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[nb 1] [nb 2] Societal attitudes toward homosexuality https://www.msn.com/en-us/news/us/lawmakers-to-introduce-bill-granting-puerto-rico-statehood/ar-BBVjPpb?ocid=spartanntp https://listen.sdpb.org/post/push-lgbt-protection-follows-pine-ridge-marriage-legalization https://www.msn.com/en-us/health/wellness/10-things-amputees-and-people-with-limb-differences-want-you-to-know/ar-AAAMDEe?ocid=spartandhp https://www.patreon.com/posts/26930484 https://www.msn.com/en-us/news/us/the-last-5-living-navajo-code-talkers-share-their-stories/ar-AAGvEeP?ocid=spartanntp Doug LaMalfa climate denier
Medical procedures/sterilization, hormones, diagnosis, divorce
Morgan's Inspiration Island in San Antonio, Texas https://www.baltimoresun.com/opinion/op-ed/bs-ed-lgbtq-hopkins-20160928-story.html Henry Fraser
https://abc7chicago.com/entertainment/piano-virtuoso-with-autism-honored-in-mount-prospect/5265384/
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DYXeStcjOyg
https://www.povertylaw.org/files/docs/cost-of-being-crime-free.pdf http://www.nprillinois.org/post/crime-free-housing-rules-spread-illinois#stream/0 https://twitter.com/MalumVires/status/1113842427939446785
St. Vincent and the Grenadines lawsuit; Sean Macleish; Chicago
https://www.msn.com/en-us/news/politics/sen-richard-burr-is-not-just-a-friend-to-the-health-care-industry-hes-also-a-stockholder/ar-BB13hBiZ?ocid=spartandhp [note 1] Some unions[4]
Professional sports leagues in the United States
In 2013, WTTW interviewed Chicagoan Anthony Roy, First Nation Ojibway Tribe, who has called for a new logo and mascot, who said “…You can’t ignore the history of the time and the ideas and the ideology people of color faced during the creation of mascots. There was forced assimilation and cultural destruction. When the [physical] genocide of the Nation was over, cultural genocide starts. So while children were taken from their families, Native children, …this is alongside the history of sports and the births of sports leagues and many mascots. For instance the residential school my father attended that was around [during] the time of the foundation of the Blackhawks.”[15]
Ma-Ka-Tai-Me-She-Kia-Kiak or Black Hawk was born in Saukenuk (modern-day Rock Island, IL).[16] He was a Sac war leader. He fought with the British in the War of 1812 in hopes it would deter white settlement in his homelands. [17]
He rejected the Treaty of St. Louis of 1804 which took his homelands and called for removal west of the Mississippi River.[18]
In 1832, Black Hawk led an armed party of Sacs, Meskwakis (Foxes), Kickapoos, Ho-Chunk (Winnebagoes), and Potawatomis into his occupied homelands.[19] This was in contrast with Sac Chief Keokuk who did not seek to confront the Americans.[20] Eventually, the Black Hawk War began, which was waged in modern-day Illinois, Wisconsin, and Iowa.[21] During the war, his people faced starvation.[22] He sought to grow corn on his tribal homelands.[23]
The Black Hawk War culminated into what has been described as a massacre[24] and slaughter[25] at the Battle of Bad Axe. US troops shot at Indigenous women, children, and men as they were crossing the river to escape as well as injured Indigenous People as they were drowning.[26] Jeffrey Ostler writes in the Journal of Genocide Research that “The slaughter at Bad Axe is clearly encompassed by Chalk and Jonassohn’s definition of genocide as ‘a form of one-sided mass killing in which a state or other authority intends to destroy a group.’”[27]
After the war, Black Hawk was taken prisoner of war under Lieutenant Jefferson Davis, who would later become President of the Confederate States of America.[28] In his autobiography, Black Hawk described his imprisonment as torture.[29] After the war, Andrew Jackson sent Black Hawk on a tour of eastern cities as a trophy of war[30] to show the strength of the United States.[31] Black Hawk attracted large crowds and grew in fame. However, In Detroit crowds hanged and burned an effigy of Black Hawk.[32] Black Hawk spent the last years of his life in Iowa with his family with the Sacs, where he died.[33] After his death, his grave was robbed and his head was severed. The rest of his remains were stolen later. One historical account says that his remains were stored at a museum which burned down and were destroyed.[34]
Multiple studies have examined the effects of puberty blockers for gender non-conforming and transgender adolescents. Of the studies that have been conducted, they generally indicate that these treatments are reasonably safe, are reversible, and can improve psychological well-being in these individuals. [38][39][40]
Studies
While few studies have examined the effects of puberty blockers for gender non-conforming or transgender adolescents, the studies that have been conducted generally indicate that these treatments are reasonably safe, are reversible, and can improve psychological well-being in these individuals.[38][39][40]
Efforts to ban puberty blockers are opposed by the American Medical Association,[41] the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry (AACAP),[42] the American Academy of Pediatrics,[43] the American Psychiatric Association,[44] the Endocrine Society,[45] the American Psychological Association,[46] and the World Professional Association for Transgender Health.[47]
the American College of Physicians,[50] the American Academy of Family Physicians,[51] the American Osteopathic Association,[52] the Pediatric Endocrine Society,[53] the US Professional Association for Transgender Health[54]
the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists[55]
Notes: [56] [57][58][59][60][61][62]
Bookmarks [63][64][65][66] [67] [68] [69] [70] [71] [72] [73] [74] [75] [76] [77] [78] [79] [80] [81][82] [83] [84] [85] [86][87] [88] [89] [90] [91]
In 2022, over 230 anti-transgender bills were introduced in state legislatures in a coordinated national campaign to target transgender rights.[92] Many of these bills became law. 17 US States have banned transgender people from sports in various capacities. These states include Texas,[93] Arkansas,[94] Florida,[95] Alabama,[96] Oklahoma,[97] Kentucky,[98] Mississippi,[99] Tennessee,[100] West Virginia,[101] South Carolina,[102] Utah,[103] South Dakota,[104] Montana,[105] Iowa,[106] Arizona,[107] Idaho,[108] and Georgia.[109] The passage of legislation against transgender youth has seen increases in calls to Trans Lifeline, a suicide crisis hotline run by and for transgender people.[110]
The Human Rights Campaign has argued that these discriminatory laws are not about protecting women’s sports, but rather are attempts to “undermine the existence of transgender people.[111] Transgender advocates have noted that hormone replacement therapy and testosterone suppression reduces muscle mass and physical strength in transgender women, reducing the possibility of a competitive advantage.[112] Transgender inclusion in sports is supported by the Women’s Sports Foundation, the Women's National Basketball Players Association (WNBPA), the National Women's Law Center, and Athlete Ally as well as United States Women's National Soccer Team Captain Megan Rapinoe, tennis legend Billie Jean King, WNBA Minnesota Lynx coach Cheryl Reeve and WNBA star Candace Parker.[113][114][115][116]
In 2022, Texas Attorney General Ken Paxton and the Texas Department of Family and Protective Services opened investigations into parents giving gender affirming healthcare including puberty blockers to children. Such investigations could separate transgender children from their parents.[117] In response, Dr. Melissa Merrick, President and CEO of Prevent Child Abuse America wrote “AG Paxton’s statement stands in direct opposition to the evidence-based care recognized by numerous professional societies, including the American Academy of Pediatrics, American Medical Association, Endocrine Society, and American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry.” “Prevent Child Abuse America knows that providing necessary and adequate medical care to your child is not child abuse, and that transgender and non-binary children need access to age-appropriate, individualized medical care just like every other child.[118]
Reversible
Fully reversible
Athlete | Country | Sport | Reference |
---|---|---|---|
Timothy LeDuc | United States | Skating | [122] |
Jason Brown | United States | Skating | [123] |
Eric Radford | Canada | Skating | [124] |
Paul Poirer | Canada | Skating | [125] |
Kévin Aymoz | France | Skating | [126] |
Guillaume Cizeron | France | Skating | [127] |
