64 million in 2010.^[2][3] The official estimate as at mid 2025 was 284.44 million increasing at a rate of 1.11% per year.^[4][1][5] Indonesia is the fourth most populous country in the world. Approximately 54.4% of Indonesia's population resides on Java (excluding Madura), which is the most populous island in the world.

Demographics of Indonesia
Population pyramid of Indonesia in 2020
Population	284.973.643 (2024 civil registration)[1] 270,203,917 (2020 census)
Growth rate	1,11% (2024)
Birth rate	15.32 births/1,000 population (2022 est.)
Death rate	6.75 deaths/1,000 population (2022 est.)
Life expectancy	73.08 years
• male	70.86 years
• female	75.4 years
Fertility rate	2.0 children born/woman (2025 est.)
Infant mortality rate	16.6 deaths/1,000 live births
Net migration rate	-0.71 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2022 est.)
Age structure
0–14 years	23.87%
15–64 years	68.31%
65 and over	7.82%
Sex ratio
Total	1 male(s)/female (2022 est.)
At birth	1.05 male(s)/female
Under 15	1.05 male(s)/female
65 and over	0.66 male(s)/female
Nationality
Nationality	Indonesian
Major ethnic	40.2% Javanese 15.5% Sundanese 3.7% Malay 3.6% Batak 3.0% Madurese 34.0% Others (600+ ethnic groups)
Language
Official	Indonesian
Spoken	Javanese Sundanese Malay Madurese Minangkabau Banjarese Buginese Balinese Batak Cirebonese Others (700+ regional languages)

Historical population

Indonesian students during a school excursion to a museum; Indonesia currently possesses a relatively young population.

Despite a fairly effective family planning program that has been in place since 1967,^[6] Indonesia's average population growth per year was over 1.1% for the decade ending in 2020, nearly having 13% population growth for that decade. At this rate, Indonesia's population is no longer projected to surpass the population of the United States (whose population is increasing at a faster rate), and it is itself projected by the United Nations to be overtaken in population by Nigeria and by Pakistan by 2040.

Indonesia has a relatively young population compared to Western nations, though it is aging as the country's birth rate has slowed and its life expectancy has increased. The median age was 30.2 years in 2017.^[7] The country is home to over 600 ethnic groups and more than 700 languages, making it one of the most ethnically and linguistically diverse nations in the world. Since independence, Indonesian is the language of most written communication, education, government, and business. Most Indonesians, however, speak a regional language as their first language. These include Javanese, Sundanese, Minangkabau, Buginese, Balinese, and Batak, along with hundreds of others.

Population

• Population data of Indonesia
• 
  Provinces of Indonesia by urban population percentage
• 
  Provinces of Indonesia by population density per square kilometer in 2020
• 
  Villages of Indonesia by population density per square kilometer in 2024

Historical Population of Indonesia with Annual Growth Rate

Year	Population	±% p.a.
1	2,000,000	—
1000	3,500,000	+0.06%
1500	7,750,000	+0.16%
1700	9,500,000	+0.10%
1930	60,727,233	+0.81%
1955	77,473,268	+0.98%
1961	97,085,348	+3.83%
1971	119,208,229	+2.07%
1976	141,862,419	+3.54%
1980	147,490,298	+0.98%
1990	179,378,946	+1.98%
2000	206,264,595	+1.41%
2010	237,641,326	+1.43%
2020	270,203,917	+1.29%

Source: Our World in Data,^[8] Statistics Indonesia,^[2][9] Wertheim (1959),^[10] Geografi dan Kependudukan (1976),^[11] Widjojo Nitisastro (2006)^[12]

