Cockade

A cockade is a knot of ribbons, or other circular- or oval-shaped symbol of distinctive colours which is usually worn on a hat or cap.

A woman fastening a red-and-white cockade to a Polish insurgent's square-shaped rogatywka cap during the January Uprising of 1863–64

Charles Edward Stuart wearing a hat with a white (Jacobite) cockade

John of Austria wearing as a brassard the red cockade of the Spanish armies

The word cockade derives from the French cocarde, from Old French coquarde, feminine of coquard (vain, arrogant), from coc (cock), of imitative origin. The earliest documented use was in 1709.^[1][2]

Eighteenth century

General André Masséna of the French Revolutionary Army wearing a bicorne with a tricolor cockade

Hungarian kokárda, is worn on the 15th of March to commemorate the 1848 Revolution and its ideals. It was originally worn by the Youth of March.

In the 18th and 19th centuries, coloured cockades were used in Europe to show the allegiance of their wearers to some political faction, or to show their rank or to indicate a servant's livery.^[3][4] Because individual armies might wear a variety of differing regimental uniforms, cockades were used as an effective and economical means of national identification.^[5]

A cockade was pinned on the side of a man's tricorne or cocked hat, or on his lapel. Women could also wear it on their hat or in their hair.

In pre-revolutionary France, the cockade of the Bourbon dynasty was all white.^[6][7][8] In the Kingdom of Great Britain supporters of a Jacobite restoration wore white cockades, while the recently established Hanoverian monarchy used a black cockade.^{[9][10][11][12]} The Hanoverians also accorded the right to all German nobility to wear the black cockade in the United Kingdom.

During the 1780 Gordon Riots in London, the blue cockade became a symbol of anti-government feelings and was worn by most of the rioters.^{[13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20]}

During the American Revolution, the Continental Army initially wore cockades of various colors as an ad hoc form of rank insignia, as General George Washington wrote:

As the Continental Army has unfortunately no uniforms, and consequently many inconveniences must arise from not being able to distinguish the commissioned officers from the privates, it is desired that some badge of distinction be immediately provided; for instance that the field officers may have red or pink colored cockades in their hats, the captains yellow or buff, and the subalterns green.^[21][22]

Before long however, the Continental Army reverted to wearing the black cockade they inherited from the British. Later, when France became an ally of the United States, the Continental Army pinned the white cockade of the French Ancien Régime onto their old black cockade; the French reciprocally pinned the black cockade onto their white cockade, as a mark of the French-American alliance. The black-and-white cockade thus became known as the "Union Cockade".^{[23][24][25][26][27]}

In the Storming of the Bastille, Camille Desmoulins initially encouraged the revolutionary crowd to wear green. This colour was later rejected as it was associated with the Count of Artois. Instead, revolutionaries would wear cockades with the traditional colours of the arms of Paris: red and blue. Later, the Bourbon white was added to this cockade, thus producing the original cockade of France.^[26] Later, distinctive colours and styles of cockade would indicate the wearer's faction; although the meanings of the various styles were not entirely consistent, and they varied somewhat by region and period.

European military

John VI of Portugal wearing the blue-and-red cockade of Portugal on a military cocked hat

A metal cockade on the swivel of a Pickelhaube helmet.

From the 15th century, various European monarchy realms used cockades to denote the nationalities of their militaries.^[28][29] Their origin reverts to the distinctive colored band or ribbon worn by late medieval armies or jousting knights on their arms or headgear to distinguish friend from foe in the field of battle. Ribbon-style cockades were worn later upon helmets and brimmed hats or tricornes and bicornes just as the French did, and also on cocked hats and shakoes. Coloured metal cockades were worn at the right side of helmets; while small button-type cockades were worn at the front of kepis and peaked caps.^[30][31] In addition to the significance of these symbols in denoting loyalty to a particular monarch, the coloured cockade served to provide a common and economical field sign at a time when the colours of uniform coats might vary widely between regiments in a single army.^[32]

During the Napoleonic wars, the armies of France and Russia, had the imperial French cockade or the larger cockade of St. George pinned on the front of their shakos.^[33]

The Second German Empire (1870–1918) used two cockades on each army headgear: one (black-white-red) for the empire; the other for one of the monarchies the empire was composed of, which had used their own colors long before. The only exceptions were the Kingdoms of Bavaria and Württemberg, having preserved the right to keep their own armed forces which were not integrated in the Imperial Army. Their only cockades were either white-blue-white (Bavaria) or black-red-black (Württemberg).^[34][3][35]

The Weimar Republic (1919–1933) removed these, as they might promote separatism which would lead to the dissolution of the German nation-state into regional countries again.^[36] When the Nazis came to power, they rejected the democratic German colours of black-red-gold used by the Weimar Republic. Nazis reintroduced the imperial colours (in German: die kaiserlichen Farben or Reichsfarben) of black on the outside, white next, and a red center. The Nazi government used black-white-red on all army caps.^[37] These colours represented the biggest and the smallest countries of the Reich: large Prussia (black and white) and the tiny Hanseatic League city states of Hamburg, Bremen and Lübeck (white and red).