The 2020 Summer Olympics, delayed by the coronavirus pandemic, will be held in Summer 2021. According to Outsports, the Tokyo Olympics will have at least 121 publicly out LGBTQ athletes.[128] The 2020 Summer Olympics will feature its first transgender athletes, namely Laurel Hubbard, a transgender woman for New Zealand weightlifting; Quinn, who is transgender and nonbinary and uses they/them pronouns is competing with Canada's women's soccer team. Chelsea Wolfe, who is a transgender woman, has been selected as an alternate for USA women's BMX freestyle team.[129]
hi In 2021, Women's sports icons Billie Jean King, World Cup Champion and National Women's Soccer Team Co-Captain Megan Rapinoe, WNBA stars Brianna Turner, Layshia Clarendon, and over 150 athletes in women's sports filed an amicus brief in Soule v. CIAC with the Women's National Basketball Players Association (WNBPA), Athlete Ally, and the Women's Sports Foundation in support of inclusion of transgender athletes in school sports.[254][255]
An organized campaign to roll back LGBTQ rights in multiple legislatures has focused on banning transgender athletes from sports activities
Von Steuben https://www.history.com/news/openly-gay-revolutionary-war-hero-friedrich-von-steuben
https://narf.org/illinois-mascot-still-causing-harm/
https://champaignshowers.com/longer-reads/its-kingfisher-season/
https://www.apa.org/pi/oema/resources/indian-mascots https://www.splcenter.org/news/2005/08/11/ncaa-rules-against-indian-mascots https://www.news-gazette.com/sports/illini-sports/ncaa-rejects-uis-appeal-on-chief-illiniwek/article_c21bb11c-6a57-5711-9808-bb00843b9f72.html https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/CHRG-112shrg66994/html/CHRG-112shrg66994.htm
UIUC has not yet selected a replacement. A non-binding resolution to make "Alma Otter" the official mascot was placed on the spring 2019 student election ballot, but failed to receive a majority, although some saw the vote as a sign of progress.[256] In 2020 the belted kingfisher received a majority of student votes as a possible new mascot.[257] In September 2020 the University Senate overwhelmingly endorsed the kingfisher as the new mascot, voting 105 to 2 with 4 abstaining.[258]
The belted kingfisher, a bird local to Illinois whose female is orange and blue, has been proposed as a replacement mascot. The kingfisher as a mascot has been endorsed by the American Indian Center of Chicago, the Chicago Tribune editorial board, and the Champaign Audubon Society.[259] In December 2022, the National Congress of American Indians endorsed efforts to find a replacement mascot, though the kingfisher was not explicitly mentioned.[259] Supporters of the Kingfisher have dubbed the bird "naturally true to the orange and blue."[260]
Profesional
College
K-12 school
Other
Statewide legislation
/sandbox2 On July 4, 2019, a minor league hockey team in Copper Cliffs, Sudbury, Ontario changed its mascot from the Redmen to the Reds and replaced their logo that was nearly identical to the Blackhawks logo. The change was supported by Indigenous communities.[261]
On April 20, 2019, the Brooklin Lacrosse Club announced it would no longer be called the Brooklin Redmen and replaced their logo that was nearly identical to the Chicago Blackhawks logo[262]
On July 14, 2021 the Portland Winterhawks (Oregon) in the Western Hockey League replaced their logo that was nearly identical to the Blackhawks logo with non-Native imagery, which was applauded by Native American leaders.[263]
History of the Black Hawk War
[264][265]
[266] [267]
Genocide [268]
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[271] Brad Boles
Darren Bailey https://capitolfax.com/2021/03/26/bailey-literally-laughs-off-concerns-about-disabled-voters/ Doug LaMalfa rejects the scientific consensus on climate change and denies climate change. In 2012, LaMalfa said "I think there's a lot of bad science behind what people are calling global warming" and "I'm not going to buy into what Al Gore has to say about that."[272][273] In 2018 in the midst of wildfires, LaMalfa said "“I’m not going to quibble here today about whether it’s man, or sunspot activity, or magma causing ice shelves to melt,”[274] https://readsludge.com/2019/04/30/california-climate-change-denier-has-a-progressive-house-challenger/ https://archive.thinkprogress.org/the-anti-science-climate-denier-caucus-732ec3a2a4d4/ https://grist.org/politics/doug-lamalfa-is-the-archetypal-climate-denying-idio/ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OvkFXsQcV0s&feature=youtu.be https://techsolidarity.org/resources/holcombe_interview.html https://www.dailykos.com/stories/2019/10/17/1893157/-Crazy-Stupid-Republican-of-the-Day-Doug-LaMalfa-2019-Update https://voteclimatepac.org/climate-zeros/ https://www.whitehouse.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/01/NEPA-FINAL-What-They-Are-Saying-clean.pdf https://projects.fivethirtyeight.com/congress-trump-score/doug-lamalfa/ https://quizlet.com/213826228/philosophy-025-final-exam-flash-cards/ http://redgreenandblue.org/2018/07/20/house-passes-interior-bill-poison-pill-riders-delta-tunnels-water-law/ https://bitrebels.com/lifestyle/students-urge-congressional-action-climate-change/ https://www.calitics.com/index.php/2012/09/ https://scorecard.lcv.org/moc/doug-lamalfa https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2018/jul/31/california-wildfire-climate-change-carr-fire https://www.earthforums.com/forums/forum/environment/congress-on-climate-change/california/ https://www.theunion.com/news/local-news/rep-doug-lamalfa-opposes-iran-deal-critiques-global-warming-in-grass-valley-town-hall/ https://www.theunion.com/news/healthcare-climate-change-immigration-top-topics-at-lamalfa-town-hall/ https://www.newsreview.com/chico/lamalfa-awarded-booby-prize/content?oid=11012827 https://projects.propublica.org/politwoops/user/RepLaMalfa?page=4 https://www.cta.org/educator/posts/hot-topic
In November 2019, Senator Harris called for an investigation into the death of Roxsana Hernández, an immigrant and transgender woman who died in ICE custody.[275][276]
In 2014, Attorney General Kamala Harris co-sponsored legislation to ban the gay and trans panic defense in court, which passed and California became the first state with such legislation.[277]
During the CNN LGBTQ forum during her Presidential primary campaign in 2019, Kamala Harris drew attention to the epidemic of hate violence against Black trans women (at the time 20 killed that year), noting that race compounds with being transgender and that LGBTQ people of color are doubly exposed to discrimination, also noting its impact on Black, Latinx, undocumented trans people. She also referred to the transgender community as among the most vulnerable in the nation adding, "when I say vulnerable I do not mean that you are not strong, I say because we know that certain populations are more vulnerable to hate based on other people's prejudice and racism"[278]
When I look at the fact that there were 19 Black transgender women already this year who have been killed. Twenty, twenty, excuse me. When I look at the fact when you compound race with being transgender you are doubly exposed and if you are Latina or Latino and an undocumented immigrant or you are in the system in any way and so I fist say all this to say I have a long-standing--decades long connection to this issue and as President of the United States I promise you that I will put all resources and priority into ensuring that all people are safe with a particular understanding of some of the most vulnerable communities and when I say vulnerable I do not mean that you are not strong, I say because we know that certain populations are more vulnerable to hate based on other people's hate and racism and hateful thoughts and we as a society must acknowledge the truth of that and then make sure we create safe communities in which they can exist.
According to the US Holocaust Memorial Museum Encyclopedia, Adolf Hitler's Lebensraum was the "Manifest Destiny" for Germany's romanticization and imperial conquest of Eastern Europe. Hitler compared Nazi expansion to American expansion westward, saying, “there's only one duty: to Germanize this country [Russia] by the immigration of Germans and to look upon the natives as Redskins.”[279]
The American Indian Center of Chicago supports changing the Chicago Blackhawks' mascot. In 2010, Joe Podlasek, the executive director of AICChicago stated that, "The stance is very clear. We want the Chicago Blackhawks logo to change. For us, that's one of our grandfathers. Would you do that with your grandfather's picture? Take it and throw it on a rug? Walk on it and dance on it?"[280]
In 2019, the American Indian Center of Chicago ended all ties to the Chicago Blackhawks Foundation and released a statement saying
The AIC had previously held a relationship with the Chicago Blackhawks Foundation with the intention of educating the general public about American Indians and the use of logos and mascots. The AIC, along with members of the community have since decided to end this relationship.