Population by province

Province	Population (2010 census)	Urban % in 2010	Total Fertility Rate (2010 census)	Population (2020 census)	Urban % in 2022[13]	Total Fertility rate (2020 census)
Aceh	4,494,410	23.6%	2.79	5,274,900	33.9%
North Sumatra	12,982,204	42.4%	3.01	14,799,400	55.5%	2.48
West Sumatra	4,846,909	29.0%	2.91	5,534,500	48.5%	2.46
Riau	5,538,367	43.7%	2.82	6,394,100	40.0%	2.28
Jambi	3,092,265	28.3%	2.51	3,548,200	33.8%	2.28
South Sumatra	7,450,394	34.4%	2.56	8,467,400	37.7%	2.23
Bengkulu	1,715,518	29.4%	2.51	2,010,700	33.3%	2.30
Lampung	7,608,405	21.0%	2.45	9,007,800	32.9%	2.28
Bangka Belitung Islands	1,223,296	43.0%	2.54	1,455,700	57.6%	2.24
Riau Islands	1,679,163	67.4%	2.38	2,064,600	87.1%	2.21
Banten	10,632,166	52.2%	2.35	11,904,600	72.4%	2.01
Jakarta	9,607,787	100.0%	1.82	10,562,100	100.0%	1.75
West Java	43,053,732	50.3%	2.43	48,274,200	77.5%	2.11
Central Java	32,382,657	40.4%	2.20	36,516,000	51.7%	2.09
Yogyakarta	3,457,491	57.7%	1.94	3,668,700	73.1%	1.89
East Java	37,476,757	40.9%	2.00	40,665,700	54.9%	1.98
Bali	3,890,757	49.8%	2.13	4,317,400	66.9%	2.04
West Nusa Tenggara	4,500,212	34.8%	2.59	5,320,100	49.6%
East Nusa Tenggara	4,683,827	15.9%	3.82	5,325,600	25.9%	2.79
West Kalimantan	4,395,983	25.1%	2.64	5,414,400	36.4%	2.33
Central Kalimantan	2,212,089	27.5%	2.56	2,670,000	42.2%	2.31
South Kalimantan	3,626,616	36.3%	2.35	4,073,600	48.5%	2.31
East Kalimantan	3,028,487	57.6%	2.61	3,766,000	68.6%	2.18
North Kalimantan	524,656			701,800	63.4%
North Sulawesi	2,270,596	37.0%	2.43	2,621,900	53.7%	2.10
Gorontalo	1,040,164	25.5%	2.76	1,171,700	43.5%	2.30
Central Sulawesi	2,635,009	19.7%	2.94	2,985,700	31.5%	2.32
South Sulawesi	8,034,776	29.4%	2.55	9,073,500	44.6%	2.22
Southeast Sulawesi	2,232,586	20.8%	3.20	2,624,900	37.6%	2.57
West Sulawesi	1,158,651	--	3.33	1,419,200	21.4%	2.58
Maluku	1,533,506	25.9%	3.56	1,848,900	37.0%	2.52
North Maluku	1,038,087	29.5%	3.35	1,282,900	27.3%	2.47
Papua	2,833,381	22.2%	2.87	4,303,700	30.2%	2.76
West Papua	760,422	--	3.18	1,134,100	42.8%	2.66
Indonesia	237,641,326		2.41	270,203,900	56.4%	2.18

Source: Population Census 2010,^[3] except for final column, taken from Population Census 2020.

Note: ^(a) North Kalimantan province was created in 2012 (by separation from East Kalimantan province); the 2010 total figures given are those for the provinces as they were following that splitting (Urban % and Total Fertility Rate columns unadjusted).

Age structure

0-14 years: 23.33%

15-64 years: 70.72%

65 years and over: 5.95% (2020 census)^[14][15]

Age structure in Indonesia (2020)^[2]

1. Minor: 0-14 years (23.3%)
2. Workforce: 15-64 years (70.7%)
3. Retiree: 65 years and over (6%)

Median age of Indonesia by district (2022)

Population Estimates by Sex and Age Group (01.VII.2020) (Data are based on the publication: "Indonesia Population Projection 2015-2045"):^[16]

