Jakarta

For other uses, see Jakarta (disambiguation).

Jakarta^[c] (/dʒəˈkɑːrtə/; Indonesian pronunciation: [dʒaˈkarta] ^ⓘ, Betawi: Jakartè), officially the Special Capital Region of Jakarta^[12] (Indonesian: Daerah Khusus Ibukota Jakarta, abbreviated to DKI Jakarta) and formerly known as Batavia until 1949, is the de jure capital and largest city of Indonesia. Lying on the northwest coast of Java, the world's most populous island, Jakarta is the largest metropole in Southeast Asia and serves as the diplomatic capital of ASEAN. The Special Capital Region has a status equivalent to that of a province and is bordered by two other provinces: West Java to the south and east; and (since 2000, when it was separated from West Java) Banten to the west. Its coastline faces the Java Sea to the north, and it shares a maritime border with Lampung to the west. Jakarta's metropolitan area is ASEAN's second largest economy after Singapore. In 2023, the city's GDP PPP was estimated at US$724.010 billion.

Jakarta
Special Capital Region
Special Capital Region of Jakarta Daerah Khusus Ibukota Jakarta
Skyline of the Golden Triangle of Jakarta Car free day at Bundaran HI The pagoda at PIK National Museum of Indonesia Merdeka Palace Jakarta Old Town The flame of Monas
Coat of arms Wordmark
Nicknames:  The Big Durian New York Van Java J-Town[1]
Motto(s):  Jaya Raya (Sanskrit) "Victorious and Great" Slogan: Sukses Jakarta untuk Indonesia[a] "Jakarta's Success for Indonesia"
Interactive map outlining Jakarta (parts of Thousand Islands not visible)
Jakarta Location in Java Show map of Java Jakarta Location in Indonesia Show map of Indonesia Jakarta Location in Southeast Asia Show map of Southeast Asia Jakarta Location in Asia Show map of Asia
Coordinates: 6°10′30″S 106°49′39″E
Country	Indonesia
Region	Java
Administrative cities and regencies	List Central Jakarta North Jakarta South Jakarta West Jakarta East Jakarta Thousand Islands
First settled	400 BC (Buni culture)
First mentioned	358; 1666 years ago (358) (Tugu inscription)
Founded	22 June 1527; 497 years ago (1527-06-22)[3]
Established as Batavia	30 May 1619; 405 years ago (1619-05-30)[4]
City status	4 March 1621; 403 years ago (1621-03-04)[3]
Province status	28 August 1961; 63 years ago (1961-08-28)[3]
Capital	Central Jakarta (de facto)[b]
Government
• Type	Special administrative area
• Body	Special Capital Region of Jakarta Provincial Government
• Governor	Teguh Setyabudi (acting)
• Vice Governor	Vacant
• Legislature	Jakarta Regional People's Representative Council
Area
• Special Capital Region	660.982 km2 (255.207 sq mi)
• Urban	3,546 km2 (547.16 sq mi)
• Metro	7,076.31 km2 (2,732.18 sq mi)
• Rank	38th in Indonesia
Elevation	8 m (26 ft)
Population  (2023)[5]
• Special Capital Region	11,350,328
• Rank	6th in Indonesia
• Density	17,000/km2 (44,000/sq mi)
• Urban [6]	35,386,000
• Urban density	10,000/km2 (65,000/sq mi)
• Metro [7]	32,594,159
• Metro density	4,600/km2 (12,000/sq mi)
Demonym	Jakartan
Demographics
• Ethnic groups	List 36.17% Javanese 28.29% Betawi 14.61% Sundanese 6.62% Chinese 3.42% Batak 2.85% Minangkabau 0.96% Malay 7.08% others
• Religion (2022)[8]	List 83.83% Islam 8.56% Protestantism 3.89% Catholicism 3.50% Buddhism 0.18% Hinduism 0.015% Confucianism 0.004% Folk religion
GDP [9][10]
• Special Capital Region	Rp 3,442.98 trillion US$ 225.88 billion Int$ 724.01 billion (PPP)
• Per capita	Rp 322.62 million US$ 21,166 Int$ 67,842 (PPP)
• Metro	Rp 6,404.70 trillion US$ 420.192 billion Int$ 1.346 trillion (PPP)
Time zone	UTC+07:00 (Indonesia Western Time)
Postal codes	10110–14540, 19110–19130
Area code	+62 21
ISO 3166 code	ID-JK
Vehicle registration	B
HDI (2023)	0.836[11] (1st) – very high
Website	jakarta.go.id

Jakarta is the economic, cultural, and political centre of Indonesia. Although Jakarta extends over only 661.23 km² (255.30 sq mi) and thus has the smallest area of any Indonesian province, its metropolitan area covers 7,076.31 km² (2,732.18 sq mi), which includes the satellite cities of Bogor, Depok, Tangerang, South Tangerang, and Bekasi, and has an estimated population of 32.6 million as of 2022^[update], making it the largest urban area in Indonesia and the second-largest in the world (after Tokyo). Jakarta ranks first among the Indonesian provinces in the human development index. Jakarta's business and employment opportunities, along with its ability to offer a potentially higher standard of living compared to other parts of the country, have attracted migrants from across the Indonesian archipelago, making it a melting pot of numerous cultures.

Jakarta is one of the oldest continuously inhabited cities in Southeast Asia. Established in the fourth century as Sunda Kelapa, the city became an important trading port for the Sunda Kingdom. At one time, it was the de facto capital of the Dutch East Indies, when it was known as Batavia. Jakarta was officially a city within West Java until 1960 when its official status was changed to a province with special capital region distinction. As a province, its government consists of five administrative cities and one administrative regency. Jakarta is an alpha world city and the ASEAN secretariat's seat. Financial institutions such as the Bank of Indonesia, Indonesia Stock Exchange, and corporate headquarters of numerous Indonesian companies and multinational corporations are located in the city.

Jakarta's main challenges include rapid urban growth, ecological breakdown, air pollution, gridlocked traffic, congestion, and flooding due to subsidence (sea level rise is relative, not absolute). Part of North Jakarta is sinking up to 17 cm (6.7 inches) annually, meanwhile the southern part is relatively safe. This has made the northern part of the city more prone to flooding and one of the fastest-sinking capitals in the world. In response to these challenges, in August 2019, President Joko Widodo announced plans to move the capital from Jakarta to the planned city of Nusantara, in the province of East Kalimantan on the island of Borneo. The MPR approved the move on 18 January 2022. The Indonesian government is not abandoning Jakarta after announcing plans to move the country's capital, its planning minister said, pledging to spend US$40 billion, which is more than the cost to build Nusantara, to save the city in the next decade.^[13]

Name

Jakarta has been home to multiple settlements. Below is the list of names used during its existence:

• Buni people (400 BC–500 AD)
• Sundapura (358–669)
• Sunda Kelapa (669–1527)
• Jayakarta (1527–1619)
• Batavia (1619–1949)
• Djakarta (1942–1972)
• Jakarta (1972–present)

The Buni people is a prehistoric clay pottery culture that flourished in coastal northern West Java, Jakarta and Banten around 400 BC to 100 AD^{[14][page needed]} and survived until 500 AD.

Sundapura are the earliest Sundanese records in the western part of the archipelago. The geographical position of coastal West Java, which corresponds to today modern Jakarta, is a commanding region that controls the Sunda Strait. This location is strategic in regard to Sumatra, and also its connection to Asian continent of India and China.

After fall of the Tarumanegara, the name of city was change to 'Sunda Kelapa' or 'Coconut of Sunda', growing to be the main harbour for the Sunda Kingdom, due to its desirable location.^[15][16]

The name 'Jakarta' is derived from the word Jayakarta (Devanagari: जयकर्त) which is ultimately derived from the Sanskrit जय jaya (victorious),^[17] and कृत krta (accomplished, acquired),^[18] thus Jayakarta translates as 'victorious deed', 'complete act' or 'complete victory'. It was named for the Muslim troops of Fatahillah which successfully defeated and drove the Portuguese away from the city in 1527, eventually renaming it 'Jayakarta'.^[19] Tomé Pires, a Portuguese apothecary, wrote the name of the city in his magnum opus as Jacatra or Jacarta^[20] during his journey to the East Indies.

After the Dutch East India Company took over the area in 1619, they renamed it to 'Batavia', after the Batavi, a Germanic tribe who were seen as the ancestors of the Dutch. The city was then also known as Koningin van het Oosten (Queen of the Orient), a name that was given for the urban beauty of downtown Batavia's canals, mansions and ordered city layout.^[21] After expanding to the south in the 19th century, this nickname came to be more associated with the suburbs (e.g. Menteng and the area around Merdeka Square), with their wide lanes, green spaces and villas.^[22] During the Japanese occupation, the city was renamed as Jakaruta Tokubetsu-shi (ジャカルタ特別市, Jakarta Special City).^[15] After the Japanese surrender, the name was changed to 'Jakarta'.^[15]

History

Main article: History of Jakarta

For a chronological guide, see Timeline of Jakarta.

Precolonial era

Further information: Sunda Kelapa

Luso-Sundanese padrão, a monument with a cross of the Order of Christ, commemorating a treaty between Portugal and Hindu Sunda kingdoms

The north coast area of western Java including Jakarta was the location of prehistoric Buni culture that flourished from 400 BC to 100 AD.^[23] The area in and around modern Jakarta was part of the 4th-century Sundanese kingdom of Tarumanagara, one of the oldest Hindu kingdoms in Indonesia.^[24] The area of North Jakarta around Tugu became a populated settlement in the early 5th century. The Tugu inscription (probably written around 417 AD) discovered in Batutumbuh hamlet, Tugu village, Koja, North Jakarta, mentions that King Purnawarman of Tarumanagara undertook hydraulic projects; the irrigation and water drainage project of the Chandrabhaga river and the Gomati river near his capital.^[25] Following the decline of Tarumanagara, its territories, including the Jakarta area, became part of the Hindu Kingdom of Sunda. From the 7th to the early 13th century, the port of Sunda was under the Srivijaya maritime empire. According to the Chinese source, Chu-fan-chi, written circa 1225, Chou Ju-kua reported in the early 13th century that Srivijaya still ruled Sumatra, the Malay peninsula, and western Java (Sunda).^[26] The source says the port of Sunda is strategic and thriving, mentioning pepper from Sunda as among the best in quality. The people worked in agriculture, and their houses were built on wooden piles.^[27] The harbour area became known as Sunda Kelapa (Sundanese: ᮞᮥᮔ᮪ᮓ ᮊᮨᮜᮕ) and by the 14th century, it was an important trading port for the Sunda Kingdom.

The first European fleet, four Portuguese ships from Malacca, arrived in 1513 while looking for a route to obtain spices.^[28] The Sunda Kingdom made an alliance treaty with the Portuguese by allowing them to build a port in 1522 to defend against the rising power of Demak Sultanate from central Java.^[19] In 1527, Fatahillah, a Pasai-born military commander of Demak attacked and conquered Sunda Kelapa, driving out the Portuguese. Sunda Kelapa was renamed Jayakarta,^[19] and became a fiefdom of the Banten Sultanate, which became a major Southeast Asian trading centre.