Going forward, AIC will have no professional ties with the Blackhawks, or any other organization that perpetuates harmful stereotypes. We see this as necessary to sustain a safe, welcoming environment for members of our community as well as protecting our cultural identity and traditions."In 2019, the American Indian Center of Chicago ended all ties to the Chicago Blackhawks Foundation, stating they will no longer affiliate "with organizations that perpetuate stereotypes through the use of "Indian" mascots." The AIC noted in its statement that they previously held a relationship with the Chicago Blackhawks Foundation with the "intention of educating the general public about American Indians and the use of logos and mascots. The AIC, along with members of the community have since decided to end this relationship" and stated that "going forward, AIC will have no professional ties with the Blackhawks, or any other organization that perpetuates harmful stereotypes."[283][284]
In July 2020, after the Washington Redskins announced they were retiring their name and the Cleveland Indians signaled a name change would be likely, the Blackhawks confirmed that they would continue using their team name and logo.[285]
The National Congress of American Indians and over 1,500 national Native organizations and advocates have signed a letter calling for a ban on all Native imagery, names, mascots, terms, redface, arrows, feathers, and appropriation of Native culture in sports. The petition included over 100 Native-led organizations, as well as tribal leaders and members of over 150 federally recognized tribes, reflecting a consensus among Native Americans that Native mascots are harmful.[286][287]
For your consideration[288]
Museum link [289]
Chief of Cherokee Nation: Jeep is wrong to use our name https://www.cnn.com/videos/business/2021/02/22/cherokee-nation-chief-jeep-stop-using-cherokee-name-orig.cnn-business
Sent from my iPhone
https://www.teenvogue.com/story/native-youth-need-safe-spaces
65000 [290]
State or Territory | Sexual Orientation Employment Discrimination Protections | Gender Identity Employment Discrimination Protections |
---|---|---|
Alabama | Protections for all employment[291] | Protections for all employment[291] |
Alaska | Protections for all employment[291] | Protections for all employment[291] |
Arizona | Protections for all employment[291] | Protections for all employment[291] |
Arkansas | Protections for all employment[291] | Protections for all employment[291] |
California | Protections for all employment[291] | Protections for all employment[291] |
Florida | Protections for all employment[291] | Protections for all employment[291] |
Georgia | Protections for all employment[291] | Protections for all employment[291] |
Illinois | Protections for all employment[291] | Protections for all employment[291] |
Michigan | Protections for all employment[291] | Protections for all employment[291] |
New Jersey | Protections for all employment[291] | Protections for all employment[291] |
New York | Protections for all employment[291] | Protections for all employment[291] |
Ohio | Protections for all employment[291] | Protections for all employment[291] |
Pennsylvania | Protections for all employment[291] | Protections for all employment[291] |
Texas | Protections for all employment[291] | Protections for all employment[291] |
North Carolina | Protections for all employment[291] | Protections for all employment[291] |
Massachusetts | Protections for all employment[291] | Protections for all employment[291] |
Indiana | Protections for all employment[291] | Protections for all employment[291] |
Virginia | Protections for all employment[291] | Protections for all employment[291] |
Missouri | Protections for all employment[291] | Protections for all employment[291] |
Washington | Protections for all employment[291] | Protections for all employment[291] |
Maryland | Protections for all employment[291] | Protections for all employment[291] |
Oregon | Protections for all employment[291] | Protections for all employment[291] |
Kentucky | Protections for all employment[291] | Protections for all employment[291] |
Tennessee | Protections for all employment[291] | Protections for all employment[291] |
Colorado | Protections for all employment[291] | Protections for all employment[291] |
Wisconsin | Protections for all employment[291] | Protections for all employment[291] |
Minnesota | Protections for all employment[291] | Protections for all employment[291] |
Louisiana | Protections for all employment[291] | Protections for all employment[291] |
South Carolina | Protections for all employment[291] | Protections for all employment[291] |
Oklahoma | Protections for all employment[291] | Protections for all employment[291] |
Nevada | Protections for all employment[291] | Protections for all employment[291] |
Kansas | Protections for all employment[291] | Protections for all employment[291] |
Connecticut | Protections for all employment[291] | Protections for all employment[291] |
Iowa | Protections for all employment[291] | Protections for all employment[291] |
Mississippi | Protections for all employment[291] | Protections for all employment[291] |
Utah | Protections for all employment[291] | Protections for all employment[291] |
Hawaii | Protections for all employment[291] | Protections for all employment[291] |
Maine | Protections for all employment[291] | Protections for all employment[291] |
District of Columbia | Protections for all employment[291] | Protections for all employment[291] |
New Mexico | Protections for all employment[291] | Protections for all employment[291] |
West Virginia | Protections for all employment[291] | Protections for all employment[291] |
Nebraska | Protections for all employment[291] | Protections for all employment[291] |
New Hampshire | Protections for all employment[291] | Protections for all employment[291] |
Rhode Island | Protections for all employment[291] | Protections for all employment[291] |
Idaho | Protections for all employment[291] | Protections for all employment[291] |
South Dakota | Protections for all employment[291] | Protections for all employment[291] |
Delaware | Protections for all employment[291] | Protections for all employment[291] |
Vermont | Protections for all employment[291] | Protections for all employment[291] |
Montana | Protections for all employment[291] | Protections for all employment[291] |
North Dakota | Protections for all employment[291] | Protections for all employment[291] |
Wyoming | Protections for all employment[291] | Protections for all employment[291] |
Donald Trump is opposed to LGBT rights. Donald Trump has used the Presidency to roll back LGBT rights and has appointed anti-LGBTQ officials. Donald Trump opposes the Equality Act,[292] which has been one of the highest priorities of LGBTQ rights groups since marriage equality was enacted by the Supreme Court.[293] Donald Trump opposed the legalization of same-sex marriage[294] and pledged to appoint anti-LGBTQ Justices to the Supreme Court.[295] Donald Trump banned transgender people from serving in the military.[296] His administration has attempted to redefine the legal definition of gender in an attempt to erase transgender people and undermine nondiscrimination protections for transgender, non-binary, and intersex people.[297] His administration has argued before the Supreme Court that Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 does not protect gay or transgender Americans from discrimination.[298][299] His Cabinet has rolled back regulations allowing homeless shelters to discriminate against homeless transgender youth.[300] His Education Secretary, Betsy DeVos has rolled back protections for LGBTQ students.[301] The Trump Administration has sought to protect discrimination in health care.[302] All LGBTQ references were removed from the White House, Department of State and Department of Labor websites minutes after the day he took office.[303] Donald Trump has banned LGBTQ refugees from entering the country fleeing from discrimination.[304] President Trump was the first President to speak at the Voter Values Summit, hosted by anti-LGBTQ hate group Family Research Council.[305]
Presently codified in U.S. federal law | |
Not presently codified in U.S. federal law | |
Present status unknown or ambiguous | |
LGBT Right | On the basis of gender identity or expression | On the basis of sexual orientation |
---|---|---|
Asylum | [306] | (Since 1989)[307] |
Automatic co-parent recognition | ||
Cohabitation laws | ||
Education protections | [308] | [308] |
Employment protections (federal
government employees) |
(Since July 21, 2014)[309] | (Since May 28, 1998)[310] |
Employment protections (other employees) | (Since June 15, 2020)[311] | (Since June 15, 2020) |
Federal contractor employment protections | (Since July 21, 2014)[309] | (Since July 21, 2014)[309] |
Hate crime law | (Since October 28, 2009)[312] | (Since October 28, 2009)[312] |
Health protections | (Since May 18, 2016)[313][314] | |
Joint adoption | (Since May 3, 2016)[315] | |
Medically assisted insemination for singles | ||
Medically assisted insemination for couples | ||
Military service | (since April 12, 2019)[316] | (Since September 20, 2011)[317] |
No laws limiting freedom of expression | (Since December 26, 2013)[318] | |
Policy tackling hatred | (Since September 13, 1994)[319] | (Since October 28, 2009)[312] |
Prohibition on conversion therapy for minors | ||
Public accommodation protections | ||
Same-sex marriage | (Since June 26, 2015)[320] | (Since June 26, 2015)[320] |
Second-parent adoption | (Since May 3, 2016)[315] | (Since May 3, 2016)[315] |
asylum hate crime public accomodations assisted reproductive technology
This is simplified for international comparison with other Wikipedia LGBT rights articles. A denotes that the right exists, while a denotes it doesn't; a and in the same column means the right varies on a state-by-state basis.
LGBT Right | Federal Protection | State Level Protection |
---|---|---|
Same-sex sexual activity legal |
[321] | |
Equal age of consent |
||
Anti-discrimination laws in employment |
[322] | |
Anti-discrimination laws in the provision of goods and services |
/[323] | |
Anti-discrimination laws in all other areas |
/ | |
LGBT anti-discrimination law in health insurance |
||
LGBT anti-bullying law in schools and colleges |
/ | |
LGBT anti-discrimination law in schools and colleges |
/ | |
LGBT anti-discrimination law in hospitals |
||
Surrogacy legal for gay/bi male couples |
/ | |
Same-sex marriages |
[324] | |
Recognition of same-sex couples |
[324] | |
Step-child adoption by same-sex couples |
[325] | |
Joint adoption by same-sex couples |
[325] | |
LGB individuals allowed to serve openly in the military |
[326] | |
Transgender individuals allowed to serve openly in the military |
(due to Directive-type Memorandum-19-004) | |
Right to change legal gender |
/ (see map) | |
Legal recognition of non-binary gender(s) |
/ (see link) | |
Anti-LGBT hate crimes laws |
Rarely enforced | / |
Intersex minors protected from invasive surgical procedures |
||
Conversion therapy banned on minors |
/ (see map) | |
MSMs allowed to donate blood |
[327][328] (see above) |
Donald Trump is opposed to DC statehood. 700,000 residents live in Washington, D.C. and do not have Congressional representation. In 2020, he indicated that if the DC statehood bill passes both houses of Congress that he would veto the admission legislation. [329]
To fulfill Constitutional requirements of having a Federal District and to provide the benefits of statehood to the 700,000+ residents of D.C., in the proposed State of Washington, D.C., boundaries would be delineated between the State of Washington, D.C. and a much smaller federal seat of government. This would ensure federal control of federal buildings. The National Mall, the White House, the national memorials, Cabinet buildings, judicial buildings, legislative buildings, and other government-related buildings, etc. would be housed within the much smaller federal seat of government. All residences in the State of Washington, D.C. would reside outside the seat of federal government, except for the White House. The proposed boundaries are based on precedents created through the 1902 McMillan Plan with a few modifications. The rest of the boundaries would remain the same.[330][331][332]
To deal with Constitutional concerns and to ensure the Federal Government In the proposed State of Washington, D.C., boundaries would be delineated between the federal seat of government and the State of Washington, D.C. The National Mall, the White House, the national memorials, Cabinet buildings, judicial buildings, legislative buildings, and other government-related buildings, etc. would be housed within the federal seat of government. All residences in the State of Washington, D.C. would reside outside the seat of federal government, except for the White House. The proposed boundaries are based on precedents created through the 1902 McMillan Plan with a few modifications. The rest of the boundaries would remain the same.[333][334][335]
In the proposed State of Washington, D.C., boundaries would be delineated between the federal seat of government and the State of Washington, D.C. The National Mall, the White House, the national memorials, Cabinet buildings, judicial buildings, legislative buildings, and other government-related buildings, etc. would be housed within the federal seat of government. All residences in the State of Washington, D.C. would reside outside the seat of federal government, except for the White House. The proposed boundaries are based on precedents created through the 1902 McMillan Plan with a few modifications. The rest of the boundaries would remain the same.[336][337][338] DC Statehood advocates contend that Article 1, Section 8, Clause 17 of the US Constitution sets a maximum size for the Constitutionally-required Federal District, but does not contain a minimum size. Statehood advocates also cite precedent that the Federal District's size has been reduced by Congress before in 18XX
Chiba January 2019
Edogawa April 2019
Amagasaki January 2020
Hamamatsu April 2020
Niigata April 2020
Koga April 2020
Nara April 2020
Kijo April 2020
Minato April 2020
Bunkyo April 2020
Koganei****** October 2020
Fujisawa typo? April 2021
Nagaokakyo*** June 2021
The following 102 municipalities and three prefectures have established a partnership oath system, comprising about 38% of the Japanese population. In 17 further jurisdictions, such policies have yet to take effect.