Age Group	Male	Female	Total	%
Total	135 337 011	134 266 419	269 603 430	100
0–4	11 101 528	10 850 465	21 951 993	8.14
5–9	11 205 657	10 739 503	21 945 160	8.14
10–14	11 284 333	10 884 509	22 168 842	8.22
15–19	11 189 861	10 949 531	22 139 392	8.21
20–24	11 070 774	10 887 555	21 958 329	8.14
25–29	10 963 605	10 736 361	21 699 966	8.05
30–34	10 777 337	10 524 673	21 302 010	7.90
35–39	10 477 475	10 305 704	20 783 179	7.71
40–44	9 830 929	9 693 109	19 524 038	7.24
45–49	9 140 315	9 023 924	18 164 239	6.74
50–54	7 975 551	7 947 477	15 923 028	5.91
55–59	6 632 329	6 691 467	13 323 796	4.94
60–64	5 234 762	5 287 052	10 521 814	3.90
65-69	3 758 966	3 921 263	7 680 229	2.85
70-74	2 485 308	2 757 062	5 242 370	1.94
75+	2 208 281	3 066 764	5 275 045	1.96
Age group	Male	Female	Total	Percent
0–14	33 591 518	32 474 477	66 065 995	24.50
15–64	93 292 938	92 046 853	185 339 791	68.75
65+	8 452 555	9 745 089	18 197 644	6.75

Vital statistics

Fertility rate of Indonesia by province (2017)