Through the relationship with Prince Jayawikarta of the Banten Sultanate, Dutch ships arrived in 1596. In 1602, an English East India Company (EIC) voyage led by Sir James Lancaster arrived in Aceh and sailed on to Banten, where they were allowed to build a trading post. This site became the centre of English trade in the Indonesian archipelago until 1682.^[29] Jayawikarta is thought to have made trading connections with the English merchants, who were rivals with the Dutch, by allowing them to build houses directly across from the Dutch buildings in 1615.^[28]

Colonial era

See also: Batavia, Dutch East Indies and List of colonial buildings and structures in Jakarta

The City Hall of Batavia (Stadhuis van Batavia), the seat of the governor-general of the VOC in the late 18th century by Johannes Rach c. 1770. The building now houses the Jakarta History Museum, Jakarta Old Town

When relations between Prince Jayawikarta and the Dutch deteriorated, his soldiers attacked the Dutch fortress. His army and their EIC allies, however, were defeated by the Dutch, in part owing to the timely arrival of Jan Pieterszoon Coen. The Dutch burned the EIC trading post and forced them to retreat to their ships. The victory consolidated Dutch power, and they renamed the city Batavia in 1619.

Commercial opportunities in the city attracted native and especially Chinese and Arab immigrants. This sudden population increase created burdens on the city. Tensions grew as the colonial government tried to restrict Chinese migration through deportations. Following a revolt, 5,000 Chinese were massacred by the Dutch and natives on 9 October 1740, and the following year, Chinese inhabitants were moved to Glodok outside the city walls.^[30] At the beginning of the 19th century, around 400 Arabs and Moors lived in Batavia, a number that changed little during the following decades. Among the commodities traded were fabrics, mainly imported cotton, batik and clothing worn by Arab communities.^[31]

Coat of Arms of Batavia during Dutch colonial era, granted in 1930

The city began to expand further south as epidemics in 1835 and 1870 forced residents to move away from the port. The Koningsplein, now Merdeka Square was completed in 1818, the housing park of Menteng was started in 1913,^[32] and Kebayoran Baru was the last Dutch-built residential area.^[30] By 1930, Batavia had more than 500,000 inhabitants,^[33] including 37,067 Europeans.^[34] The city was expanded in 1935 through the annexation of the town of Meester Cornelis, modern Jatinegara.^[35]

On 5 March 1942, the Japanese captured Batavia from Dutch control, and the city was named Jakarta (Jakarta Special City (ジャカルタ特別市, Jakaruta tokubetsu-shi), under the special status that was assigned to the city). After the war, the Dutch name Batavia was internationally recognised until full Indonesian independence on 27 December 1949. The city, now renamed Jakarta, was officially proclaimed the national capital of Indonesia.

Independence era

Sukarno reading Proclamation of Indonesian Independence at Jalan Pegangsaan Timur Number 56 at Menteng

After World War II ended, Indonesian nationalists declared independence on 17 August 1945,^[36] and the government of Jakarta City was changed into the Jakarta National Administration in the following month. During the Indonesian National Revolution, Indonesian Republicans withdrew from Allied-occupied Jakarta and established their capital in Yogyakarta.

After securing full independence, Jakarta again became the national capital in 1950.^[30] With Jakarta selected to host the 1962 Asian Games, Sukarno, envisaging Jakarta as a great international city, instigated large government-funded projects with openly nationalistic and modernist architecture.^[37] Projects included a cloverleaf interchange, a major boulevard (Jalan MH Thamrin-Sudirman), monuments such as The National Monument, Hotel Indonesia, a shopping centre, and a new building intended to be the headquarters of CONEFO. In October 1965, Jakarta was the site of an abortive coup attempt in which six top generals were killed, precipitating a violent anti-communist purge which killed at least 500,000 people, including some ethnic Chinese.^[38] The event marked the beginning of Suharto's New Order. The first government was led by a mayor until the end of 1960 when the office was changed to that of a governor. The last mayor of Jakarta was Soediro until he was replaced by Soemarno Sosroatmodjo as governor.

In 1966, Jakarta was declared a 'special capital region' (Daerah Khusus Ibukota), with a status equivalent to that of a province.^[39] Based on law No. 5 of 1974 relating to regional governments, the Jakarta Special Capital Region was confirmed as the capital of Indonesia and one of the country's then 26 provinces.^[40] Lieutenant General Ali Sadikin served as governor from 1966 to 1977; he rehabilitated roads and bridges, encouraged the arts, and built hospitals and a large number of schools. He cleared out slum dwellers for new development projects — some for the benefit of the Suharto family,^[41]— and attempted to eliminate rickshaws and ban street vendors. He began control of migration to the city to stem overcrowding and poverty.^[42] Foreign investment contributed to a real estate boom that transformed the face of Jakarta.^[43] The boom ended with the 1997 Asian financial crisis, putting Jakarta at the centre of violence, protest, and political maneuvering.

After three decades in power, support for President Suharto began to wane. Tensions peaked when four students were shot dead at Trisakti University by security forces. Four days of riots and violence in 1998 ensued that killed an estimated 1,200, and destroyed or damaged 6,000 buildings, forcing Suharto to resign.^[44] Much of the rioting targeted Chinese Indonesians.^[45] In the post-Suharto era, Jakarta has remained the focal point of democratic change in Indonesia.^[46] Jemaah Islamiyah-connected bombings occurred almost annually in the city between 2000 and 2005,^[30] with another in 2009.^[47] In August 2007, Jakarta held its first-ever election to choose a governor as part of a nationwide decentralisation program that allows direct local elections in several areas. Previously, governors were elected by the city's legislative body.^[48]

During the Jokowi presidency, the Government adopted a plan to move Indonesia's capital to Nusantara after 17 August 2024,^[49] but this has not occurred due to delays.^[50]

Between 2016 and 2017, a series of terrorist attacks rocked Jakarta with scenes of multiple suicide bombings and gunfire. Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi claimed responsibility for the attacks on behalf of Islamic State.

Geography

Main articles: Floods in Jakarta, Jakarta Flood Canal, and Giant Sea Wall Jakarta

Panorama of Jakarta as seen from the Monas in a full 360-degree view (river flowing from south-west to north-east, left to right)

Jakarta covers 661.23 km² (255.30 sq mi), the smallest among any Indonesian provinces. However, its metropolitan area covers 6,392 km² (2,468 sq mi), which extends into the two bordering provinces of West Java and Banten.^[51] The Greater Jakarta area includes three bordering regencies (Bekasi Regency, Tangerang Regency and Bogor Regency) and five adjacent cities (Bogor, Depok, Bekasi, Tangerang and South Tangerang).

Ancol beach, situated in Jakarta bay

Jakarta is situated on the northwest coast of Java, at the mouth of the Ciliwung River on Jakarta Bay, an inlet of the Java Sea. It is strategically located near the Sunda Strait. The northern part of Jakarta is plain land, some areas of which are below sea level,^[52] and subject to frequent flooding. The southern parts of the city are hilly. It is one of only two Asian capital cities located in the southern hemisphere (along with East Timor's Dili). Officially, the area of the Jakarta Special District is 661.23 km² (255 sq mi) of land area and 6,977 km² (2,694 sq mi) of sea area.^[53] The Thousand Islands, which are administratively a part of Jakarta, are located in Jakarta Bay, north of the city.

Jakarta lies in a low and flat alluvial plain, ranging from −2 to 91 m (−7 to 299 ft) with an average elevation of 8 m (26 ft) above sea level with historically extensive swampy areas. Some parts of the city have been constructed on reclaimed tidal flats that occur around the area.^[54] Thirteen rivers flow through Jakarta. They are Ciliwung River, Kalibaru, Pesanggrahan, Cipinang, Angke, Maja, Mookervart, Krukut, Buaran, West Tarum, Cakung, Petukangan, Sunter River and Grogol River.^[55][56] They flow from the Puncak highlands to the south of the city, then across the city northwards towards the Java Sea. The Ciliwung River divides the city into the western and eastern districts. These rivers, combined with the wet season rains and insufficient drainage due to clogging, make Jakarta prone to flooding.

Moreover, Jakarta is sinking about 5 to 10 cm (2.0 to 3.9 in) each year, and up to 20 cm (7.9 in) in the northern coastal areas. After a feasibility study, a ring dyke known as Giant Sea Wall Jakarta is under construction around Jakarta Bay to help cope with the threat from the sea. The dyke will be equipped with a pumping system and retention areas to defend against seawater and function as a toll road. The project is expected to be completed by 2025.^[57] In January 2014, the central government agreed to build two dams in Ciawi, Bogor and a 1.2 km (0.75 mi) tunnel from Ciliwung River to Cisadane River to ease flooding in the city.^[58] Nowadays, a 1.2 km (0.75 mi), with capacity 60 m³ (2,100 cu ft) per second, underground water tunnel between Ciliwung River and the East Flood Canal is being worked on to ease the Ciliwung River overflows.^[59] In 2023, the New York Times reported that in some places Jakarta is sinking up to 12 inches (30 cm) annually.^[60]

Environmental advocates point out that subsidence is driven by the extraction of groundwater, much of it illegal. Furthermore, the government's lack of strict regulation amplifies the issue as many recently built high-rise buildings, corporations, and factories around Jakarta opt for illegally extracting groundwater. In fact, in a recent inspection of 80 buildings in Jalan Thamrin, a busy road lined with skyscrapers and shopping malls, 56 buildings had a groundwater pump, and 33 were pumping groundwater illegally.^[61] This could be halted by stopping extraction (as the city of Tokyo has done), increasing efficiency, and finding other sources for water use. Moreover, increasing regulation through higher taxes or limiting groundwater pumping has proven to help cities like Shanghai, Tokyo, and San Jose relieve their subsidence issue.^[62] The rivers of Jakarta are highly polluted and currently unsuitable for drinking water.^[63]

Jakarta, faces significant air pollution, particularly during the dry season from August to December. Dry air during this period allows pollutants to remain suspended in the atmosphere for extended periods, contributing to poor air quality.^[64][65]

Architecture

See also: Colonial architecture in Jakarta, List of tallest buildings in Jakarta, and Golden Triangle of Jakarta

Rumah Kebaya built with Betawi architecture at Taman Mini Indonesia Indah

Jakarta has architecturally significant buildings spanning distinct historical and cultural periods. Architectural styles reflect Malay, Sundanese, Javanese, Arabic, Chinese, and Dutch influences.^[66] External influences inform the architecture of the Betawi house. The houses were built of nangka wood (Artocarpus integrifolia) and comprised three rooms. The shape of the roof is reminiscent of the traditional Javanese joglo.^[67] Additionally, the number of registered cultural heritage buildings has increased.^[68]

Colonial buildings and structures include those that were constructed during the colonial period. The dominant colonial styles can be divided into three periods: the Dutch Golden Age (17th to late 18th century), the transitional style period (late 18th century – 19th century), and Dutch modernism (20th century). Colonial architecture is apparent in houses and villas, churches, civic buildings, and offices, mostly concentrated in the Jakarta Old Town and Central Jakarta. Architects such as J.C. Schultze and Eduard Cuypers designed some of the significant buildings. Schultze's works include Jakarta Art Building, the Indonesia Supreme Court Building and Ministry of Finance Building, while Cuypers designed Bank Indonesia Museum and Mandiri Museum. In the early 20th century, most buildings were built in Neo-Renaissance style. By the 1920s, the architectural taste had begun to shift in favour of rationalism and modernism, particularly art deco architecture. The elite suburb Menteng, developed during the 1910s, was the city's first attempt at creating ideal and healthy housing for the middle class. The original houses had a longitudinal organisation, with overhanging eaves, large windows, and open ventilation, all practical features for a tropical climate.^[69] These houses were developed by N.V. de Bouwploeg, and established by P.A.J. Moojen.

