Dunhua

Dunhua (Chinese: 敦化; Korean: 돈화) is a county-level city of the Yanbian Korean Autonomous Prefecture in southeastern Jilin province, China. It has more than 480,000 inhabitants (as of 2002) and was the capital of Balhae between 742 and 756, known at the time as "Junggyeong". During the Qing dynasty it was called Áodōng (敖东) in Chinese and Odoli in Manchu.^{[citation needed]}

Dunhua 敦化市 · 돈화시
County-level city
Dunhua in 2013
Dunhua Location in Jilin province
Coordinates: 43°22′N 128°14′E
Country	China
Province	Jilin
Prefecture	Yanbian
Municipal seat	Minzhu Subdistrict
Area [1]
• County-level city	11,957.0 km2 (4,616.6 sq mi)
• Urban	116.00 km2 (44.79 sq mi)
Elevation	505 m (1,657 ft)
Population  (2020 census)[2]
• County-level city	392,486
• Density	33/km2 (85/sq mi)
• Urban	201,900
Time zone	UTC+8 (China Standard)
Postal code	133700
Area code	0433
Website	www.dunhua.gov.cn

Dunhua
Chinese	敦化市
Transcriptions Standard Mandarin Hanyu Pinyin Dūnhuà Shì
Chinese Korean name
Chosŏn'gŭl	돈화시
Hancha	敦化市
Transcriptions Revised Romanization Donhwa-si McCune–Reischauer Tonhwa-si
South Korean name
Hangul	둔화시
Transcriptions Revised Romanization Dunhwa Si McCune–Reischauer Tunhwa Si

Geography and climate

Dunhua is situated amongst the Changbai Mountains, its administrative area spanning 42°42′−44°30′ N latitude and 127°28′−129°13′ E longitude, reaching a maximal north–south extent of 200 km (124 mi) and east–west width of 142 km (88 mi). Its total area of 11,957 km² (4,617 sq mi) makes it, by area, the largest county-level city of the province.

Dunhua has a four-season, monsoon-influenced, humid continental climate (Köppen Dwb), with long, very cold winters, and short, but warm, humid summers. Spring and autumn constitute very short transitions with some, but usually not heavy, rainfall. The monthly 24-hour average temperature ranges from −16.2 °C (2.8 °F) in January to 20.2 °C (68.4 °F) in July, while the annual mean is 3.8 °C (38.8 °F) and a total precipitation of 633.7 mm (24.9 in), more than 60% of which falls from June through August.

Liuding Mountain is located 5 km south of Dunhua. The mountain is one of the AAAAA Tourist Attractions of China, and contains tombs from the Balhae kingdom, a large monastery and a 48 meter tall statue of the Buddha.^[3]