United Nations estimates

Period	Population (thousands)	Live births (thousands)	Deaths (thousands)	Natural change (thousands)	CBR[i]	CDR[i]	NC[i]	TFR[i]	IMR[i]	Life expectancy (years)
1950	69 568	2 826	1 505	1 321	40.6	21.6	19.0	5.19	189.1	39.40
1951	71 019	2 926	1 522	1 404	41.2	21.4	19.8	5.23	186.8	39.79
1952	72 571	3 035	1 517	1 518	41.8	20.9	20.9	5.27	182.0	40.69
1953	74 208	3 146	1 526	1 620	42.4	20.6	21.8	5.31	177.4	41.42
1954	75 925	3 257	1 533	1 723	42.9	20.2	22.7	5.35	172.9	42.19
1955	77 742	3 359	1 542	1 817	43.2	19.8	23.4	5.37	168.4	42.92
1956	79 662	3 475	1 544	1 931	43.6	19.4	24.2	5.41	164.0	43.80
1957	81 691	3 589	1 556	2 033	43.9	19.0	24.9	5.45	159.8	44.50
1958	83 819	3 701	1 575	2 126	44.2	18.8	25.4	5.48	155.8	45.05
1959	86 048	3 811	1 578	2 233	44.3	18.3	26.0	5.51	151.9	45.86
1960	88 383	3 929	1 593	2 337	44.5	18.0	26.4	5.55	148.3	46.45
1961	90 817	4 031	1 602	2 429	44.4	17.6	26.7	5.57	144.8	47.12
1962	93 345	4 127	1 603	2 523	44.2	17.2	27.0	5.59	141.4	47.87
1963	95 963	4 217	1 614	2 603	43.9	16.8	27.1	5.60	138.1	48.43
1964	98 675	4 304	1 609	2 695	43.6	16.3	27.3	5.61	134.8	49.23
1965	101 158	4 380	2 121	2 259	43.3	21.0	22.3	5.62	142.7	42.60
1966	103 561	4 426	1 740	2 686	42.7	16.8	25.9	5.60	129.5	48.20
1967	106 261	4 468	1 596	2 871	42.0	15.0	27.0	5.58	124.8	51.07
1968	109 139	4 503	1 594	2 909	41.3	14.6	26.7	5.54	121.4	51.63
1969	112 149	4 555	1 582	2 973	40.6	14.1	26.5	5.51	118.0	52.35
1970	115 228	4 596	1 576	3 021	39.9	13.7	26.2	5.45	114.6	52.99
1971	118 347	4 627	1 570	3 056	39.1	13.3	25.8	5.36	111.5	53.58
1972	121 504	4 667	1 560	3 107	38.4	12.8	25.6	5.29	108.4	54.24
1973	124 709	4 720	1 554	3 166	37.9	12.5	25.4	5.22	105.3	54.85
1974	127 945	4 727	1 547	3 180	37.0	12.1	24.9	5.09	102.3	55.43
1975	131 213	4 783	1 544	3 239	36.5	11.8	24.7	5.04	99.4	55.97
1976	134 521	4 813	1 540	3 273	35.8	11.5	24.3	4.92	96.8	56.51
1977	137 862	4 849	1 534	3 315	35.2	11.1	24.0	4.81	94.1	57.08
1978	141 251	4 908	1 535	3 373	34.7	10.9	23.9	4.72	91.6	57.57
1979	144 693	4 952	1 530	3 422	34.2	10.6	23.7	4.61	89.3	58.15
1980	148 177	4 981	1 521	3 460	33.6	10.3	23.4	4.49	86.9	58.75
1981	151 686	4 997	1 526	3 472	33.0	10.1	22.9	4.36	84.6	59.14
1982	155 229	5 036	1 514	3 522	32.4	9.8	22.7	4.25	82.3	59.76
1983	158 791	5 016	1 507	3 508	31.6	9.5	22.1	4.10	79.9	60.27
1984	162 332	4 986	1 502	3 484	30.7	9.3	21.5	3.94	77.6	60.73
1985	165 792	4 836	1 481	3 355	29.2	8.9	20.2	3.71	75.2	61.31
1986	169 135	4 736	1 472	3 264	28.0	8.7	19.3	3.53	72.8	61.72
1987	172 421	4 732	1 481	3 251	27.4	8.6	18.9	3.42	70.4	61.97
1988	175 695	4 738	1 495	3 244	27.0	8.5	18.5	3.33	68.0	62.21
1989	178 949	4 707	1 487	3 220	26.3	8.3	18.0	3.22	65.6	62.70
1990	182 160	4 647	1 477	3 170	25.5	8.1	17.4	3.10	63.1	63.18
1991	185 361	4 702	1 484	3 218	25.4	8.0	17.4	3.06	60.6	63.54
1992	188 558	4 644	1 468	3 176	24.6	7.8	16.8	2.94	58.1	64.13
1993	191 737	4 652	1 464	3 188	24.3	7.6	16.6	2.88	55.7	64.60
1994	194 929	4 681	1 481	3 201	24.0	7.6	16.4	2.84	53.3	64.86
1995	198 140	4 714	1 487	3 227	23.8	7.5	16.3	2.80	51.0	65.24
1996	201 374	4 762	1 519	3 244	23.6	7.5	16.1	2.77	48.9	65.36
1997	204 628	4 797	1 526	3 271	23.4	7.5	16.0	2.74	46.8	65.73
1998	207 855	4 744	1 544	3 200	22.8	7.4	15.4	2.66	44.8	65.96
1999	210 997	4 683	1 559	3 123	22.2	7.4	14.8	2.58	42.9	66.22
2000	214 072	4 680	1 581	3 099	21.9	7.4	14.5	2.54	41.1	66.43
2001	217 112	4 679	1 591	3 088	21.5	7.3	14.2	2.50	39.5	66.76
2002	220 115	4 662	1 596	3 066	21.2	7.2	13.9	2.46	37.8	67.13
2003	223 080	4 658	1 612	3 046	20.9	7.2	13.7	2.43	36.3	67.41
2004	225 939	4 678	1 807	2 871	20.7	8.0	12.7	2.42	36.9	65.75
2005	228 805	4 746	1 679	3 067	20.7	7.3	13.4	2.43	33.5	67.65
2006	231 797	4 819	1 698	3 121	20.8	7.3	13.5	2.45	32.2	67.91
2007	234 858	4 923	1 719	3 205	21.0	7.3	13.6	2.49	31.0	68.19
2008	237 937	4 927	1 763	3 164	20.7	7.4	13.3	2.48	29.8	68.23
2009	240 981	4 913	1 780	3 133	20.4	7.4	13.0	2.46	28.7	68.49
2010	244 016	4 920	1 807	3 112	20.2	7.4	12.8	2.45	27.6	68.68
2011	247 100	5 029	1 843	3 186	20.3	7.5	12.9	2.50	26.5	68.82
2012	250 223	5 028	1 875	3 153	20.1	7.5	12.6	2.49	25.6	68.97
2013	253 276	4 917	1 889	3 029	19.4	7.5	12.0	2.43	24.6	69.26
2014	256 230	4 857	1 904	2 953	19.0	7.4	11.5	2.39	23.7	69.53
2015	259 092	4 780	1 933	2 847	18.4	7.5	11.0	2.35	22.8	69.70
2016	261 850	4 718	1 972	2 746	18.0	7.5	10.5	2.31	22.0	69.80
2017	264 499	4 634	2 004	2 629	17.5	7.6	9.9	2.26	21.2	69.94
2018	267 067	4 588	2 002	2 586	17.2	7.5	9.7	2.23	20.5	70.34
2019	269 583	4 559	2 032	2 526	16.9	7.5	9.4	2.22	19.8	70.52
2020	271 858	4 526	2 437	2 089	16.6	9.0	7.7	2.19	19.2	68.81
2021	273 753	4 496	2 755	1 741	16.4	10.1	6.4	2.18	18.6	67.57
CBR = crude birth rate (per 1000); CDR = crude death rate (per 1000); NC = natural change (per 1000); TFR = total fertility rate (number of children per woman); IMR = infant mortality rate per 1000 births