Autograph Tower, in post-modernist architecture, also and tallest in Jakarta and Indonesia since 2022

After independence, the process of nation-building in Indonesia and demolishing the memory of colonialism was as important as the symbolic building of arterial roads, monuments, and government buildings. The National Monument in Jakarta, designed by Sukarno, is Indonesia's beacon of nationalism. In the early 1960s, Jakarta provided highways and super-scale cultural monuments as well as Senayan Sports Stadium. The parliament building features a hyperbolic roof reminiscent of German rationalist and Corbusian design concepts.^[70] Built-in 1996, Wisma 46 soars to a height of 262 m (860 ft) and its nib-shaped top celebrates technology and symbolises stereoscopy.

The urban construction boom continued during the 21st century. The Golden Triangle of Jakarta is one of the fastest evolving CBD's in the Asia-Pacific region.^[71] According to CTBUH and Emporis, there are 88 skyscrapers that reach or exceed 150 m (490 ft), which puts the city in the top 10 of world rankings.^[72] It has more buildings taller than 150 metres than any other Southeast Asian or Southern Hemisphere cities.

Landmarks

Most landmarks, monuments, and statues in Jakarta were begun in the 1960s during the Sukarno era, then completed in the Suharto era, while some date from the colonial period. Although many of the projects were completed after his presidency, Sukarno, who was an architect, is credited for planning Jakarta's monuments and landmarks, as he desired the city to be the beacon of a powerful new nation. Among the monumental projects that were built, initiated, and planned during his administration are the National Monument, Istiqlal mosque, the Legislature Building, and the Gelora Bung Karno stadium. Sukarno also built many nationalistic monuments and statues in the capital city.^[73]

Monas, the symbol of Jakarta

The most famous landmark, which became the symbol of the city, is the 132 m-tall (433 ft) obelisk of the National Monument (Monumen Nasional or Monas) in the centre of Merdeka Square. On its southwest corner stands a Mahabharata-themed Arjuna Wijaya chariot statue and fountain. Further south through Jalan M.H. Thamrin, one of the main avenues, the Selamat Datang monument stands on the fountain in the centre of the Hotel Indonesia roundabout. Other landmarks include the Istiqlal Mosque, Jakarta Cathedral, and the Immanuel Church. The former Batavia Stadhuis, Sunda Kelapa port in Jakarta Old Town is another landmark. The Autograph Tower in Central Jakarta, at 382.9 metres is the tallest building in Indonesia. The most recent landmark built is the Jakarta International Stadium.

Some of the statues and monuments are nationalist, such as the West Irian Liberation Monument, the Tugu Tani, the Youth statue, and the Dirgantara Monument. Some statues commemorate Indonesian national heroes, such as the Diponegoro and Kartini statues in Merdeka Square. The Sudirman and Thamrin statues are located on the streets bearing their names. There is also a statue of Sukarno and Hatta at the Proclamation Monument as well as at the entrance to Soekarno–Hatta International Airport.

Parks and public spaces

Ragunan Zoo Park is the largest urban park in Jakarta and the second-largest zoo in the world

In June 2011, Jakarta had only 10.5% green open spaces (Ruang Terbuka Hijau), although this grew to 13.94%. Public parks are included in public green open spaces.^[74] There are about 300 integrated child-friendly public spaces (RPTRA) in the city in 2019.^[75] As of 2014, 183 water reservoirs and lakes supported the greater Jakarta area.^[76]

• Merdeka Square (Medan Merdeka) is an almost 1 km² field housing the symbol of Jakarta, Monas or Monumen Nasional (National Monument). Until 2000, it was the world's largest city square. The square was created by Dutch Governor-General Herman Willem Daendels (1810) and was originally named Koningsplein (King's Square). On 10 January 1993, President Soeharto started the beautification of the square. Features include a deer park and 33 trees that represent the 33 provinces of Indonesia.^[77]
• Ancol Dreamland is the largest integrated tourism area in Southeast Asia. It is located along the bay, at Ancol in North Jakarta.
• Lapangan Banteng (Buffalo Field) is located in Central Jakarta near Istiqlal Mosque, Jakarta Cathedral, and Jakarta Central Post Office. It covers about 4.5 hectares. Initially, it was called Waterlooplein and functioned as a ceremonial square during the colonial period. During the Sukarno era, colonial buildings and memorials that were erected in the square during the colonial period were destroyed and the most famous monument in this square is the West Irian Liberation Monument.^[78]
• Jakarta History Museum describes the history of the city of Jakarta. This museum is located on the south side of Fatahillah Square (former Batavia city square) near Wayang Museum and the Fine Art and Ceramic Museum.^[79]
• Taman Mini Indonesia Indah (Miniature Park of Indonesia), in East Jakarta, has ten mini-parks.
• National Gallery of Indonesia is an art gallery and museum in Jakarta, Indonesia. This art gallery was established as a cultural institution in the field of fine arts on 8 May 1999. The institution plays an important role in expanding the public's awareness of artworks through preservation, development, and exploitation of the visual arts in Indonesia.^[80]
• Suropati Park is located in Menteng, Central Jakarta. The park is surrounded by Dutch colonial buildings. Taman Suropati was known as Burgemeester Bisschopplein during colonial times. The park is circular-shaped with a surface area of 16,322 m² (175,690 sq ft). Several modern statues were made for the park by artists of ASEAN countries, which contributes to its nickname 'Taman persahabatan seniman ASEAN' ('Park of the ASEAN artists friendship').^[81]
• Menteng Park was built on the site of the former Persija football stadium. Situ Lembang Park is also located nearby, which has a lake at the centre.
• Kalijodo Park is the newest park, in Penjaringan subdistrict, with 3.4 ha (8.4 acres) beside the Krendang River. It formally opened on 22 February 2017. The park is open 24 hours as a green open space (RTH) and child-friendly integrated public space (RPTRA) and has international-standard skateboard facilities.^[82]
• Muara Angke Wildlife Sanctuary and Angke Kapuk Nature Tourism Park at Penjaringan in North Jakarta.^[83]
• Tebet Eco Park, Puring Park, Mataram Park, Langsat Park, Ayodya Park and Martha Christina Tiahahu Literacy Park in South Jakarta.^[84][85]
• Ragunan Zoo Park is located in Pasar Minggu, South Jakarta. It is the largest park in Jakarta and world's third-oldest zoo and the second-largest with the most diverse animal and plant populations.^[86]
• Glodok is an area known as Pecinan or Chinatown since the Dutch colonial era, and is considered the largest in Indonesia.
• National Museum of Indonesia is an archeology, history, ethnology, and geographical museum whose extensive collections cover the entire territory of Indonesia and almost all of its history. This museum has attempted to preserve Indonesia's heritage for two centuries.^[87]
• Setu Babakan is a 32-hectare lake surrounded by Betawi cultural village, located at Jagakarsa, South Jakarta.^[88] Dadap Merah Park is also found in this area.
• UI Forest is the largest Urban forest in Jakarta. It located at South Jakarta bordering with Depok, West Java.^[89]
• National Library of Indonesia is the legitimate deposit of literature, manuscripts, and archival books from the state of Indonesia. It is located in Gambir, south side of Merdeka Square, Jakarta. The earliest collection comes from the library of the National Museum, opened in 1868 and previously operated by the Royal Batavian Society of Arts and Sciences.^[90][91]
• Taman Waduk Pluit/Pluit Lake park and Putra Putri Park at Pluit, North Jakarta.^[92]
• Gelora Bung Karno Sports Complex The Gelora Bung Karno complex is one of the largest sports activity centres in Indonesia and is often used for sporting activities by Jakarta residents ^[93]
• Taman Literasi Martha Christina Tiahahu Literacy Park Martha Christina Tiahahu Is City Park And Literacy Park In Blok M business and shopping quarter located in Blok M Kebayoran Baru, South Jakarta, Indonesia.
• GBK City Park is the city park in Golden Triangle of Jakarta, located within Gelora Bung Karno Sports Complex.^[94]
• Pantai Indah Kapuk (PIK) is often the most sought-after residential area for wealthy Chinese Indonesians, featuring large houses in exclusive, gated clusters. This area never floods, even though it is close to a flood-prone district. Although most of Pantai Indah Kapuk is a residential area, there are businesses and tourist attractions on the main roads such as North Beach, South Beach, and Marina Indah. Ruko Cordoba and Crown Golf on Jalan Marina Indah are very popular with restaurants and cafes. PIK is one of the nightlife areas in Jakarta, full of nightclubs, discos, bars, and cafes.^[95]

Climate

Jakarta experiences a tropical monsoon climate (Köppen: Am) as classified by the system. The city's wet season spans most of the year, from October to May. The dry season lasts from June to September, with each of these months receiving less than 100 millimetres (3.9 in) of rainfall on average. Situated in the western part of Java, Jakarta sees its highest rainfall in January and February, averaging 299.7 millimetres (11.8 in) per month, while the driest month is August, with an average rainfall of 43.2 millimetres (1.7 in).^[96]

Every year faces recurring issues, such as floods and thunderstorms. A cyclonic vortex leads to moisture convergence over a large area, including western Java Island. Additionally, this vortex causes a mainly meridional monsoon flow, where near-surface winds blow almost perfectly from north to south over West Java. The impact of these predominant northerly winds hitting the rugged topography in southern West Java likely contributes to the increased convection that causes floods in Jakarta.^[97]

Average temperatures are very high with moderate rainfall. During the day, the temperature usually hovers around 32 °C (89.6 °F) but drops to about 24 °C (75.2 °F) in the evening. These are average temperatures, and some days can be hotter. It's advisable to dress appropriately to handle the heat. January is the rainiest month, with over 300 millimetres (11.8 in) of precipitation, whereas August is the driest, with around 45 millimetres (1.8 in) of rainfall. The average temperature in the coldest month (February) is 27 °C (80.6 °F), and in the warmest month (October), it is 28 °C (82.4 °F). Sea temperatures range from 26.5 °C (79.7 °F) in August to 29.5 °C (85.1 °F) in March, April, November, and December.^[98][99] Record low temperatures in Jakarta recorded 18.9 °C (66.0 °F), while the highest record reached 37.9 °C (100.2 °F).^[100]