Shortcuts Same-sex marriage in Japan Same-sex union legislation
State/Territory | Country | Date | Same-sex union | Upper House | Lower house | Head of State | Law enacted? | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Yes | No | Yes | No | ||||||
Shibuya, Tokyo | Japan | March 2015 | Partnership certificate[352] | — | Passed | Signed | Yes | ||
Setagaya, Tokyo | Japan | July 2015 | Partnership certificate[353] | — | Passed | Signed | Yes | ||
Takarazuka, Hyōgo | Japan | November 2015 | Partnership certificate[354] | — | Passed | Signed | Yes | ||
Iga, Mie | Japan | December 2015 | Partnership certificate[355] | — | Passed | Signed | Yes | ||
Naha, Okinawa | Japan | February 2016 | Partnership certificate[356][357] | — | Passed | Signed | Yes | ||
Sapporo, Hokkaido | Japan | March 2017 | Partnership certificate[358][359][360][361] | — | Passed | Signed | Yes | ||
Fukuoka, Fukuoka | Japan | February 2018 | Partnership certificate[362] | — | Passed | Signed | Yes | ||
Nakano, Tokyo | Japan | May 2018 | Partnership certificate[363] | — | Passed | Signed | Yes | ||
Osaka, Osaka | Japan | June 2018 | Partnership certificate[364] | — | Passed | Signed | Yes | ||
Chiba, Chiba | Japan | January 2019 | Partnership certificate[365] | — | Passed | Signed | Yes | ||
Toshima, Tokyo | Japan | March 2019 | Partnership certificate[366] | — | Passed | Signed | Yes | ||
Edogawa, Tokyo | Japan | April 2019 | Partnership certificate[367] | — | Passed | Signed | Yes | ||
Ibaraki Prefecture | Japan | June 2019 | Partnership certificate[368] | — | Passed | Signed | Yes | ||
Ōizumi, Gunma | Japan | January 2019 | Partnership certificate[369] | — | Passed | Signed | Yes | ||
Fuchū, Tokyo | Japan | April 2019 | Partnership certificate[370] | — | Passed | Signed | Yes | ||
Hirakata, Osaka | Japan | April 2019 | Partnership certificate[371] | — | Passed | Signed | Yes | ||
Kumamoto, Kumamoto | Japan | April 2019 | Partnership certificate[372] | — | Passed | Signed | Yes | ||
Odawara, Kanagawa | Japan | April 2019 | Partnership certificate[373] | — | Passed | Signed | Yes | ||
Sakai, Osaka | Japan | April 2019 | Partnership certificate[374] | — | Passed | Signed | Yes | ||
Sōja, Okayama | Japan | April 2019 | Partnership certificate[375] | — | Passed | Signed | Yes | ||
Toshima, Tokyo | Japan | April 2019 | Partnership certificate[376] | — | Passed | Signed | Yes | ||
Yokosuka, Kanagawa | Japan | April 2019 | Partnership certificate[377] | — | Passed | Signed | Yes | ||
Kanuma, Tochigi | Japan | June 2019 | Partnership certificate[378] | — | Passed | Signed | Yes | ||
Miyazaki, Miyazaki | Japan | June 2019 | Partnership certificate[379] | — | Passed | Signed | Yes | ||
Kitakyushu, Fukuoka | Japan | July 2019 | Partnership certificate[380] | — | Passed | Signed | Yes | ||
Nishio, Aichi | Japan | September 2019 | Partnership certificate[381] | — | Passed | Signed | Yes | ||
Nagasaki, Nagasaki | Japan | September 2019 | Partnership certificate[382] | — | Passed | Signed | Yes | ||
Sanda, Hyōgo | Japan | October 2019 | Partnership certificate[383] | — | Passed | Signed | Yes | ||
Katano, Osaka | Japan | November 2019 | Partnership certificate[384] | — | Passed | Signed | Yes | ||
Yokohama, Kanagawa | Japan | December 2019 | Partnership certificate[385] | — | Passed | Signed | Yes | ||
Daitō, Osaka | Japan | December 2019 | Partnership certificate[386] | — | Passed | Signed | Yes | ||
Kamakura, Kanagawa | Japan | December 2019 | Partnership certificate[387] | — | Passed | Signed | Yes | ||
Amagasaki, Hyōgo | Japan | January 2020 | Partnership certificate[388] | — | Passed | Signed | Yes | ||
Mitoyo, Kagawa | Japan | January 2020 | Partnership certificate[389] | — | Passed | Signed | Yes | ||
Bunkyō, Tokyo | Japan | April 2020 | Partnership certificate[390] | — | Passed | Signed | Yes | ||
Hamamatsu, Shizuoka | Japan | April 2020 | Partnership certificate[391] | — | Passed | Signed | Yes | ||
Kijō, Miyazaki | Japan | April 2020 | Partnership certificate[392] | — | Passed | Signed | Yes | ||
Koga, Fukuoka | Japan | April 2020 | Partnership certificate[393] | — | Passed | Signed | Yes | ||
Minato, Tokyo | Japan | April 2020 | Partnership certificate[394] | — | Passed | Signed | Yes | ||
Nara, Nara | Japan | April 2020 | Partnership certificate[395] | — | Passed | Signed | Yes | ||
Niigata, Niigata | Japan | April 2020 | Partnership certificate[396] | — | Passed | Signed | Yes | ||
Saitama, Saitama | Japan | April 2020 | Partnership certificate[397] | — | Passed | Signed | Yes | ||
Narashino | Japan | time | Partnership certificate cite | — | Passed | Signed | Yes | ||
Sagamihara, Kanagawa | Japan | April 2020 | Partnership certificate[398] | — | Passed | Signed | Yes | ||
Hida | Japan | time | Partnership certificate cite | — | Passed | Signed | Yes | ||
Takamatsu, Kagawa | Japan | April 2020 | Partnership certificate[399] | — | Passed | Signed | Yes | ||
Tokushima, Tokushima | Japan | April 2020 | Partnership certificate[400] | — | Passed | Signed | Yes | ||
Yamatokōriyama, Nara | Japan | April 2020 | Partnership certificate[401] | — | Passed | Signed | Yes | ||
Zushi, Kanagawa | Japan | April 2020 | Partnership certificate[402] | — | Passed | Signed | Yes | ||
Kawagoe, Saitama | Japan | May 2020 | Partnership certificate[403] | — | Passed | Signed | Yes | ||
Toyoake, Aichi | Japan | May 2020 | Partnership certificate[404] | — | Passed | Signed | Yes | ||
Itami, Hyōgo | Japan | May 2020 | Partnership certificate[405] | — | Passed | Signed | Yes | ||
Ashiya, Hyōgo | Japan | May 2020 | Partnership certificate[406] | — | Passed | Signed | Yes | ||
Hayama, Kanagawa | Japan | May 2020 | Partnership certificate[407] | — | Passed | Signed | Yes | ||
Japan | time | Partnership certificate | — | Passed | Signed | Yes | |||
Inabe, Mie | Japan | July 2020 | Partnership certificate[408] | — | Passed | Signed | Yes | ||
Kawasaki, Kanagawa | Japan | July 2020 | Partnership certificate[409] | — | Passed | Signed | Yes | ||
Okayama, Okayama | Japan | July 2020 | Partnership certificate[410] | — | Passed | Signed | Yes | ||
Japan | time | Partnership certificate | — | Passed | Signed | Yes | |||
Tondabayashi, Osaka | Japan | July 2020 | Partnership certificate[411] | — | Passed | Signed | Yes | ||
Kawanishi, Hyōgo | Japan | August 2020 | Partnership certificate[412] | — | Passed | Signed | Yes | ||
Kaizuka, Osaka | Japan | September 2020 | Partnership certificate[413] | — | Passed | Signed | Yes | ||
Kyoto, Kyoto | Japan | September 2020 | Partnership certificate[414] | — | Passed | Signed | Yes | ||
Sakado, Saitama | Japan | October 2020 | Partnership certificate[415] | — | Passed | Signed | Yes | ||
Koganei, Tokyo | Japan | October 2020 | Partnership certificate[416] | — | Passed | Signed | Yes | ||
Kitamoto, Saitama | Japan | November 2020 | Partnership certificate[417] | — | Passed | Signed | Yes | ||
Matsudo, Chiba | Japan | November 2020 | Partnership certificate[418] | — | Passed | Signed | Yes | ||
Tochigi, Tochigi | Japan | November 2020 | Partnership certificate[419] | — | Passed | Signed | Yes | ||
Kokubunji, Tokyo | Japan | November 2020 | Partnership certificate[420] | — | Passed | Signed | Yes | ||
Kōnosu, Saitama | Japan | December 2020 | Partnership certificate[421] | — | Passed | Signed | Yes | ||
Hirosaki, Aomori | Japan | December 2020 | Partnership certificate[422] | — | Passed | Signed | Yes | ||
Shibukawa, Gunma | Japan | December 2020 | Partnership certificate[423] | — | Passed | Signed | Yes | ||
Higashikagawa, Kagawa | Japan | January 2021 | Partnership certificate[424] | — | Passed | Signed | Yes | ||
Miura, Kanagawa | Japan | January 2021 | Partnership certificate[425] | — | Passed | Signed | Yes | ||
Yoshinogawa, Tokushima | Japan | January 2021 | Partnership certificate[426] | — | Passed | Signed | Yes | ||
Hiroshima, Hiroshima | Japan | January 2021 | Partnership certificate[427] | — | Passed | Signed | Yes | ||
Akashi, Hyōgo | Japan | January 2021 | Partnership family system[428] | — | Passed | Signed | Yes | ||
Kōchi, Kōchi | Japan | February 2021 | Partnership certificate[429] | — | Passed | Signed | Yes | ||
Okegawa, Saitama | Japan | February 2021 | Partnership certificate[430] | — | Passed | Signed | Yes | ||