Source: UN DESA, World Population Prospects, 2022^[17]

Demographic and Health Surveys

Total Fertility Rate (TFR) (Wanted Fertility Rate) and Crude Birth Rate (CBR):^[18]

Year	Total		Urban		Rural
	CBR	TFR	CBR	TFR	CBR	TFR
1981-1983		4.3
1987		3.4 (3.1)		2.9 (2.6)		3.7 (3.4)
1991	25.1	3.02 (2.50)	24.0	2.60 (2.03)	25.6	3.24 (2.73)
1994		2.9 (2.4)		2.3 (1.8)		3.2 (2.7)
1997		2.8 (2.4)		2.4 (2.0)		3.0 (2.6)
2002-2003	21.9	2.6 (2.2)	22.1	2.4 (2.1)	21.7	2.7 (2.3)
2007	20.9	2.6 (2.2)	20.2	2.3 (2.0)	21.5	2.8 (2.4)
2012	20.4	2.6 (2.0)	20.1	2.4 (1.9)	20.7	2.8 (2.2)
2017	18.1	2.4 (2.1)	17.7	2.3 (1.9)	18.5	2.6 (2.2)

Fertility rate and aging population (by province)

Total fertility rate (TFR) and population over age 60 by region as of 2010:^[19]

Province	Total fertility rate		Population over age 60 (2010)
	2010	2020
North Sumatera	3.01	2.48	5.9
West Sumatera	2.91	2.46	8.1
Riau	2.82	2.28	4.0
Jambi	2.51	2.28	5.5
South Sumatera	2.56	2.23	6.2
Bengkulu	2.51	2.30	5.8
Lampung	2.45	2.28	7.2
Bangka Belitung	2.54	2.24	5.8
Kepulauan Riau	2.38	2.21	3.4
Jakarta	1.82	1.75	5.1
West Java	2.43	2.11	7.0
Central Java	2.20	2.09	10.3
Yogyakarta	1.94	1.89	12.9
East Java	2.00	1.98	10.4
Banten	2.35	2.01	4.6
Bali	2.13	2.04	9.7
East Nusa Tenggara	3.82	2.79	7.4
West Kalimantan	2.64	2.33	5.8
Central Kalimantan	2.56	2.31	4.6
South Kalimantan	2.35	2.31	5.8
East Kalimantan	2.61	2.18	4.0
North Sulawesi	2.43	2.10	8.4
Central Sulawesi	2.94	2.32	6.6
South Sulawesi	2.55	2.22	8.2
Southeast Sulawesi	3.20	2.57	5.8
Gorontalo	2.76	2.30	5.9
West Sulawesi	3.33	2.58	6.2
Maluku	3.56	2.52	6.2
North Maluku	3.35	2.47	4.8
West Papua	3.18	2.66	3.2
Papua	2.87	2.76	2.4