Climate data for Jakarta (Kemayoran) (1991–2020 normals)
Month	Jan	Feb	Mar	Apr	May	Jun	Jul	Aug	Sep	Oct	Nov	Dec	Year
Record high °C (°F)	36.9 (98.4)	34.8 (94.6)	36.0 (96.8)	35.9 (96.6)	36.1 (97.0)	36.3 (97.3)	35.6 (96.1)	35.6 (96.1)	37.1 (98.8)	37.9 (100.2)	37.1 (98.8)	36.7 (98.1)	37.9 (100.2)
Mean daily maximum °C (°F)	31.0 (87.8)	30.8 (87.4)	32.1 (89.8)	32.8 (91.0)	33.2 (91.8)	32.9 (91.2)	32.7 (90.9)	33.0 (91.4)	33.4 (92.1)	33.4 (92.1)	32.8 (91.0)	32.0 (89.6)	32.5 (90.5)
Daily mean °C (°F)	27.5 (81.5)	27.3 (81.1)	28.0 (82.4)	28.4 (83.1)	28.7 (83.7)	28.4 (83.1)	28.2 (82.8)	28.3 (82.9)	28.6 (83.5)	28.8 (83.8)	28.4 (83.1)	28.0 (82.4)	28.2 (82.8)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F)	25.2 (77.4)	25.2 (77.4)	25.5 (77.9)	25.6 (78.1)	25.8 (78.4)	25.5 (77.9)	25.3 (77.5)	25.3 (77.5)	25.5 (77.9)	25.6 (78.1)	25.6 (78.1)	25.5 (77.9)	25.5 (77.9)
Record low °C (°F)	20.6 (69.1)	20.6 (69.1)	20.6 (69.1)	20.6 (69.1)	21.1 (70.0)	19.4 (66.9)	19.4 (66.9)	19.4 (66.9)	18.9 (66.0)	20.6 (69.1)	20.0 (68.0)	19.4 (66.9)	18.9 (66.0)
Average precipitation mm (inches)	373.3 (14.70)	381.4 (15.02)	210.4 (8.28)	164.1 (6.46)	103.2 (4.06)	80.4 (3.17)	77.7 (3.06)	51.5 (2.03)	61.0 (2.40)	112.2 (4.42)	134.8 (5.31)	183.3 (7.22)	1,933.3 (76.11)
Average precipitation days (≥ 1.0 mm)	17.5	17.9	14.1	11.5	8.2	6.2	4.8	3.3	4.0	7.4	10.4	12.8	118.1
Average relative humidity (%)	85	85	83	82	82	81	78	76	75	77	81	82	81
Mean monthly sunshine hours	139.5	138.3	189.1	216.0	220.1	219.0	229.4	235.6	225.0	207.7	180.0	148.8	2,348.5
Mean daily sunshine hours	4.5	5.2	6.1	7.2	7.1	7.3	7.4	7.6	7.5	6.7	6.0	4.8	6.5
Source 1: World Meteorological Organization[101]
Source 2: Sistema de Clasificación Bioclimática Mundial[102]Danish Meteorological Institute (humidity)[103]Deutscher Wetterdienst (sun 1889–1921)[104]

Climate data for Jakarta
Month	Jan	Feb	Mar	Apr	May	Jun	Jul	Aug	Sep	Oct	Nov	Dec	Year
Average sea temperature °C (°F)	28.0 (82.0)	28.0 (82.0)	29.0 (84.0)	30.0 (86.0)	30.0 (86.0)	29.0 (84.0)	29.0 (84.0)	29.0 (84.0)	29.0 (84.0)	29.0 (84.0)	29.0 (84.0)	29.0 (84.0)	29.0 (84.0)
Mean daily daylight hours	12.0	12.0	12.0	12.0	12.0	12.0	12.0	12.0	12.0	12.0	12.0	12.0	12.0
Average Ultraviolet index	13	13	13	13	11	10	10	12	13	13	13	13	12
Source: Weather Atlas[105]

Demographics

Jakarta population pyramid in 2021

Jakarta attracts people from across Indonesia, often in search of employment. The 1961 census showed that 51% of the city's population was born in Jakarta.^[106] Inward immigration tended to negate the effect of family planning programs.^[40] The Ministry of Home Affairs (Kemendagri) tabulates its own data, which has improved since ID cards were required in the last decade, lists Jakarta's population at 11,261,595 at yearend 2021.

Historical population

Year	Pop.	±%
1945	600,000	—
1950	1,800,000	+200.0%
1960	2,678,740	+48.8%
1970	3,915,406	+46.2%
1980	6,700,000	+71.1%
1990	8,174,756	+22.0%
2000	8,389,759	+2.6%
2010	9,625,579	+14.7%
2020	10,562,088	+9.7%
2023	10,672,100	+1.0%
Note: Census figures cover the actual and projected populations of the largest Asian urban agglomerations.[107] According to the Indonesia Central Bureau of Statistics, 23 percent of urban residents live in poverty. With a population of 7.9 million in 1985, Jakarta accounted for 19 percent of the total Indonesia urban population. [108] Source: [109][110]

Between 1961 and 1980, the population of Jakarta doubled, and during the period 1980–1990, the city's population grew annually by 3.7%.^[111] The 2010 census counted some 9.58 million people, well above government estimates.^[112] The population rose from 4.5 million in 1970 to 9.5 million in 2010, counting only legal residents, while the population of Greater Jakarta rose from 8.2 million in 1970 to 28.5 million in 2010. As of 2014, the population of Jakarta stood at 10 million,^[113] with a population density of 15,174 people/km².^[114][115] In 2014, the population of Greater Jakarta was 30 million, accounting for 11% of Indonesia's overall population.^[116] It is predicted to reach 35.6 million people by 2030 to become the world's biggest megacity.^[117] The gender ratio was 102.8 (males per 100 females) in 2010,^[118] and 101.3 in 2014.^[119]

Ethnicity

Ethnicity of Jakarta – 2010 Census[120]
Ethnicity			Percent
Javanese			36.17%
Betawi			28.29%
Sundanese			14.61%
Chinese			6.623%
Batak			3.42%
Minang			2.85%
Malay			0.96%
Others			7.06%

Jakarta is pluralistic and religiously diverse, without a majority ethnic group. As of 2010, 36.17% of the city's population were Javanese, 28.29% Betawi (locally established mixed race, cemented by diverse creole), 14.61% Sundanese, 6.62% Chinese, 3.42% Batak, 2.85% Minangkabau, 0.96% Malays, Indo and others 7.06%.^[120]

Betawi couple wearing traditional dress

The 'Betawi' (Orang Betawi, or 'people of Batavia') are immigrant descendants of the old city who became widely recognised as an ethnic group by the mid-19th century. They mostly descend from an eclectic mix of Southeast Asians brought or attracted to meet labour needs.^[121] They are thus a Creole ethnic group who came from much of Indonesia. Over generations, most have intermarried with one or more ethnicities, especially people of Chinese, Arab, and European descent.^[122] Most Betawis lived in the fringe zones with few Betawi-majority zones of central Jakarta.^[123] It is thus a conundrum for some first generation Betawi people, especially multi-generational Jakarta residents, to identify as either their parents' ethnicity or Betawi since living in a Betawi-majority district and speaking more of that creole and adapting is a matter of preference for such families.

A significant Chinese community has lived in Jakarta for many centuries. They traditionally reside around old urban areas, such as Pinangsia, PIK, Pluit and Glodok (Jakarta's Chinatown) areas. They also can be found in the old Chinatowns of Senen and Jatinegara. As of 2001 they self-identified as being 5.5% of the population, which was thought of as under-reported;^[124] this explains the 6.6% figure ten years later.

The Sumatran residents are diverse. According to the 2020 census, roughly 361,000 Batak; 300,960 Minangkabau and 101,370 Malays lived in the city. The number of Batak people has grown in ranking, from eighth in 1930 to fifth in 2000. Toba Batak is the largest subset in Jakarta.^[125] Working Minangkabau in the 1980s in high proportions were well-embedded merchants, artisans, doctors, teachers or journalists.^[126][127] Minang merchants are found in traditional markets, such as Tanah Abang and Senen.^[128]

Language

See also: Betawi language and Indonesian slang

Betawi language, a Malay creole born in Batavia.

Indonesian is the official and dominant language of Jakarta, while many elderly people speak Dutch or Chinese, depending on their upbringing. English is used for communication, especially in Central and South Jakarta.^[129] Each of the ethnic groups uses their mother tongue at home, such as Betawi, Javanese, and Sundanese. The Betawi language is distinct from those of the Sundanese or Javanese, forming itself as a language island in the surrounding area. It is mostly based on the East Malay dialect and enriched by loan words from Dutch, Portuguese, Sundanese, Javanese, Chinese, and Arabic. Over time, many Betawi words and phrases became integrated into Indonesian as Jakartan slang and are used by most people regardless of their ethnic background. It is now popular not only in Jakarta, but all over Indonesia.

The Chinese in Jakarta mainly speak Indonesian and English due to a strict language ban during the Soeharto New Order era; older people may be fluent in Hokkien dialect and Mandarin, meanwhile the younger generation are fluent in Indonesian and English, some educated in Mandarin. With the recent urbanization of Chinese communities from several rural areas in Indonesia, other Chinese dialects have been brought into the Chinese community in Jakarta, such as Hakka, Teochew and Cantonese. Hokkien, which is mainly from Sumatra (Medan, Bagansiapiapi, Batam) is mostly spoken in Northern Jakarta, such as in Pantai Indah Kapuk, Pluit, and Kelapa Gading, meanwhile Hakka and Teochew, which are derived from the Chinese communities in Pontianak and Singkawang, are mainly spoken in West Jakarta, like in Tambora and Grogol Petamburan. The Batak in Jakarta mostly speak Indonesian, while the older generation tend to speak their native languages, such as Batak Toba, Mandailing, and Karo, depending on which ancestral towns and places in North Sumatra they came from. The Minangkabau mainly speak Minangkabau together with Indonesian.