Tokushima, Tokushima | Japan | February 2021 | Partnership family system[431] | — | Passed | Signed | Yes | ||
Kameoka, Kyoto | Japan | March 2021 | Partnership certificate[432] | — | Passed | Signed | Yes | ||
Ina, Saitama | Japan | March 2021 | Partnership certificate[433] | — | Passed | Signed | Yes | ||
Ageo, Saitama | Japan | March 2021 | Partnership certificate[434] | — | Passed | Signed | Yes | ||
Adachi, Tokyo | Japan | April 2021 | Partnership family system[435] | — | Passed | Signed | Yes | ||
Annaka, Gunma | Japan | April 2021 | Partnership certificate[436] | — | Passed | Signed | Yes | ||
Chigasaki, Kanagawa | Japan | April 2021 | Partnership certificate[437] | — | Passed | Signed | Yes | ||
Fuji, Shizuoka | Japan | April 2021 | Partnership certificate[438] | — | Passed | Signed | Yes | ||
Fujisawa, Kanagawa | Japan | April 2021 | Partnership certificate[439] | — | Passed | Signed | Yes | ||
Japan | time | Partnership certificate | — | Passed | Signed | Yes | |||
Gyōda, Saitama | Japan | April 2021 | Partnership certificate[440] | — | Passed | Signed | Yes | ||
Honjō, Saitama | Japan | April 2021 | Partnership certificate[441] | — | Passed | Signed | Yes | ||
Ibusuki, Kagoshima | Japan | April 2021 | Partnership certificate[442] | — | Passed | Signed | Yes | ||
Ikoma, Nara | Japan | April 2021 | Partnership certificate[443] | — | Passed | Signed | Yes | ||
Inagawa, Hyōgo | Japan | April 2021 | Partnership certificate[444] | — | Passed | Signed | Yes | ||
Kitajima, Tokushima | Japan | April 2021 | Partnership certificate[445] | — | Passed | Signed | Yes | ||
Koshigaya, Saitama | Japan | April 2021 | Partnership certificate[446] | — | Passed | Signed | Yes | ||
Kunitachi, Tokyo | Japan | April 2021 | Partnership certificate[447] | — | Passed | Signed | Yes | ||
Matsumoto, Nagano | Japan | April 2021 | Partnership certificate[448] | — | Passed | Signed | Yes | ||
Miyoshi, Saitama | Japan | April 2021 | Partnership certificate[449] | — | Passed | Signed | Yes | ||
Nichinan, Miyazaki | Japan | April 2021 | Partnership certificate[450] | — | Passed | Signed | Yes | ||
Japan | time | Partnership certificate | — | Passed | Signed | Yes | |||
Nishinomiya, Hyōgo | Japan | April 2021 | Partnership certificate[451] | — | Passed | Signed | Yes | ||
Shōdoshima, Kagawa | Japan | April 2021 | Partnership certificate[452] | — | Passed | Signed | Yes | ||
Tadotsu, Kagawa | Japan | April 2021 | Partnership certificate[453] | — | Passed | Signed | Yes | ||
Tenri, Nara | Japan | April 2021 | Partnership certificate[454] | — | Passed | Signed | Yes | ||
Tonoshō, Kagawa | Japan | April 2021 | Partnership certificate[455] | — | Passed | Signed | Yes | ||
Toyohashi, Aichi | Japan | April 2021 | Partnership certificate[456] | — | Passed | Signed | Yes | ||
Usuki, Ōita | Japan | April 2021 | Partnership certificate[457] | — | Passed | Signed | Yes | ||
Yamato, Kanagawa | Japan | April 2021 | Partnership certificate[458] | — | Passed | Signed | Yes | ||
Nobeoka, Miyazaki | Japan | April 2021 | Partnership certificate[459] | — | Passed | Signed | Yes | ||
Urayasu, Chiba | Japan | May 2021 | Partnership certificate[460] | — | Passed | Signed | Yes | ||
Nagaokakyō, Kyoto | Japan | June 2021 | Partnership certificate[461] | — | Passed | Signed | Yes | ||
Toyota, Aichi | Japan | July 2021 | Partnership certificate[462] | — | Passed | Signed | Yes | ||
Saga Prefecture | Japan | August 2021 | Partnership certificate[463] | — | Passed | Signed | Yes | ||
Mie Prefecture | Japan | September 2021 | Partnership certificate[464] | — | Passed | Signed | Yes | ||
Miyoshi, Tokushima | Japan | September 2021 | Partnership certificate[465] | — | Passed | Signed | Yes | ||
Iruma, Saitama | Japan | September 2021 | Partnership certificate[466] | — | Passed | Signed | Yes | ||
Nikkō, Tochigi | Japan | September 2021 | Partnership certificate[467] | — | Passed | Signed | Yes | ||
Shintomi, Miyazaka | Japan | September 2021 | Partnership certificate[468] | — | Passed | Signed | Yes | ||
Ube, Yamaguchi | Japan | September 2021 | Partnership certificate[469] | — | Passed | Signed | Yes | ||
Akitakata, Hiroshima | Japan | October 2021 | Partnership certificate[470] | — | Passed | Signed | Yes | ||
Bizen, Okinawa | Japan | October 2021 | Partnership certificate[471] | — | Passed | Signed | Yes | ||
Hikone, Shiga | Japan | October 2021 | Partnership certificate[472] | — | Passed | Signed | Yes | ||
Karatsu, Saga | Japan | October 2021 | Partnership certificate[473] | — | Passed | Signed | Yes | ||
Kawajima, Saitama | Japan | October 2021 | Partnership certificate[474] | — | Passed | Signed | Yes | ||
Kuki, Saitama | Japan | October 2021 | Partnership certificate[475] | — | Passed | Signed | Yes | ||
Matsuda, Kanagawa | Japan | October 2021 | Partnership certificate[476] | — | Passed | Signed | Yes | ||
Moroyama, Saitama | Japan | October 2021 | Partnership certificate[477] | — | Passed | Signed | Yes | ||
Ōzu, Kumamoto | Japan | October 2021 | Partnership certificate[478] | — | Passed | Signed | Yes | ||
Urasoe, Okinawa | Japan | October 2021 | Partnership certificate[479] | — | Passed | Signed | Yes | ||
Mukō, Kyoto | Japan | October 2021 | Partnership certificate[480] | — | Passed | Signed | Yes | ||
Sayama, Saitama | Japan | October 2021 | Partnership certificate[481] | — | Passed | Signed | Yes | ||
Ebino, Miyazaki | Japan | December 2021 | Partnership certificate[482] | — | Passed | Signed | Yes | ||
Kōshū, Yamanashi | Japan | December 2021 | Partnership certificate[483] | — | Passed | Signed | Yes | ||
Kurashiki, Okayama | Japan | December 2021 | Partnership certificate[484] | — | Passed | Signed | Yes | ||
Maniwa, Okayama | Japan | December 2021 | Partnership certificate[485] | — | Passed | Signed | Yes | ||
Tokigawa, Saitama | Japan | December 2021 | Partnership certificate[486] | — | Passed | Signed | Yes | ||
Zentsūji, Kagawa | Japan | December 2021 | Partnership certificate[487] | — | Passed | Signed | Yes | ||
Hakusan, Ishikawa | Japan | December 2021 | Partnership certificate[488] | — | Passed | Signed | Yes | ||
Funabashi, Chiba | Japan | December 2021 | Partnership certificate[489] | — | Passed | Signed | Yes | ||
Sōka, Saitama | Japan | December 2021 | Partnership certificate[490] | — | Passed | Signed | Yes | ||
Hannō, Saitama | Japan | January 2022 | Partnership certificate[491] | — | Passed | Signed | Yes | ||
Hidaka, Saittama | Japan | January 2021 | Partnership certificate[492] | — | Passed | Signed | Yes | ||
Kagoshima, Kagoshima | Japan | January 2022 | Partnership certificate[493] | — | Passed | Signed | Yes | ||
Mihara, Hiroshima | Japan | January 2022 | Partnership certificate[494] | — | Passed | Signed | Yes | ||
Gamagōri, Aichi | Japan | January 2022 | Partnership certificate[495] | — | Passed | Signed | Yes | ||
Ayase, Kanagawa | Japan | February 2022 | Partnership certificate[496] | — | Passed | Signed | Yes | ||
Ichikawa, Chiba | Japan | February 2022 | Partnership certificate[497] | — | Passed | Signed | Yes | ||
Samukawa, Kanagawa | Japan | February 2022 | Partnership certificate[498] | — | Passed | Signed | Yes | ||
Tama, Tokyo | Japan | February 2022 | Partnership certificate[499] | — | Passed | Signed | Yes | ||
Yoshikawa, Saitama | Japan | February 2022 | Partnership certificate[500] | — | Passed | Signed | Yes | ||
Aomori Prefecture | Japan | February 2022 | Partnership certificate[501] | — | Passed | Signed | Yes | ||
Ebetsu, Hokkaido | Japan | March 2022 | Partnership certificate[502] | — | Passed | Signed | Yes | ||
Mima, Tokushima | Japan | March 2022 | Partnership certificate[503] | — | Passed | Signed | Yes | ||
Fukaya, Saitama | Japan | March 2022 | Partnership certificate[504] | — | Passed | Signed | Yes | ||
Akita Prefecture | Japan | April 2022 | Partnership certificate[505] | — | Passed | Signed | Yes | ||
Fukuoka Prefecture | Japan | April 2022 | Partnership certificate[506] | — | Passed | Signed | Yes | ||
Aikawa, Kanagawa | Japan | April 2022 | Partnership certificate[507] | — | Passed | Signed | Yes | ||
Akita, Akita | Japan | April 2022 | Partnership certificate[508] | — | Passed | Signed | Yes | ||
Anan, Tokushima | Japan | April 2022 | Partnership certificate[509] | — | Passed | Signed | Yes | ||