Ethnic groups

Ethnic groups			Percentage
Javanese			40.06%
Sundanese			15.51%
Malay			3.70%
Batak			3.58%
Madurese			3.03%
Betawi			2.88%
Minangkabau			2.73%
Bugis			2.71%
Bantenese			1.96%
Banjarese			1.74%
Balinese			1.66%
Acehnese			1.44%
Dayak			1.36%
Sasak			1.34%

Main article: Ethnic groups in Indonesia

See also: List of ethnic groups in Indonesia by population

Indonesia is a country of great ethnic diversity, with approximately 600 distinct indigenous ethnic groups living side by side across more than 17,000 islands.^[20][21] The majority of Indonesia's population is descended from Austronesian peoples who are concentrated in western and central Indonesia, which is part of the Asian continent. Another large group is the Melanesian peoples, who inhabit the eastern part of Indonesia (the Maluku Islands, Western New Guinea, and the East Nusa Tenggara) in Oceania.^[22][23][24]

The Javanese are the largest ethnic group, accounting for 40.2% of the population and are culturally, economically, and politically dominant. The Javanese are concentrated in Java, the most populous island, especially in the central and eastern parts, and also in significant numbers in most provinces due to extensive migration throughout the archipelago. The Sundanese are the next largest group (15.4%), followed by the Malays, Batak, Madurese, Betawi, Minangkabau, and Bugis. A sense of Indonesian nationalism is present along with strong ethnic and regional identities.^[25]

Languages

Main article: Languages of Indonesia

Indonesian is the official and national language of Indonesia,^[26] widely spoken by over 97% of the population.^[27] However, Indonesia is a highly multilingual country. According to Ethnologue, there are currently 737 regional languages spoken across the Indonesian archipelago. This extensive linguistic diversity accounts for about 10% of the world’s total languages, making Indonesia the second most linguistically diverse country in the world.^[28][29] The majority of these languages belong to the Austronesian language family, which is prevalent in the western and central regions of Indonesia, including languages such as Acehnese, Batak, Sundanese, Balinese, Banjarese and Buginese. In contrast, the eastern regions, particularly Papua and the Maluku Islands, are home to over 270 Papuan languages, which are distinct from the Austronesian language family and represent a unique linguistic heritage.^[30] The most widely spoken language as a mother tongue is Javanese, spoken by over 80 million speakers, mainly in central and east Java, but also on many other islands due to migration.

Religion

Main article: Religion in Indonesia

Religion in Indonesia (2024)^[31][32]

1. Islam (87.09%)
2. Protestantism (7.38%)
3. Roman Catholic (3.07%)
4. Hinduism (1.67%)
5. Buddhism (0.71%)
6. Folk/Other (0.04%)
7. Confucianism (0.03%)

Indonesia is the world's most populous Muslim-majority nation; based on civil registration data in 2024 from Ministry of Home Affairs, 87.09% of Indonesians are Muslims, 10.45% Christians (7.38% Protestants, 3.07% Roman Catholic), 1.67% Hindu, 0.71% Buddhists, 0.03% Confucians and 0.04% Folk and other faiths.^[1] Most Indonesian Hindus are Balinese^[33] and most Buddhists in modern-day Indonesia are Chinese.^[34]

See also

• Indonesia portal

• Census in Indonesia
• Culture of Indonesia
• Native Indonesians
• Overseas Indonesian
• Transmigration program