Education

See also: List of universities in Indonesia and List of schools in Indonesia

University of Indonesia, formerly STOVIA

Jakarta is home to numerous educational institutions. The University of Indonesia (UI) is the largest and oldest tertiary-level educational institution in Indonesia. It is a public institution with campuses in Salemba (Central Jakarta) and in Depok.^[130] The three other public universities in Jakarta are Syarif Hidayatullah State Islamic University Jakarta, the State University of Jakarta (UNJ),^[131] University of Pembangunan Nasional 'Veteran' Jakarta (UPN "Veteran" Jakarta),^[132] and Universitas Terbuka or Indonesia Open University.^[133] There is a vocational higher education, Jakarta State Polytechnic. Some major private universities in Jakarta are Trisakti University, The Christian University of Indonesia, Mercu Buana University, Tarumanagara University, Atma Jaya Catholic University of Indonesia, Pelita Harapan University, Pertamina University,^[134] Bina Nusantara University,^[135] Jayabaya University,^[136] Persada Indonesia "YAI" University,^[137] and Pancasila University.^[138]

STOVIA (School tot Opleiding van Indische Artsen (School for Education of Native Physicians), now University of Indonesia) was the first college in Jakarta, established in 1851.^[139] Jakarta houses many students from around Indonesia, many of whom reside in dormitories or home-stay residences. For basic education, a variety of primary and secondary schools are available, tagged with the public (national), private (national and bi-lingual national plus), and international labels. Four of the major international schools are the British School Jakarta, Gandhi Memorial Intercontinental School, IPEKA Integrated Christian School,^[140] and the Jakarta Intercultural School. Other international schools in Jakarta metropolitan area include the ACG School Jakarta, Australian Independent School,^[141] Bina Bangsa School, Deutsche Schule Jakarta, Global Jaya School, Jakarta Indonesia Korean School, Jakarta Japanese School,^[142] Jakarta Multicultural School,^[143] Jakarta Taipei School, Lycée français de Jakarta, New Zealand School Jakarta,^[144] North Jakarta Intercultural School, Sekolah Pelita Harapan,^[145] and Singapore Intercultural School.

Religion

Map of subdistricts in Jakarta, Indonesia, coloured by the plurality/majority religious affiliation in the subdistrict and what percentage of citizens it represents

In 2024, Jakarta's religious composition was distributed over Islam (83.83%), Protestantism (8.6%), Catholicism (3.9%), Buddhism (3.46%), Hinduism (0.18%), Confucianism (0.017%), and about 0.013% of population claimed to follow folk religions.^[146]

Most pesantren (Islamic boarding schools) in Jakarta are affiliated with the traditionalist Nahdlatul Ulama,^[147] modernist organisations mostly catering to a socioeconomic class of educated urban elites and merchant traders. They give priority to education, social welfare programs, and religious propagation.^[148] Many Islamic organisations have headquarters in Jakarta, including Nahdlatul Ulama, Indonesian Ulema Council, Muhammadiyah, Indonesia Institute of Islamic Dawah, and Jaringan Islam Liberal.

Religion in Jakarta (June 2024)[146]
Religion			Percent
Islam			83.83%
Protestanism			8.6%
Catholicism			3.9%
Buddhism			3.46%
Hinduism			0.18%
Confucianism			0.017%
Others			0.013%

The Roman Catholic community has a Metropolis, the Archdiocese of Jakarta that includes West Java and Banten provinces as part of the ecclesiastical province. Jakarta also hosts the largest Buddhist adherents in Java, where most of the followers are Chinese. Schools of Buddhism practiced in Indonesia vary, including Theravāda, Mahāyāna, Vajrayana, and Tridharma. The city also has a Hindu community, which mainly are Balinese and Indian people. There is also a Sikh and Baháʼí Faith community presence in Jakarta.^[149]

Places of worship

• 
  Istiqlal Mosque is the largest mosque in Southeast Asia
• 
  Immanuel Church is a Protestant church in Jakarta, It is considered one of the oldest churches in Indonesia
• 
  The Jakarta Cathedral, one of the oldest Catholic churches in Jakarta
• 
  Aditya Jaya Hindu temple with Balinese architecture, East Jakarta
• 
  Vihāra Jakarta Dhammacakka Jaya, the first Theravāda Buddhist temple in Jakarta
• 
  Kim Tek Ie, the oldest Confucian-Taoist-Mahāyāna Buddhist (Tridharma) temple in West Jakarta

Economy

See also: Category:Companies of Indonesia

Jakarta GDP share by sector (2022)[150]
GDP share by sector			Percent
Service			75.93%
Manufacturing			12.28%
Other Industrial			11.71%
Agriculture			0.08%

Indonesia is the largest economy of ASEAN, and Jakarta is the economic nerve centre of the Indonesian archipelago. Jakarta's nominal GDP was US$203.702 billion and PPP GDP was US$602.946 billion in 2021, which is about 17% of Indonesia's GDP.^[151] Jakarta was ranked 21st in the list of Cities of Economic Influence Index in 2020 by CEOWORLD magazine.^[152] According to the Japan Center for Economic Research, GRP per capita of Jakarta will rank 28th among the 77 cities in 2030 from 41st in 2015, the largest in Southeast Asia.^[153] Savills Resilient Cities Index has predicted Jakarta to be within the top 20 cities in the world by 2028.^[154][155] Jakarta's economy depends highly on manufacturing and service sectors such as banking, trading and finance. Industries include electronics, automotive, chemicals, mechanical engineering, and biomedical sciences. The head office of Bank Indonesia and the Indonesia Stock Exchange are located in the city. Most of the SOEs including Pertamina, PLN, Angkasa Pura, and Telkomsel operate head offices in the city, as do major Indonesian conglomerates, such as Salim Group, Sinar Mas Group, Astra International, Gudang Garam, Kompas-Gramedia, CT Corp, Emtek, and MNC Group. The headquarters of the Indonesian Chamber of Commerce and Industry and Indonesian Employers Association are also located in the city. As of 2017, the city is home to six Forbes Global 2000, two Fortune 500 and seven Unicorn companies.^{[156][157][158]}

SCBD is a business centre in Jakarta

Google and Alibaba have regional cloud centres in Jakarta.^[159] In 2017, economic growth was 6.22%.^[160] Throughout the same year, the total value of the investment was Rp 108.6 trillion (US$8 billion), an increase of 84.7% from the previous year.^[161] In 2021, nominal GDP per capita was estimated at Rp 274.710 million (US$19,199).^[151] The most significant contributions to GRDP were by the finance, ownership and business services (29%); the trade, hotel and restaurant sector (20%), and the manufacturing industry sector (16%).^[40]

The Wealth Report 2015 by Knight Frank reported that 24 individuals in Indonesia in 2014 had wealth of at least US$1 billion and 18 live in Jakarta.^[162] The cost of living continues to rise. Both land prices and rents have become expensive. Mercer's 2017 Cost of Living Survey ranked Jakarta as the 88th costliest city in the world for expatriates.^[163] Industrial development and the construction of new housing thrive on the outskirts, while commerce and banking remain concentrated in the city centre.^[164] Jakarta has a bustling luxury property market. Knight Frank, a global real estate consultancy based in London, reported in 2014 that Jakarta offered the highest return on high-end property investment in the world in 2013, citing a supply shortage and a sharply depreciated currency as reasons.^[165]

Shopping

See also: List of shopping malls in Jakarta

Grand Indonesia shopping mall

As of 2015, with a total of 550 hectares, Jakarta had the largest shopping mall floor area within a single city.^[166][167] Malls include Plaza Indonesia, Grand Indonesia, Sarinah, Plaza Senayan, Senayan City, Pacific Place, Gandaria City, ÆON Mall Jakarta Garden City and Tanjung Barat, Mall Taman Anggrek, Central Park Mall, as well as Pondok Indah Mall.^[168] Fashion retail brands in Jakarta include Debenhams at Senayan City and Lippo Mall Kemang Village,^[169] Japanese Sogo,^[170] Seibu at Grand Indonesia Shopping Town, and French brand, Galeries Lafayette, at Pacific Place. The Satrio-Casablanca shopping belt includes Kuningan City, Mal Ambassador, Kota Kasablanka, and Lotte Shopping Avenue.^[171] Shopping malls are also located at Grogol and Puri Indah in West Jakarta.

Traditional markets include Blok M, Mayestik, Tanah Abang, Senen, Pasar Baru, Glodok, Mangga Dua, Cempaka Mas, and Jatinegara. Special markets sell antique goods at Jalan Surabaya and gemstones in Rawabening Market.^[172]

Tourism

Further information: Tourism in Indonesia, List of museums and cultural institutions in Indonesia, and Jakarta Tourism and Culture Office

Pulau Bidadari (Heavenly Nymph island) is one of the Thousand Islands scattered around the sea of Jakarta

The Ismail Marzuki Park is the most popular museum in Jakarta, there are several libraries, theaters, and Betawi performance arts

Though Jakarta has been named the most popular location as per tag stories,^[173] and ranked eighth most-posted among the cities in the world in 2017 on image-sharing site Instagram,^[174] it is not a top international tourist destination. The city, however, is ranked as the fifth fastest-growing tourist destination among 132 cities according to MasterCard Global Destination Cities Index.^[175] The World Travel and Tourism Council also listed Jakarta as among the top ten fastest-growing tourism cities in the world in 2017^[176] and categorised it as an emerging performer, which will see a significant increase in tourist arrivals in less than ten years.^[177] According to Euromonitor International's latest Top 100 City Destinations Ranking of 2019, Jakarta ranked at 57th among 100 most visited cities of the world.^[178] Most of the visitors attracted to Jakarta are domestic tourists. As the gateway of Indonesia, Jakarta often serves as a stop-over for foreign visitors on their way to other Indonesian tourist destinations such as Bali, Lombok, Komodo Island and Yogyakarta. In 2023 about 1.97 million foreign tourists visited the city.^[179]

Jakarta is trying to attract more international tourists through MICE tourism, and arranging increasing numbers of conventions.^[180][181] In 2012, the tourism sector contributed Rp. 2.6 trillion (US$268.5 million) to the city's total direct income of Rp. 17.83 trillion (US$1.45 billion), a 17.9% increase from the previous year 2011.

Culture

As the capital of Indonesia, Jakarta is a melting pot of cultures from all ethnic groups in the country. Although Betawi people are Jakarta's indigenous community, the city's culture represents many languages and ethnic groups, favouring differences in religion, tradition, and linguistics, rather than a single, dominant culture. Jakarta is dominated by Javanese people, followed by Betawi people and Sundanese people.

Arts and festivals

Ondel-ondel puppets are the mascot of the city and the symbol of Betawi culture

The Betawi culture is distinct from those of the Sundanese or Javanese, forming a language island in the surrounding area. There is a significant Chinese influence in Betawi culture, reflected in the popularity of Chinese cakes and sweets, firecrackers, and Betawi wedding attire that demonstrates Chinese and Arab influences.

Some festivals such as the Jalan Jaksa Festival, Kemang Festival, Festival Condet and Lebaran Betawi include efforts to preserve Betawi arts by inviting artists to display performances.^{[182][183][184]} Jakarta has several performing art centres, such as the classical concert hall Aula Simfonia Jakarta in Kemayoran, Taman Ismail Marzuki (TIM) art centre in Cikini, Gedung Kesenian Jakarta near Pasar Baru, Balai Sarbini in the Plaza Semanggi area, Bentara Budaya Jakarta in the Palmerah area, Pasar Seni (Art Market) in Ancol, and traditional Indonesian art performances at the pavilions of some provinces in Taman Mini Indonesia Indah. Traditional music is often found at high-class hotels, including Wayang and Gamelan performances. Javanese Wayang Orang performances can be found at Wayang Orang Bharata Theatre.