France began the first Air Service in 1909 and soon picked the traditional French cockade as the first national emblem, now usually termed a roundel, on military aircraft. During World War I, other countries adopted national cockades and used these coloured emblems as roundels on their military aircraft. These designs often bear an additional central device or emblem to further identify national aircraft, those from the French navy bearing a black anchor within the French cockade.^[38]

Hungarian revolutionaries wore cockades during the Hungarian revolution of 1848 and during the 1956 revolution. Because of this, Hungarians traditionally wear cockades on 15 March.^[39][40]

Confederate States

Echoing their use when Americans rebelled against Britain, cockades – usually made with blue ribbons and worn on clothing or hats – were widespread tokens of Southern support for secession preceding the American Civil War of 1861–1865.^[41]

List of national cockades

Cockade on the caps of certified persons serving in the pilot service of Russia, 1913.

See also: Military aircraft insignia

Below is a list of national cockades (colors listed from center to ring):^[42][43]

Country and date	Description	Image
Albania	red-black-red
Argentina	sky blue-white-sky blue
Armenia	orange-blue-red
Austrian Empire before 1918	black-gold
Austria since 1918	red-white-red
Azerbaijan	green-red-light blue
Belgium	black-yellow-red
Bolivia (1825–1826)	green-red-green (with a white 5 pointed star in the center)
Bolivia (1826–1851)	green-red-yellow
Bolivia	green-yellow-red
Brazil	blue-yellow-green
Bulgaria	red-green-white
Chile	blue-white-red (with a white 5 pointed star in the blue portion)
Colombia	yellow-blue-red
Croatia	red-white-blue
Denmark (early 19th century)	black
Denmark	red-white-red
Ecuador	red-blue-yellow
Egypt (1922–1953)	green-white-green
Egypt	black-white-red
Estonia	white-black-blue
Ethiopia (until 1936)	green-yellow-red
Ethiopia	red-yellow-green
Finland	white-blue-white
France (1794–1814, 1815 and current since 1830)	blue-white-red
France (before 1794, 1814–1815 and 1815–1830)	white
Gabon	green-yellow-light blue
Georgia (1990–2004)	black-white-wine red
German Confederation (1848–1871)	gold-red-black
German Empire (1871–1918)  Weimar Germany (1918–1933)  Nazi Germany (1933–1945)	red-white-black
East Germany (1956–1959)	black-red-gold
Germany	black-red-gold
Ghana	green-yellow-red
Greece (1822)	white-blue-white
Greece (1833)	blue-white
Greece	blue-white
Hungary	green-white-red
Iceland	blue-white-red-white-blue
India	green-white-saffron
Iran	red-white-green
Ireland (until 1922)	green or sky blue
Ireland (since 1922)	green-white-orange
Italy (1861–1948)	savoy blue
Italy (since 1948)	green-white-red
Japan	red-white
Kenya	green-white-red-white-black
Latvia	carmine-white-carmine
Lithuania	red-green-yellow
Mexico	green-white-red
Monaco	white-red-white
Moravia	red-white-blue
Netherlands	orange
Nigeria	green-white-green
Norway	red-white-blue-white
Pakistan	white-green-yellow
Paraguay	blue-white-red
Peru	red-white-red
Philippines (1898–1901)	red-blue-silver
Poland	red-white
Portugal (1797–1820 and 1823–1830)	blue-red
Portugal (1821–1823 and 1830–1910)	blue-white
Portugal	green-red
Romania	blue-yellow-red
Russia (until 1917)	black-orange-black-orange-white
Russia	black-orange-black-orange
San Marino	white-blue
Serbia	red-blue-white
Seychelles (1978–1996)	green-white-red
Sierra Leone	light blue-white-green
Slovenia	red-blue-white
Spain (until 1843 and 1844–1871)	red
Spain (1843–1844 and current since 1871)	red-yellow-red
Sweden (military)	yellow
Sweden (civilian)	blue-yellow
Thailand	red-white-blue-white-red
Transvaal	green-red-white-blue
Turkey	red-white-red
Ukraine	light blue-yellow
United Kingdom	white (Stuart dynasty), black (Hanoverian dynasty), red-white-blue
United States (War of Independence)	black-white-black
United States (19th century)	blue with an eagle in the centre
United States	white-blue-red
Uruguay (1828–1916)	sky blue
Uruguay (civilian)	blue-white-blue-white-blue-white-blue-white
Uruguay (military)	blue-white-blue with a red diagonal line
Uruguay (police)	red-white-blue
Venezuela	red-blue-yellow
Yugoslavia	blue-white-red

Component states of the German Empire (1871–1918)

Cockades of the German Empire

The German Empire had, besides the national cockade, also cockades for several of its states,^[44] seen in the following table:

State	Description
Anhalt	green
Baden	yellow-red-yellow
Bavaria	white-sky blue-white
Brunswick	blue-yellow-blue
Hanseatic cities (Bremen, Hamburg, Lübeck)	white with a red cross
Hesse	white-red-white-red-white
Lippe	yellow-red-yellow
Mecklenburg-Schwerin and -Streliz	red-yellow-blue
Oldenburg	blue-red-blue
Prussia	black-white-black
Reuss-Gera and -Greiz	black-red-yellow
Saxe-Altenburg, -Coburg and Gotha and -Meiningen	green-white-green
Saxe-Weimar	black-yellow-green
Saxony	white-green-white
Schaumburg-Lippe	blue-red-white
Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt	blue-white-blue
Schwarzburg-Sonderhausen	white-blue-white
Waldeck	black-red-yellow
Württemberg	black-red-black

See also

• Cap badge
• Rosette (politics)
• Roundel

References

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Further reading

• Prussian Staff & Specialist Troops 1791-1815, book

External links

• Media related to Cockades at Wikimedia Commons