Atsugi, Kanagawa | Japan | April 2022 | Partnership certificate[510] | — | Passed | Signed | Yes | ||
Ayagawa, Kagawa | Japan | April 2022 | Partnership certificate[511] | — | Passed | Signed | Yes | ||
Bungo-Ōno, Ōita | Japan | April 2022 | Partnership certificate[512] | — | Passed | Signed | Yes | ||
Ebina, Kanagawa | Japan | April 2022 | Partnership certificate[513] | — | Passed | Signed | Yes | ||
Fuchū, Hiroshima | Japan | April 2022 | Partnership certificate[514] | — | Passed | Signed | Yes | ||
Fujimi, Saitama | Japan | April 2022 | Partnership certificate[515] | — | Passed | Signed | Yes | ||
Fukuchiyama, Kyoto | Japan | April 2022 | Partnership certificate[516] | — | Passed | Signed | Yes | ||
Fukutsu, Fukuoka | Japan | April 2022 | Partnership certificate[517] | — | Passed | Signed | Yes | ||
Hakodate, Hokkaido | Japan | April 2022 | Partnership certificate[518] | — | Passed | Signed | Yes | ||
Hatoyama, Saitama | Japan | April 2022 | Partnership certificate[519] | — | Passed | Signed | Yes | ||
Hatsukaichi, Hiroshima | Japan | April 2022 | Partnership certificate[520] | — | Passed | Signed | Yes | ||
Himeji, Hyōgo | Japan | April 2022 | Partnership certificate[521] | — | Passed | Signed | Yes | ||
Hiratsuka, Kanagawa | Japan | April 2022 | Partnership certificate[522] | — | Passed | Signed | Yes | ||
Kadogawa, Miyazaki | Japan | April 2022 | Partnership certificate[523] | — | Passed | Signed | Yes | ||
Kaisei, Kanagawa | Japan | April 2022 | Partnership certificate[524] | — | Passed | Signed | Yes | ||
Kamikawa, Saitama | Japan | April 2022 | Partnership certificate[525] | — | Passed | Signed | Yes | ||
Kamisato, Saitama | Japan | April 2022 | Partnership certificate[526] | — | Passed | Signed | Yes | ||
Kan'onji, Kagawa | Japan | April 2022 | Partnership certificate[527] | — | Passed | Signed | Yes | ||
Kasaoka, Okayama | Japan | April 2022 | Partnership certificate[528] | — | Passed | Signed | Yes | ||
Kasuya, Fukuoka | Japan | April 2022 | Partnership certificate[529] | — | Passed | Signed | Yes | ||
Kita, Tokyo | Japan | April 2022 | Partnership certificate[530] | — | Passed | Signed | Yes | ||
Kitami, Hokkaido | Japan | April 2022 | Partnership certificate[531] | — | Passed | Signed | Yes | ||
Komagane, Nagano | Japan | April 2022 | Partnership certificate[532] | — | Passed | Signed | Yes | ||
Kosai, Shizuoka | Japan | April 2022 | Partnership certificate[533] | — | Passed | Signed | Yes | ||
Kotohira, Kagawa | Japan | April 2022 | Partnership certificate[534] | — | Passed | Signed | Yes | ||
Kumagaya, Saitama | Japan | April 2022 | Partnership certificate[535] | — | Passed | Signed | Yes | ||
Mannō, Kagawa | Japan | April 2022 | Partnership certificate[536] | — | Passed | Signed | Yes | ||
Misato-machi, Saitama | Japan | April 2022 | Partnership certificate[537] | — | Passed | Signed | Yes | ||
Miyashiro, Saitama | Japan | April 2022 | Partnership certificate[538] | — | Passed | Signed | Yes | ||
Musashino, Tokyo | Japan | April 2022 | Partnership certificate[539] | — | Passed | Signed | Yes | ||
Nakai, Kanagawa | Japan | April 2022 | Partnership certificate[540] | — | Passed | Signed | Yes | ||
Ninomiya, Kanagawa | Japan | April 2022 | Partnership certificate[541] | — | Passed | Signed | Yes | ||
Nogi, Tochigi | Japan | April 2022 | Partnership certificate[542] | — | Passed | Signed | Yes | ||
Ōiso, Kanagawa | Japan | April 2022 | Partnership certificate[543] | — | Passed | Signed | Yes | ||
Okazaki, Aichi | Japan | April 2022 | Partnership certificate[544] | — | Passed | Signed | Yes | ||
Saito, Miyazaki | Japan | April 2022 | Partnership certificate[545] | — | Passed | Signed | Yes | ||
Sanuki, Kagawa | Japan | April 2022 | Partnership certificate[546] | — | Passed | Signed | Yes | ||
Seki, Gifu | Japan | April 2022 | Partnership certificate[547] | — | Passed | Signed | Yes | ||
Shinshiro, Aichi | Japan | April 2022 | Partnership certificate[548] | — | Passed | Signed | Yes | ||
Shizuoka, Shizuoka | Japan | April 2022 | Partnership certificate[549] | — | Passed | Signed | Yes | ||
Tahara, Aichi | Japan | April 2022 | Partnership certificate[550] | — | Passed | Signed | Yes | ||
Takahama, Aichi | Japan | April 2022 | Partnership certificate[551] | — | Passed | Signed | Yes | ||
Taketa, Ōita | Japan | April 2022 | Partnership certificate[552] | — | Passed | Signed | Yes | ||
Tatsuno, Hyōgo | Japan | April 2022 | Partnership certificate[553] | — | Passed | Signed | Yes | ||
Utazu, Kagawa | Japan | April 2022 | Partnership certificate[554] | — | Passed | Signed | Yes | ||
Yamakita, Kanagawa | Japan | April 2022 | Partnership certificate[555] | — | Passed | Signed | Yes | ||
Yashio, Saitama | Japan | April 2022 | Partnership certificate[556] | — | Passed | Signed | Yes | ||
Yokoze, Saitama | Japan | April 2022 | Partnership certificate[557] | — | Passed | Signed | Yes | ||
Yoshimi, Saitama | Japan | April 2022 | Partnership certificate[558] | — | Passed | Signed | Yes | ||
Yoshioka, Gunma | Japan | April 2022 | Partnership certificate[559] | — | Passed | Signed | Yes | ||
Arakawa, Tokyo | Japan | April 2022 | Partnership certificate[560] | — | Passed | Signed | Yes | ||
Kasugai, Aichi | Japan | May 2022 | Partnership certificate[561] | — | Passed | Signed | Yes | ||
Hyūga, Miyazaki | Japan | June 2022 | Partnership certificate[562] | — | Passed | Signed | Yes | ||
Narashino, Chiba | Japan | June 2022 | Partnership certificate[563] | — | Passed | Signed | Yes | ||
Naruto, Tokushima | Japan | June 2022 | Partnership certificate[564] | — | Passed | Signed | Yes | ||
Sakaide, Kagawa | Japan | June 2022 | Partnership certificate[565] | — | Passed | Signed | Yes | ||
Tosashimizu, Kōchi | Japan | June 2022 | Partnership certificate[566] | — | Passed | Signed | Yes | ||
Fujimino, Saitama | Japan | July 2022 | Partnership certificate[567] | — | Passed | Signed | Yes | ||
Ibaraki, Osaka | Japan | July 2022 | Partnership certificate[568] | — | Passed | Signed | Yes | ||
Kiyokawa, Kanagawa | Japan | July 2022 | Partnership certificate[569] | — | Passed | Signed | Yes | ||
Sakaiminato, Tottori | Japan | July 2022 | Partnership certificate[570] | — | Passed | Signed | Yes | ||
Toyokawa, Aichi | Japan | July 2022 | Partnership certificate[571] | — | Passed | Signed | Yes | ||
Kikuchi, Kumamoto | Japan | July 2022 | Partnership certificate[572] | — | Passed | Signed | Yes | ||
Tochigi Prefecture | Japan | September 2022 | Partnership certificate[573] | — | Passed | Signed | Yes | ||
Ichinomiya, Aichi | Japan | September 2022 | Partnership certificate[574] | — | Passed | Signed | Yes | ||
Miki, Kagawa | Japan | September 2022 | Partnership certificate[575] | — | Passed | Signed | Yes | ||
Misato, Saitama | Japan | September 2022 | Partnership certificate[576] | — | Passed | Signed | Yes | ||
Sanjō, Niigata | Japan | September 2022 | Partnership certificate[577] | — | Passed | Signed | Yes | ||
Sano, Tochigi | Japan | September 2022 | Partnership certificate[578] | — | Passed | Signed | Yes | ||
Echizen, Fukui | Japan | October 2022 | Partnership certificate[579] | — | Passed | Signed | Yes | ||
Hashimoto, Wakayama | Japan | October 2022 | Partnership certificate[580] | — | Passed | Signed | Yes | ||
Kaita, Hiroshima | Japan | October 2022 | Partnership certificate[581] | — | Passed | Signed | Yes | ||
Kuroshio, Kōchi | Japan | October 2022 | Partnership certificate[582] | — | Passed | Signed | Yes | ||
Nasushiobara, Tochigi | Japan | October 2022 | Partnership certificate[583] | — | Passed | Signed | Yes | ||
Ōtawara, Tochigi | Japan | October 2022 | Partnership certificate[584] | — | Passed | Signed | Yes | ||
Setouchi, Okayama | Japan | October 2022 | Partnership certificate[585] | — | Passed | Signed | Yes | ||
Zama, Kanagawa | Japan | October 2022 | Partnership certificate[586] | — | Passed | Signed | Yes | ||
Toda, Saitama | Japan | October 2022 | Partnership certificate[587] | — | Passed | Signed | Yes | ||
Ikeda, Osaka | Japan | November 2022 | Partnership certificate[588] | — | Passed | Signed | Yes | ||
Tokyo Metropolis | Japan | November 2022 | Partnership certificate[589] | — | Passed | Signed | Yes | ||