Tanjidor music demonstrates European influence

Arts and culture festivals and exhibitions include the annual ARKIPEL – Jakarta International Documentary and Experimental Film Festival, Jakarta International Film Festival (JiFFest), Djakarta Warehouse Project, Jakarta Fashion Week, Jakarta Muslim Fashion Week, Jakarta Fashion & Food Festival (JFFF), Jakarnaval, Jakarta Night Festival, Kota Tua Creative Festival, Indonesia International Book Fair (IIBF), Indonesia Comic Con, Indonesia Creative Products and Jakarta Arts and Crafts exhibition. Art Jakarta is a contemporary art fair, which is held annually. Flona Jakarta is a flora-and-fauna exhibition, held annually in August at Lapangan Banteng Park, featuring flowers, plant nurseries, and pets. Jakarta Fair is held annually from mid-June to mid-July to celebrate the anniversary of the city and is mostly centered around a trade fair. However, this month-long fair also features entertainment, including arts and music performances by local musicians. Jakarta International Java Jazz Festival (JJF) is one of the largest jazz festivals in the world, the biggest in the Southern Hemisphere, and is held annually in March.

Several foreign art and culture centres in Jakarta promote culture and language through learning centres, libraries, and art galleries. These include the Chinese Confucius Institute, the Dutch Erasmus Huis, the British Council, the French Alliance Française, the German Goethe-Institut, the Japan Foundation, and the Jawaharlal Nehru Indian Cultural Center.

Cuisine

Main article: Betawi cuisine

Soto Betawi, mainly consisting of beef or offal in milk or coconut milk soup.

All varieties of Indonesian cuisine have a presence in Jakarta. The local cuisine is Betawi cuisine, which reflects various foreign culinary traditions. Betawi cuisine is heavily influenced by Malay-Chinese Peranakan cuisine, Sundanese, and Javanese cuisine, which is also influenced by Indian, Arabic, and European cuisines. One of the most popular local dishes of Betawi cuisine is Soto Betawi which is prepared from chunks of beef and offal in rich and spicy cow's milk or coconut milk broth. Other popular Betawi dishes include soto kaki, nasi uduk (mixed rice), kerak telor (spicy omelette), nasi ulam, asinan, ketoprak, rujak and gado-gado Betawi (salad in peanut sauce). Jakarta cuisine can be found in modest street-side warung food stalls and Hawkers traveling vendors to high-end fine dining restaurants.^[185] Live music venues and exclusive restaurants are abundant.^[186] Many traditional foods from far-flung regions in Indonesia can be found in Jakarta. For example, traditional Padang restaurants and low-budget Warteg (Warung Tegal) food stalls are ubiquitous in the capital. Other popular street foods include nasi goreng (fried rice), sate (skewered meats), pecel lele (fried catfish), bakso (meatballs), bakpau (Chinese bun) and siomay (fish dumplings).

Roti buaya, a crocodile-shaped bread is often served on festive occasions.

Jalan Sabang,^[187][188] Jalan Sidoarjo, Jalan Kendal at Menteng area, Kota Tua, Blok S, Blok M,^[189] Jalan Tebet,^[190] are all popular destinations for street-food lovers. Minangkabau street-food who sell Nasi Kapau, Sate Padang, and Soto Padang can be found at Jalan Kramat Raya and Jalan Bendungan Hilir in Central Jakarta.^[191] Chinese street-food is plentiful at Jalan Pangeran, Manga Besar and Petak Sembilan in the old Jakarta area, while the Little Tokyo area of Blok M has many Japanese style restaurants and bars.^[192]

Trendy restaurants, cafe and bars can be found at Menteng, Kemang,^[193] Jalan Senopati,^[194] Kuningan, Senayan, Pantai Indah Kapuk,^[195] and Kelapa Gading. Lenggang Jakarta is a food court, accommodating small traders and street vendors,^[196] where Indonesian foods are available within a single compound. At present, there are two such food courts, located at Monas and Kemayoran.^[197] Thamrin 10 is a food and creative park located at Menteng, where varieties of food stall are available.^[198]

Global fast-food chains are present and usually found in Shopping malls, along with local brands like Sederhana, J'CO, Es Teler 77, Kebab Turki, CFC, and Japanese HokBen and Yoshinoya.^[199] Foreign cuisines such as Chinese, Japanese, Korean, Thai, Singaporean, Indian, American, Australian, Malaysian, French, Mediterranean cuisines like Maghrebi, Turkish, Italian, Middle Eastern cuisine, and modern fusion food restaurants can all be found in Jakarta.

Sports

Jakarta International Stadium at Tanjung Priok. It is the home of Persija FC and has a seating capacity of 82,000. It is Indonesia's biggest stadium.

Gelora Bung Karno Stadium, home of the Indonesia men, women national football team, and the Persija FC, has a seating capacity of 78,000. It is Indonesia's second-biggest stadium.

Istora Gelora Bung Karno, home of the Indonesia national badminton team, has a capacity of 8,000 seats.

Indonesia Arena, is the fields that can be used for Basketball, Volleyball, and Badminton

Jakarta hosted the 1962 Asian Games,^[200] and the 2018 Asian Games, co-hosted by Palembang.^[201] Jakarta also hosted the Southeast Asian Games in 1979, 1987, 1997 and 2011 (supporting Palembang). Gelora Bung Karno Stadium^[202] hosted the group stage, quarterfinal and final of the 2007 AFC Asian Cup along with Malaysia, Thailand and Vietnam.^[203][204] The largest capacity retractable roof stadium in Asia, Jakarta International Stadium, is located at Tanjung Priok district, completed in 2022. After the success of the Asian Games, the city made a bid to host the 2032 Summer Olympics but did not enter into the final evaluation and was awarded to Brisbane. If the city had been chosen, it would have been the first city in Southeast Asia to host the senior Olympic Games and the first to be held in the region since the 2010 Summer Youth Olympics.

The Senayan sports complex has several sports venues, including the Bung Karno football stadium, Madya Stadium, Istora Senayan, an aquatic arena, a baseball field, a basketball hall, a shooting range, several indoor and outdoor tennis courts. The Senayan complex was built in 1960 to accommodate the 1962 Asian Games. For basketball, the Kelapa Gading Sport Mall in Kelapa Gading, North Jakarta, with a capacity of 7,000 seats, is the home arena of the Indonesian national basketball team. The BritAma Arena serves as a playground for Satria Muda Pertamina Jakarta, the 2017 runner-up of the Indonesian Basketball League. Jakarta International Velodrome is a sporting facility located at Rawamangun, which was used as a venue for the Asian Games. It has a seating capacity of 3,500 for track cycling, and up to 8,500 for shows and concerts,^[205] which can also be used for various sports activities such as volleyball, badminton and futsal. Jakarta International Equestrian Park is an equestrian sports venue located at Pulomas, which was also used as a venue for the Asian Games.^[206]

The Jakarta Car-Free Days are held bi-weekly on Sunday on the main avenues of the city, Jalan Sudirman, and Jalan Thamrin, from 6 am to 11 am. The briefer Car-Free Day, which lasts from 6 am to 9 am, is held every other Sunday. The event invites local pedestrians to do sports and exercise and have their activities on the streets that are usually full of traffic. Along the road from the Senayan traffic circle on Jalan Sudirman, South Jakarta, to the "Selamat Datang" Monument at the Hotel Indonesia traffic circle on Jalan Thamrin, north to the National Monument in Central Jakarta, cars are blocked from entering. During the event, morning gymnastics, calisthenics and aerobic exercises, futsal games, jogging, bicycling, skateboarding, badminton, karate, on-street library and musical performances take over the roads and the main parks.^[207]

Jakarta's most popular home football club is Persija, which plays in Liga 1. Another football team in Jakarta is Persitara which competes in Liga 3 and plays in Tugu Stadium.

The Jakarta Marathon each November is recognised by AIMS and IAAF. It was established in 2013. It brings sports tourism. In 2015, more than 15,000 runners from 53 countries participated.^{[208][209][210][211][212]}

Jakarta successfully hosted the first Jakarta ePrix race of the Formula E championship in June 2022 at Ancol Circuit, North Jakarta.^[213]

Media and entertainment

The main TV tower of TVRI at its headquarters in Jakarta

See also: List of newspapers in Indonesia, List of radio stations in Jakarta, and List of television stations in Indonesia

Jakarta is home to most of the Indonesian national newspapers, besides some local-based newspapers. The daily local newspapers in Jakarta are Pos Kota and Warta Kota, as well as the now-defunct Indopos. National newspapers based in Jakarta include Kompas and Media Indonesia, and most of them have a news segment covering the city. A number of business newspapers (Bisnis Indonesia, Investor Daily and Kontan) and a sports newspaper (Super Ball) are also published.

Newspapers other than in Indonesian, mainly for a national and global audience, are also published daily. Examples are the English-language newspapers The Jakarta Post and online-only The Jakarta Globe. Chinese language newspapers also circulate, such as Indonesia Shang Bao (印尼商报), Harian Indonesia (印尼星洲日报), and Guo Ji Ri Bao (国际日报). The only Japanese language newspaper is The Daily Jakarta Shimbun (じゃかるた新聞).

Around 75 radio stations broadcast in Jakarta, 52 on the FM band, and 23 on the AM band. Radio entities are based in Jakarta, for example, national radio networks MNC Trijaya FM, Prambors FM, Trax FM, I-Radio, Hard Rock FM, Delta FM, Global FM and the public radio RRI; as well as local stations Gen FM, Radio Elshinta and PM2FAS.

Jakarta is the headquarters for Indonesia's public television TVRI as well as private national television networks, such as Metro TV, tvOne, Kompas TV, RCTI and NET. Jakarta has local television channels such as TVRI Jakarta, JakTV, Elshinta TV and KTV. Many TV stations are analogue PAL, but some are now converting to digital signals using DVB-T2 following a government plan to digital television migration.^[214]

Government and politics

Main article: Governor of Jakarta

The Jakarta governor's office at the Jakarta City Hall

Jakarta is administratively equal to a province with special status. The executive branch is headed by an elected governor and a vice governor, while the Jakarta Regional People's Representative Council (Indonesian: Dewan Perwakilan Rakyat Daerah Provinsi Daerah Khusus Ibukota Jakarta, DPRD DKI Jakarta) is the legislative branch with 106 directly elected members. The Jakarta City Hall at the south of Merdeka Square houses the office of the governor and the vice governor and serves as the main administrative office.

Executive governance consists of five administrative cities (Indonesian: Kota Administrasi), each headed by a mayor (walikota) and one administrative regency (Indonesian: Kabupaten Administrasi) headed by a regent (bupati). Unlike other cities and regencies in Indonesia where the mayor or regent is directly elected, Jakarta's mayors and regents are chosen by the governor. Each city and regency is divided into administrative districts.

Aside from representatives to the provincial parliament, Jakarta sends 21 delegates to the national lower house parliament. The representatives are elected from Jakarta's three national electoral districts, which also include overseas voters.^[215] It also sends 4 delegates, just like other provinces, to the national upper house parliament.