Climate data for Dunhua, elevation 525 m (1,722 ft), (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1971–2010)
Month	Jan	Feb	Mar	Apr	May	Jun	Jul	Aug	Sep	Oct	Nov	Dec	Year
Record high °C (°F)	5.6 (42.1)	12.7 (54.9)	18.3 (64.9)	29.0 (84.2)	32.4 (90.3)	34.5 (94.1)	36.4 (97.5)	33.3 (91.9)	29.2 (84.6)	28.3 (82.9)	20.2 (68.4)	8.4 (47.1)	36.4 (97.5)
Mean daily maximum °C (°F)	−8.8 (16.2)	−4.3 (24.3)	2.8 (37.0)	12.5 (54.5)	19.5 (67.1)	23.8 (74.8)	26.2 (79.2)	25.2 (77.4)	20.5 (68.9)	12.7 (54.9)	1.5 (34.7)	−6.8 (19.8)	10.4 (50.7)
Daily mean °C (°F)	−15.6 (3.9)	−11.1 (12.0)	−3.2 (26.2)	6.0 (42.8)	12.9 (55.2)	17.9 (64.2)	20.9 (69.6)	19.9 (67.8)	13.8 (56.8)	5.7 (42.3)	−4.2 (24.4)	−12.8 (9.0)	4.2 (39.5)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F)	−21.1 (−6.0)	−17.2 (1.0)	−8.9 (16.0)	−0.1 (31.8)	6.6 (43.9)	12.5 (54.5)	16.5 (61.7)	15.5 (59.9)	8.1 (46.6)	−0.2 (31.6)	−9.1 (15.6)	−17.9 (−0.2)	−1.3 (29.7)
Record low °C (°F)	−35.9 (−32.6)	−33.9 (−29.0)	−26.8 (−16.2)	−13.7 (7.3)	−9.6 (14.7)	1.4 (34.5)	7.4 (45.3)	3.0 (37.4)	−6.0 (21.2)	−19.3 (−2.7)	−31.5 (−24.7)	−34.1 (−29.4)	−35.9 (−32.6)
Average precipitation mm (inches)	4.7 (0.19)	8.6 (0.34)	17.4 (0.69)	28.9 (1.14)	70.6 (2.78)	100.4 (3.95)	145.1 (5.71)	134.8 (5.31)	65.7 (2.59)	30.0 (1.18)	18.1 (0.71)	7.1 (0.28)	631.4 (24.87)
Average precipitation days (≥ 0.1 mm)	4.8	5.0	7.6	8.6	14.1	15.0	15.3	14.4	9.6	8.5	8.4	7.2	118.5
Average snowy days	9.1	8.5	10.5	5.5	0.4	0	0	0	0.1	3.1	10.2	10.4	57.8
Average relative humidity (%)	65	60	57	53	60	71	78	80	74	64	65	67	66
Mean monthly sunshine hours	161.3	178.0	207.2	203.3	219.1	207.0	187.7	182.6	200.6	185.8	145.7	143.2	2,221.5
Percentage possible sunshine	55	60	56	50	48	45	41	43	54	55	51	52	51
Source 1: China Meteorological Administration[4][5]
Source 2: Weather China[6]

Administrative divisions

Dunhua has four subdistricts, 11 towns, and five townships.^[7][8]

Name	Simplified Chinese	Hanyu Pinyin	Korean	McCune–Reischauer	Administrative division code
Subdistricts
Bohai Subdistrict	渤海街道	Bóhǎi jiēdào	발해가도	palhae kato	222403001
Shengli Subdistrict	胜利街道	Shènglì jiēdào	승리가도	sŭngri kato	222403002
Minzhu Subdistrict	民主街道	Mínzhǔ jiēdào	민주가도	minchu kato	222403003
Danjiang Subdistrict	丹江街道	Dānjiāng jiēdào	단강가도	minchu kato	222403004
Towns
Dashitou	大石头镇	Dàshítóu zhèn	대석두진	taesŏktu chin	222403100
Huangnihe	黄泥河镇	Huángníhé zhèn	황니하진	hwangniha chin	222403101
Guandi	官地镇	Guāndì zhèn	관지진	kwanchi chin	222403102
Shaheyan	沙河沿镇	Shāhéyán zhèn	사하연진	sahayŏn chin	222403103
Qiuligou	秋梨沟镇	Qiūlígōu zhèn	추리구진	ch'uriku chin	222403104
Aegmog	额穆镇	Émù zhèn	액목진	aekmok chin	222403105
Xianru	贤儒镇	Xiánrú zhèn	현유진	hyŏnyu chin	222403106
Dapuchaihe	大蒲柴河镇	Dàpúcháihé zhèn	대푸채하진	taep'uch'aeha chin	222403107
Yanminghu	雁鸣湖镇	Yànmínghú zhèn	안명호진	anmyŏngho chin	222403108
Jiangyuan	江源镇	Jiāngyuán zhèn	강원진	kangwŏn chin	222403109
Jiangnan	江南镇	Jiāngnán zhèn	강남진	kangnam chin	222403110
Townships
Daqiao Township	大桥乡	Dàqiáo xiāng	대교향	taekyo hyang	222403200
Heishi Township	黑石乡	Hēishí xiāng	흑석향	hŭksŏk hyang	222403201
Qinggouzi Township	青沟子乡	Qīnggōuzi xiāng	청구자향	ch'ŏngkucha hyang	222403202
Hanzhang Township	翰章乡	Hànzhāng xiāng	한장향	hanchang hyang	222403203
Hongshi Township	红石乡	Hóngshí xiāng	홍석향	hongsŏk hyang	222403204

Sister cities

• * Dongjak-gu, Seoul of South Korea (1968)^[9]