Japan | time | Partnership certificate | — | Passed | Signed | Yes | |||
Japan | time | Partnership certificate | — | Passed | Signed | Yes | |||
Japan | time | Partnership certificate | — | Passed | Signed | Yes | |||
Japan | time | Partnership certificate | — | Passed | Signed | Yes | |||
Japan | time | Partnership certificate | — | Passed | Signed | Yes | |||
Japan | time | Partnership certificate | — | Passed | Signed | Yes | |||
Japan | time | Partnership certificate | — | Passed | Signed | Yes | |||
Japan | time | Partnership certificate | — | Passed | Signed | Yes | |||
Japan | time | Partnership certificate | — | Passed | Signed | Yes | |||
Japan | time | Partnership certificate | — | Passed | Signed | Yes | |||
Japan | time | Partnership certificate | — | Passed | Signed | Yes | |||
Japan | time | Partnership certificate | — | Passed | Signed | Yes | |||
Japan | time | Partnership certificate | — | Passed | Signed | Yes | |||
Japan | time | Partnership certificate | — | Passed | Signed | Yes | |||
Japan | time | Partnership certificate | — | Passed | Signed | Yes | |||
Japan | time | Partnership certificate | — | Passed | Signed | Yes | |||
Japan | time | Partnership certificate | — | Passed | Signed | Yes | |||
Japan | time | Partnership certificate | — | Passed | Signed | Yes | |||
Japan | time | Partnership certificate | — | Passed | Signed | Yes | |||
Japan | time | Partnership certificate | — | Passed | Signed | Yes | |||
Japan | time | Partnership certificate | — | Passed | Signed | Yes | |||
Japan | time | Partnership certificate | — | Passed | Signed | Yes | |||
Japan | time | Partnership certificate | — | Passed | Signed | Yes | |||
Japan | time | Partnership certificate | — | Passed | Signed | Yes | |||
Japan | time | Partnership certificate | — | Passed | Signed | Yes | |||
Japan | time | Partnership certificate | — | Passed | Signed | Yes | |||
Japan | time | Partnership certificate | — | Passed | Signed | Yes | |||
Japan | time | Partnership certificate | — | Passed | Signed | Yes | |||
Japan | time | Partnership certificate | — | Passed | Signed | Yes | |||
}
Sally Ride was the first American woman in space (and the third woman astronaut overall) and is the first known LGBTQ astronaut.[590] She was selected to be an astronaut in 1978 in NASA Astronaut Group 8, the first class of astronauts that included women.[591] She first flew to space as an astronaut on June 18, 1983 on the Space Shuttle Challenger as part of the STS-7 mission.[592] The mission included launching satellites.[593] Ride operated the robotic arm to launch and retrieve the Shuttle Pallet Satellite (SPAS-1) and was the first woman to operate the robotic arm.[594] The mission duration was 6 days, 2 hours, 23 minutes, and 59 seconds.[595] 97 orbits were completed.[596] She returned to space again on the Space Shuttle Challenger as part of the STS-41-G mission on October 5, 1984.[597] Multiple satellites were launched in this mission.[598] The mission duration was 8 days, 5 hours, 23 minutes, and 33 seconds.[599] 133 orbits were completed.[600] Her third scheduled spaceflight was to be STS-61-M, but this was cancelled due to the Challenger explosion.[601] Ride was not on the Space Shuttle Challenger when it exploded in 1986, but served on the Rogers Commission to investigate the incident.[602] She also served on the Columbia Accident Investigation Board[603]
Sally Ride married astronaut Steve Hawley in 1982 and divorced in 1987.[594] It was revealed in her obituary after passing away in 2012 from pancreatic cancer that her partner of 27 years was Tam O'Shaughnessy.[603] Ride and O'Shaughnessy co-founded Sally Ride Science, an organization created to inspire young people, especially girls in Science, Technology, Engineering, and Math (STEM).[604]
Wendy B. Lawrence was selected to be an astronaut in 1992 in NASA Astronaut Group 14.[605] She first flew to space from March 2-18, 1995 in the STS-67 Endeavor. In all four missions she flew, she served as a mission specialist. The mission involved studying ultraviolet radiation coming from hot stars and distant galaxies. The mission duration was 16 days, 15 hours, and 8 minutes[606] and 262 orbits were completed.[607] Her second flight was on the STS-86 Atlantis from September 25-October 6, 1997.[608] The Space Shuttle Atlantis docked at the Russian Mir space station, exchanged cargo and had an astronaut exchange.[609] Lawrence was assigned to replace C. Michael Foale after a health issue was discovered, however, the space suit for Russian space walks did not fit her, so her backup David A. Wolf took his place.[610][611] The mission duration was 10 days, 19 hours, and 20 minutes and 169 orbits were completed.[606] Her third flight was on the STS-91 Discovery from June 2-12, 1998. The STS-91 was the ninth and final Shuttle docking with Mir and the only docking from Discovery. The mission duration was 9 days, 19 hours, and 14 minutes, finishing 154 complete orbits, landing on orbit 155.[612][606] Her fourth and final flight was on the STS-114 Discovery. The STS-114 was the first spaceflight after the Columbia disaster and was deemed the "Return to Flight" mission.[613] The Discovery docked at the International Space Station and exchanged 11,000 pounds of cargo. The mission duration was 13 days, 21 hours, and 32 minutes; 219 orbits were completed.[606][614] She retired in 2006.[615]
Lawrence publicly came out while receiving the 2019 United States Naval Academy Distinguished Graduate Award. A video referencing her accomplishments said "Wendy is married to Cathy, and they live in Washington State.” Her spouse, Cathy Watson, was in the audience and in her thank you speech, she added “I want to acknowledge my spouse Cathy.”[615][616]
Anne McClain was selected to be an Astronaut by NASA in 2013 as part of NASA Astronaut Group 21.[617] She first flew to space aboard the Soyuz MS-11 as part of Expedition 58/59 on December 3, 2018, docking at the International Space Station. She served as flight engineer on both expeditions. The Expedition 59 crew completed experiments involving biotechnology, biology, earth science, physical science, recycling 3D-printed materials, and editing DNA in space for the first time.[617] She performed two EVA's (Extravehicular activity, or "spacewalks"). McClain's first EVA was on March 22, 2019 with Nick Hague replacing nickle-hydrogen batteries with lithium-ion batteries for the station's solar arrays. The spacewalk also cleared debris, securing tiebacks for the solar array blanket box, and stowed tools for the flex hose rotary coupler. The spacewalk was 6 hours and 39 minutes.[618] McClain was scheduled for another EVA with Christina Koch which would have been the first all-female spacewalk, but McClain was reassigned due to space suit sizing issues.[619] McClain's second EVA was with David Saint-Jacques and entailed relocating an adapter plate and replacing batteries. McClain's second spacewalk also included routing cables to establish a redundant path of power supply. The cables would expand the wireless communication outside the ISS complex and would enhance hardwired computer capabilities. McClain's second spacewalk had a duration of 6 hours and 30 minutes.[620] McClain spent 203 days, 15 hours, and 16 minutes in space with a total of 3,264 orbits completed.[621]
McClain married Summer Worden in 2014. McClain is step-mother to Worden's son. Worden filed for divorce in 2018 and the divorce was finalized in 2020.[622] On August 23, 2019, The New York Times reported that Worden filed a complaint against McClain at the Federal Trade Commission accusing her of illegally accessing financial information while she was working at the International Space Station.[623] This outed McClain making her the third known LGBTQ astronaut.[624] The claims were later found to be false and McClain was cleared.[623][625] On April 7, 2020, Worden received a two-count federal indictment from a federal grand jury on charges of making false statements to federal investigators and is currently awaiting trial.[626]
As of 2022, there have been at least three known LGBTQ astronauts, Sally Ride,[627] Wendy B. Lawrence,[628] and Anne McClain,[629] all three from the United States.