The Jakarta Smart City (JSC) program was launched on 14 December 2014 with the goal of smart governance, smart people, smart mobility, smart economy, smart living, and a smart environment in the city using the web and various smartphone-based apps.^[216]

Public safety

The Greater Jakarta Metropolitan Regional Police (Indonesian: Polda Metro Jaya) is the police force that is responsible for maintaining law, security, and order for the Jakarta metropolitan area. It is led by a two-star police general (Inspector General of Police) with the title of "Greater Jakarta Regional Police Chief" (Indonesian: Kepala Kepolisian Daerah Metro Jaya, abbreviated Kapolda Metro Jaya). Its office is located at Jl. Jenderal Sudirman Kav. 55, Senayan, Kebayoran Baru, South Jakarta, and their hotline emergency number is 110.

The Jayakarta Military Regional Command (Indonesian: Komando Daerah Militer Jayakarta, abbreviated Kodam Jaya) is the territorial army of the Indonesian Army, which serves as a defence component for Jakarta and its surrounding areas (Greater Jakarta). It is led by an army Major General with the title of "Jakarta Military Regional Commander" (Indonesian: Panglima Daerah Militer Kodam Jaya, abbreviated Pangdam Jaya). The Jakarta Military Command is located at East Jakarta and oversees several military battalions ready to defend the capital city and its vital installations. It also assists the Jakarta Metropolitan Police during certain tasks, such as supporting security during state visits, VVIP security, and riot control.

Municipal finances

The Jakarta provincial government relies on transfers from the central government for the bulk of its income. Local (non-central government) sources of revenue are incomes from various taxes such as vehicle ownership and vehicle transfer fees, among others.^[217] The ability of the regional government to respond to Jakarta's many problems is constrained by limited finances.

The provincial government consistently runs a surplus of between 15 and 20% of planned spending, primarily because of delays in procurement and other inefficiencies.^[218] Regular under-spending is a matter of public comment.^[219] In 2013, the budget was around Rp 50 trillion ($US5.2 billion), equivalent to around $US380 per citizen. Spending priorities were on education, transport, flood control, environment, and social spending (such as health and housing).^[220] Jakarta's regional budget (APBD) was Rp 77.1 trillion ($US5.92 billion), Rp 83.2 trillion ($US6.2 billion), and Rp 89 trillion ($US6.35 billion) for the year of 2017, 2018 and 2019 respectively.^{[221][222][223]}

Administrative divisions

Map of the administrative cities (Kota administratif) in Jakarta province; the Thousand Islands Regency (which is to the north) is shown in the inset to the lower left. Each administrative city is further divided into districts (Kecamatan)

Jakarta consists of five Kota Administratif (Administrative cities/municipalities), each headed by a mayor, and one Kabupaten Administratif (Administrative regency). Each city and regency is divided into districts (kecamatan). The administrative cities/municipalities of Jakarta are:

• Central Jakarta (Jakarta Pusat) is Jakarta's smallest city and administrative and political centre. It is divided into eight districts. It is charactesised by large parks and Dutch colonial buildings. Landmarks include the National Monument (Monas), Istiqlal Mosque, Jakarta Cathedral and museums.^[224]
• West Jakarta (Jakarta Barat) has the city's highest concentration of small-scale industries. It has eight districts. The area includes Jakarta's Chinatown and Dutch colonial landmarks such as the Chinese Langgam building and Toko Merah. It contains part of Jakarta Old Town.^[225]
• South Jakarta (Jakarta Selatan), originally planned as a satellite city, is now the location of upscale shopping centres and affluent residential areas. It has ten districts and functions as Jakarta's groundwater buffer,^[226] but recently the green belt areas are threatened by new developments. Much of the central business district is concentrated all area in Kebayoran Baru, Setiabudi, a small part in Tebet, Pancoran, Mampang Prapatan, and bordering the Tanah Abang/Sudirman area of Central Jakarta. The area is known as the Jakarta Golden Triangle.
• East Jakarta (Jakarta Timur) territory is characterised by several industrial sectors.^[227] Also located in East Jakarta are Taman Mini Indonesia Indah and Halim Perdanakusuma International Airport. This city has ten districts.
• North Jakarta (Jakarta Utara) is bounded by the Java Sea. It is the location of Port of Tanjung Priok. Large- and medium-scale industries are concentrated there. It contains part of Jakarta Old Town, which was the centre of VOC trade activity during the colonial era. Also located in North Jakarta is Ancol Dreamland (Taman Impian Jaya Ancol), the largest integrated tourism area in Southeast Asia.^[228] North Jakarta is divided into six districts.

The only administrative regency (kabupaten) of Jakarta is the Thousand Islands (Kepulauan Seribu), formerly a district within North Jakarta. It is a collection of 105 small islands located on the Java Sea. It is of high conservation value because of its unique ecosystems. Marine tourism, such as diving, water bicycling, and windsurfing, are the primary tourist activities in this territory. The main mode of transportation between the islands is speed boats or small ferries.^[229]

Jakarta's cities/municipalities (Kota Administratif)

Name of City or Regency	Area in km2	Pop'n 2010 census[230]	Pop'n 2020 census[231]	Pop'n mid 2023 estimate[232]	Pop'n density (per km2) in mid 2023	HDI [233] 2021 estimates
South Jakarta	144.942	2,062,232	2,226,812	2,235,606	15,424	0.849 (Very High)
East Jakarta	185.538	2,693,896	3,037,139	3,079,618	16,598	0.829 (Very High)
Central Jakarta	47.565	902,973	1,056,896	1,049,314	22,061	0.815 (Very High)
West Jakarta	124.970	2,281,945	2,434,511	2,470,054	19,765	0.817 (Very High)
North Jakarta	147.212	1,645,659	1,778,981	1,808,985	12,288	0.805 (Very High)
Thousand Islands	10.725	21,082	27,749	28,523	2,659	0.721 (High)

The province comprises three of Indonesia's 84 national electoral districts to elect members to the People's Representative Council. The Jakarta I Electoral District consists of the administrative city of East Jakarta, and elects 6 members to the People's Representative Council. The Jakarta II Electoral District consists of the administrative cities of Central Jakarta and South Jskarta, together with all overseas voters, and elects 7 members to the People's Representative Council. The Jakarta III Electoral District consists of the administrative cities of North Jakarta and West Jakarta, together with the Thousand Islands Regency, and elects 8 members to the People's Representative Council.^[234]

Infrastructure

To transform the city into a more livable one, a ten-year urban regeneration project was undertaken, for Rp 571 trillion ($40.5 billion). The project aimed to develop infrastructure, including the creation of a better integrated public transit system and the improvement of the city's clean water and wastewater systems, housing, and flood control systems.^[235]

Transportation

See also: Greater Jakarta Integrated Mass Transit System

Main category: Roads of Jakarta

Various means of public transport in Jakarta; from top left to right: KRL Commuterline, Jakarta MRT, Jabodebek LRT, Soekarno–Hatta Airport Rail Link, Jakarta LRT, and Transjakarta

This section is an excerpt from Transport in Jakarta.[edit]

As a metropolitan area of about 30 million people, Jakarta has a variety of transport systems.^[236] Jakarta was awarded 2021 global Sustainable Transport Award (STA) for integrated public transportation system.^[237]

The city prioritized development of road networks, which were mostly designed to accommodate private vehicles.^[238] A notable feature of Jakarta's present road system is the toll road network. Composed of an inner and outer ring road and five toll roads radiating outwards, the network provides inner as well as outer city connections. An 'odd-even' policy limits road use to cars with either odd or even-numbered registration plates on a particular day as a transitional measure to alleviate traffic congestion until the future introduction of electronic road pricing.

There are many bus terminals in the city, from where buses operate on numerous routes to connect neighborhoods within the city limit, to other areas of Greater Jakarta and to cities across the island of Java. The biggest of the bus terminal is Pulo Gebang Bus Terminal, which is arguably the largest of its kind in Southeast Asia.^[239] Main terminus for long distance train services are Gambir and Pasar Senen. Whoosh High-speed railways is connecting Jakarta to Bandung and another one is at the planning stage from Jakarta to Surabaya.

A skybridge at CSW-ASEAN TOD

As of September 2023, Jakarta's public transport service coverage has reached 86 percent, which is targeted to Increase to 95 percent. Rapid transit in Greater Jakarta consists of TransJakarta bus rapid transit, Jakarta LRT, Jakarta MRT, KRL Commuterline, Jabodebek LRT, and Soekarno-Hatta Airport Rail Link. The city administration is building transit oriented development like Dukuh Atas TOD and CSW-ASEAN TOD in several area across Jakarta to facilitate commuters to transfer between different mode of public transportation.

Privately owned bus systems like Kopaja, MetroMini, Mayasari Bakti and PPD also provide important services for Jakarta commuters with numerous routes throughout the city, many routes are/will replaced/replaced by Minitrans and Metrotrans buses.^[240] Pedicabs are banned from the city for causing traffic congestion. Bajaj auto rickshaw provide local transportation in the back streets of some parts of the city. Angkot microbuses also play a major role in road transport of Jakarta. Taxicabs and ojeks (motorcycle taxis) are available in the city. As of January 2023, about 2.6 million people use public transportation daily in Jakarta.^[241]

The city administration has undertaken a project to build about 500 kilometers of bicycle lanes. As of June 2021, Jakarta already has 63 kilometers of bicycle lanes, and another 101 kilometers will be added by the end of the year 2021.^[242][243]

Soekarno–Hatta International Airport (CGK) is the main airport serving the Greater Jakarta area, while Halim Perdanakusuma Airport (HLP) accommodates private and low-cost domestic flights. Other airports in the Jakarta metropolitan area include Pondok Cabe Airport and an airfield on Pulau Panjang, part of the Thousand Island archipelago.

Indonesia's busiest and Jakarta's main seaport Tanjung Priok serves many ferry connections to different parts of Indonesia. The old port Sunda Kelapa only accommodate pinisi, a traditional two-masted wooden sailing ship serving inter-island freight service in the archipelago. Muara Angke is used as a public port to Thousand Islands, while Marina Ancol is used as a tourist port.^[244]

For payment method in public transportation (for KAI Commuter line, TransJakarta, LRT Jakarta, LRT Jabodebek, MRT Jakarta) already using cashless. Travelers can use Electronic money banking cards. The electronic money cards include those issued, namely:

• BRIZZI (issued by Bank BRI)
• TapCash (issued by Bank BNI)
• e-Money (issued by Bank Mandiri)
• Flazz (issued by Bank BCA)
• Jakcard (issued by Bank DKI)

The electronic banking cards is integrated cad can be accepted in KAI Commuter line, TransJakarta, LRT Jakarta, LRT Jabodebek, MRT Jakarta, eToll payment and parking payment. The electronic bank card can be bought in Bank Branch office or in e-commerce.

For the electronic banking card Top Up can be done at:

• Indomaret Outlet (convenient store).
• Alfamart Outlet (convenient store).
• Alfamidi Outlet (convenient store).
• Bright Store Outlet (convenient store).
• e-Money Card Vending Machine.