Image | Name Birth date |
Country | Comment | Missions (Launch date) |
---|---|---|---|---|
Sally Ride | United States | |||
Wendy B. Lawrence | United States | |||
Anne McClain | United States | |||
Sally Ride was the first American woman in space (and the third woman astronaut overall) and is the first known LGBTQ astronaut.[630] She was selected to be an astronaut in 1978 in NASA Astronaut Group 8, the first class of astronauts that included women.[631] She first flew to space as an astronaut on June 18, 1983 on the Space Shuttle Challenger as part of the STS-7 mission.[632] The mission included launching satellites.[633] Ride operated the robotic arm to launch and retrieve the Shuttle Pallet Satellite (SPAS-1) and was the first woman to operate the robotic arm.[634] The mission duration was 6 days, 2 hours, 23 minutes, and 59 seconds.[635] 97 orbits were completed.[636] She returned to space again on the Space Shuttle Challenger as part of the STS-41-G mission on October 5, 1984.[637] Multiple satellites were launched in this mission.[638] The mission duration was 8 days, 5 hours, 23 minutes, and 33 seconds.[639] 133 orbits were completed.[640] Her third scheduled spaceflight was to be STS-61-M, but this was cancelled due to the Challenger explosion.[641] Ride was not on the Space Shuttle Challenger when it exploded in 1986, but served on the Rogers Commission to investigate the incident.[642] She also served on the Columbia Accident Investigation Board[643]
Ride was very private about her personal life. Sally Ride married astronaut Steve Hawley in 1982 and divorced in 1987.[644] It was revealed in her obituary after passing away in 2012 from pancreatic cancer that her partner of 27 years was Tam O'Shaughnessy.[645] Ride and O'Shaughnessy co-founded Sally Ride Science, an organization created to inspire young people, especially girls in Science, Technology, Engineering, and Math (STEM).[646] Ride's sister, Bear Ride, also openly gay (and much more open) wrote in regard to her sister's orientation, "Sally didn't use labels. Sally had a very fundamental sense of privacy, it was just her nature, because we're Norwegians, through and through." Ride also did not share her cancer diagnosis publicly until her death.[647] "Most people did not know that Sally had a wonderfully loving relationship with Tam O'Shaughnessy for 27 years. Sally never hid her relationship with Tam. They were partners, business partners in Sally Ride Science, they wrote books together, and Sally's very close friends, of course, knew of their love for each other. We consider Tam a member of our family." "I hope the pancreatic cancer community is going to be absolutely thrilled that there's now this advocate that they didn't know about. And, I hope the GLBT community feels the same. I hope it makes it easier for kids growing up gay that they know that another one of their heroes was like them."[648] O'Shaughnessy said, “Sally didn’t want to be defined by the lesbian/gay label just as she didn’t want to be defined by a gender label,” “We both didn’t like categories, didn’t want to define ourselves by our sexuality.”[649] It was once revealed part of why they did not come out as they were concerned about losing sponsorships with Sally Ride Science or potential boycotts of the organization's science outreach to children by conservative parents.[650] Near the end of Ride's life, O'Shaughnessy asked Ride how much to share about their relationship at her celebration of life. Ride said, “I want you to decide. Whatever you want to say, how much you want to say, is fine with me.” Later, she added, “Being open about us might be very hard on NASA and the astronaut corps. But I’m OK with that. Whatever you think is right is fine with me.” Ride passed away a few days later and did not see the obituary Tam O'Shaughnessy wrote of her.[651] O’Shaughnessy said that though the decision was difficult, she said that coming out "was amazing … it was just so freeing." [652] Sally Ride was posthumously awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom and her life partner Tam O’Shaughnessy accepted the medal for her.[653]
Wendy B. Lawrence was selected to be an astronaut in 1992 in NASA Astronaut Group 14.[654] She first flew to space from March 2-18, 1995 in the STS-67 Endeavor. In all four missions she flew, she served as a mission specialist. The mission involved studying ultraviolet radiation coming from hot stars and distant galaxies. The mission duration was 16 days, 15 hours, and 8 minutes[655] and 262 orbits were completed.[656] Her second flight was on the STS-86 Atlantis from September 25-October 6, 1997.[657] The Space Shuttle Atlantis docked at the Russian Mir space station, exchanged cargo and had an astronaut exchange.[658] Lawrence was assigned to replace C. Michael Foale after a health issue was discovered, however, the space suit for Russian space walks did not fit her, so her backup David A. Wolf took his place.[659][660] The mission duration was 10 days, 19 hours, and 20 minutes and 169 orbits were completed.[661] Her third flight was on the STS-91 Discovery from June 2-12, 1998. The STS-91 was the ninth and final Shuttle docking with Mir and the only docking from Discovery. The mission duration was 9 days, 19 hours, and 14 minutes, finishing 154 complete orbits, landing on orbit 155.[662][663] Her fourth and final flight was on the STS-114 Discovery. The STS-114 was the first spaceflight after the Columbia disaster and was deemed the "Return to Flight" mission.[664] The Discovery docked at the International Space Station and exchanged 11,000 pounds of cargo. The mission duration was 13 days, 21 hours, and 32 minutes; 219 orbits were completed.[665][666] She retired in 2006.[667]
Lawrence publicly came out in December 2018 while receiving the United States Naval Academy Distinguished Graduate Award. A video referencing her accomplishments said "Wendy is married to Cathy, and they live in Washington State.” Her spouse was in the audience and in her thank you speech, she added “I want to acknowledge my spouse Cathy.”[668][669]
Anne McClain was selected to be an Astronaut by NASA in 2013 as part of NASA Astronaut Group 21.[670] She first flew to space aboard the Soyuz MS-11 as part of Expedition 58/59 on December 3, 2018, docking at the International Space Station. She served as flight engineer on both expeditions. The Expedition 59 crew completed experiments involving biotechnology, biology, earth science, physical science, recycling 3D-printed materials, and editing DNA in space for the first time.[671] She performed two EVA's (Extravehicular activity, or "spacewalks"). McClain's first EVA was on March 22, 2019 with Nick Hague replacing nickle-hydrogen batteries with lithium-ion batteries for the station's solar arrays. The spacewalk also cleared debris, securing tiebacks for the solar array blanket box, and stowed tools for the flex hose rotary coupler. The spacewalk was 6 hours and 39 minutes.[672] McClain was scheduled for another EVA with Christina Koch which would have been the first all-female spacewalk, but McClain was reassigned due to space suit sizing issues.[673] McClain's second EVA was with David Saint-Jacques and entailed relocating an adapter plate and replacing batteries. McClain's second spacewalk also included routing cables to establish a redundant path of power supply. The cables would expand the wireless communication outside the ISS complex and would enhance hardwired computer capabilities. McClain's second spacewalk had a duration of 6 hours and 30 minutes.[674] McClain spent 203 days, 15 hours, and 16 minutes in space with a total of 3,264 orbits completed.[675]
McClain married Summer Worden in 2014. McClain is step-mother to Worden's son. Worden filed for divorce in 2018 and the divorce was finalized in 2020.[676] On August 23, 2019, The New York Times reported that Worden filed a complaint against McClain at the Federal Trade Commission accusing her of illegally accessing financial information while she was working at the International Space Station.[677] This outed McClain making her the third known LGBTQ astronaut.[678] The claims were later found to be false and McClain was cleared.[679][680] On April 7, 2020, Worden received a two-count federal indictment from a federal grand jury on charges of making false statements to federal investigators and is currently awaiting trial.[681]
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