Jakarta is part of the Maritime Silk Road that runs from the Chinese coast via the Suez Canal to the Mediterranean and there to the Upper Adriatic region.^{[245][246][247]}

Healthcare

Jakarta has many of the country's best-equipped private and public healthcare facilities. In 2012, the Governor of Jakarta Joko Widodo introduced a universal health care program, the 'Healthy Jakarta Card' (Kartu Jakarta Sehat, KJS).^[248] In January 2014, the Indonesian government launched a universal health care system called the Jaminan Kesehatan Nasional (JKN), which is run by BPJS Kesehatan.^[249] KJS is being integrated into JKN,^[250] and KJS cards are still valid as of 2018.^[251] As of 2021, 85.55% of the people of Jakarta is covered by JKN.^[252]

Government-run hospitals are of a good standard but are often overcrowded. Government-run specialised hospitals include Dr. Cipto Mangunkusumo Hospital, Gatot Soebroto Army Hospital, as well as community hospitals and puskesmas. Other options for healthcare services include private hospitals and clinics. The private healthcare sector has seen significant changes since the government began allowing foreign investment in the private sector in 2010. While some private facilities are run by nonprofit or religious organisations, most are for-profit. Hospital chains such as Siloam, Pondok Indah Hospital Group, Mayapada, Mitra Keluarga, Medika, Medistra, Ciputra, Radjak Hospital Group, RS Bunda Group, and Hermina operate in the city.^{[253][254][255]}

Water supply

Further information: Water privatisation in Jakarta

Two private companies, PALYJA and Aetra, provide piped water in the western and eastern half of Jakarta respectively under 25-year concession contracts signed in 1998. A public asset holding company called PAM Jaya owns the infrastructure. Eighty percent of the water distributed in Jakarta comes through the West Tarum Canal system from Jatiluhur reservoir on the Citarum River, 70 km (43 mi) southeast of the city. The water supply was privatised by President Suharto in 1998 to the French company Suez Environnement and the British company Thames Water International. Both companies subsequently sold their concessions to Indonesian companies. Customer growth in the first seven years of the concessions had been lower than before, possibly because of substantial inflation-adjusted tariff increases during this period. In 2005, tariffs were frozen, leading private water companies to cut down on investments.

According to PALYJA, the service coverage ratio increased substantially from 34% (1998) to 65% (2010) in the western half of the concession.^[256] According to data by the Jakarta Water Supply Regulatory Body, access in the eastern half of the city served by PTJ increased from about 57% in 1998 to about 67% in 2004 but stagnated afterward.^[257] However, other sources cite much lower access figures for piped water supply to houses, excluding access provided through public hydrants: one study estimated access as low as 25% in 2005,^[258] while another estimated it to be as low as 18.5% in 2011.^[259] Those without access to piped water get water mostly from wells that are often salty and unsanitary. As of 2017, according to the Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resources, Jakarta had a crisis over clean water.^[260]

International relations

See also: List of diplomatic missions in Jakarta

International organisations

Jakarta hosts foreign embassies. Jakarta also serves as the seat of Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) Headquarters and is ASEAN's diplomatic capital.^[261]

Jakarta is a member of the Asian Network of Major Cities 21, C40 Cities Climate Leadership Group and ASEAN Smart Cities Network.

Twin towns – sister cities

See also: List of twin towns and sister cities in Indonesia

Jakarta signed sister city agreements with other cities, including Casablanca. To promote friendship between the two cities, the main avenue famous for its shopping and business centres was named after Jakarta's Moroccan sister city. No street in Casablanca is named after Jakarta. However, the Moroccan capital city of Rabat has an avenue named after Sukarno, Indonesia's first president, to commemorate his visit in 1960 and as a token of friendship.^[262]

Jakarta's sister cities are:^[263]

• Bandar Seri Begawan, Brunei
• Bangkok, Thailand
• Beijing, China
• Berlin, Germany
• Casablanca, Morocco
• East Jerusalem, Palestine
• Hanoi, Vietnam
• Islamabad, Pakistan
• Istanbul, Turkey
• Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
• Kyiv, Ukraine
• Los Angeles, United States
• Manila, Philippines
• Maputo, Mozambique
• Moscow, Russia
• Mumbai, India
• New York, United States
• Pyongyang, North Korea
• Seoul, South Korea
• Shanghai, China
• Tokyo, Japan

Cooperation and friendship

Jakarta has established a partnership with Rotterdam, especially on integrated urban water management, including capacity-building and knowledge exchange.^[264] This cooperation is mainly because both cities are dealing with similar problems; they lie in low-lying flat plains and are prone to flooding. Additionally, they have both implemented drainage systems involving canals, dams and pumps vital for both cities for below-sea-level areas.

In addition to its sister cities, Jakarta cooperates with:^[263]

• Arkansas, United States
• Budapest, Hungary
• New South Wales, Australia
• Paris, France
• Rotterdam, Netherlands

Notable people

Main category: People from Jakarta

See also

• Indonesia portal
• Jakarta portal
• Cities portal
• Asia portal

• Jakarta metropolitan area
• Betawi people
• Climate change in Indonesia
• Geology of Indonesia
• Java
• List of tallest buildings in Jakarta
• Outline of Jakarta
• Transport in Jakarta

Notes

1. In collaboration with "+Jakarta (Plus Jakarta)" Wordmark.^[2]
2. Jakarta is a city with province-level Special Capital Region comprising five Kota Administrasi (administrative cities/municipalities) and one Kabupaten Administrasi (administrative regency). It has no de jure capital, but many governmental buildings are located in Central Jakarta.
3. Formerly spelled as Djakarta

References

1. "A Day in J-Town". Jetstar Magazine. April 2012. Archived from the original on 1 August 2013. Retrieved 2 January 2013.
2. Bhwana, Petir Garda; Muthiariny, Dewi Elvia (12 December 2022). "Jakarta Introduces New Slogan 'Sukses Jakarta untuk Indonesia'". en.tempo.co. Retrieved 7 March 2024.
3. "Provinsi – Kementerian Dalam Negeri – Republik Indonesia" [Province – Ministry of Home Affairs – Republic of Indonesia] (in Indonesian). Ministry of Home Affairs. Archived from the original on 19 February 2013. Retrieved 14 August 2019.
4. Ricklefs, M. C. (2001). A History of Modern Indonesia since c.1200 (3rd ed.). Palgrave Macmillan. p. 35. ISBN 9780804744805.
5. "Disdukcapil DKI Tertibkan Data Penduduk Sesuai Domisili". Dinas Dukcapil DKI Jakarta. Retrieved 11 June 2024.
6. "Demographia World Urban Areas" (PDF) (19th annual ed.). August 2023. Retrieved 4 June 2024.
7. "Basis Data Pusat Pengemangan Kawasan Perkotaan" [Urban area development centre database]. perkotaan.bpiw.pu.go.id. Archived from the original on 6 February 2020. Retrieved 31 August 2020.
8. "ArcGIS Web Application".
9. Badan Pusat Statistik (2024). "Produk Domestik Regional Bruto (Milyar Rupiah), 2022-2023" (in Indonesian). Jakarta: Badan Pusat Statistik.
10. Badan Pusat Statistik (2024). "[Seri 2010] Produk Domestik Regional Bruto Per Kapita (Ribu Rupiah), 2022-2023" (in Indonesian). Jakarta: Badan Pusat Statistik.
11. "Indeks Pembangunan Manusia 2023" (in Indonesian). Statistics Indonesia. 2024. Retrieved 20 May 2024.
12. Emir (8 March 2024). "Ramai Status Jakarta Tak Lagi Ibu Kota, Pihak Istana Respons Begini". CNBC Indonesia (in Indonesian). Retrieved 2 April 2024.
13. Suroyo, Gayatri. "Indonesia pledges $40 billion to modernise Jakarta ahead of new capital - minister". Retrieved 17 May 2024.
14. Zahorka 2007.
15. "The capital's 'childhood' names". The Jakarta Post. Archived from the original on 28 January 2019. Retrieved 28 January 2019.
16. "Sunda Kelapa - Batavia - Jakarta Jakarta's History in a Glance". Explore Sunda. Retrieved 14 April 2024.
17. "jaya". Sanskrit Dictionary. Archived from the original on 31 July 2017. Retrieved 11 June 2017.
18. "krta". Sanskrit Dictionary. Archived from the original on 31 July 2017. Retrieved 11 June 2017.
19. "History of Jakarta". Jakarta News. Archived from the original on 20 August 2011.
20. Cortesão 1990, pp. 27–32.
21. Kampen 1831, p. 291.
22. (in Dutch) "Batavia zoals het weent en lacht", (17 October 1939), Het Nieuws van den Dag voor Nederlandsch-Indië, p. 6
23. Zahorka 2007, p. ?.
24. Ayatrohaédi 2005, p. ?.
25. Hellman, Thynell & Voorst 2018, p. 182.
26. Bunge & Vreeland 1983, p. 3.
27. Ayatrohaédi 2005, p. 60.
28. Heuken 1999, p. ?.
29. Ricklefs 1981, p. ?.
30. Witton 2003, pp. 138–39.
31. Nas & Grijns 2000, p. 145.
32. "Menteng: Pelopor Kota Taman" (in Indonesian). Badan Perencanaan Kotamadya Jakarta Pusat. 3 November 2007. Archived from the original on 20 February 2009.
33. Henderson 1970, pp. 81–82.
34. Bakker et al. 2008, p. 1891.
35. Sejarah perkembangan Kota Jakarta (in Indonesian). Pemerintah Propinsi Daerah Khusus Ibukota Jakarta, Dinas Museum dan Pemugaran. 2000. p. 56.
36. Waworoentoe 2013.
37. Kusno 2000, p. 56; Schoppert & Damais 1997, p. 105?
38. "Why ethnic Chinese are afraid Archived 24 August 2017 at the Wayback Machine". BBC News. 12 February 1998.
39. "Jakarta". Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. Archived from the original on 17 September 2007. Retrieved 17 September 2007.
40. Statistik Potensi Desa Provinsi DKI Jakarta 2008 [Village Potential Statistics of Province of DKI Jakarta 2008] (in Indonesian). Vol. 10. Jakarta: Statistics Indonesia. 2008. ISBN 978-979-724-994-6. Archived from the original on 16 November 2021. Retrieved 16 November 2021.
41. Douglass 1989, pp. 211–38; Douglass 1992, pp. 9–32
42. Turner 1997, p. 315.
43. Sajor 2003, pp. 713–42.
44. Friend 2003, p. 329.
45. Shari, Michael (7 March 2016). Written at Kuta Gandeg, West Java. "Wages of Hatred". Bloomberg Businessweek. New York City: Bloomberg. Archived from the original on 7 March 2016. Retrieved 7 March 2016.
46. Friend 2003, p. ?.
47. Minggu (19 July 2009). "Daftar Serangan Bom di Jakarta". Poskota. Archived from the original on 12 August 2009. Retrieved 27 April 2010.
48. "Jakarta holds historic election". BBC News. 8 August 2007. Archived from the original on 1 January 2016. Retrieved 8 August 2007.
49. "Jakarta sinks as Indonesian capital and Borneo takes on mantle". The Sydney Morning Herald. Archived from the original on 26 August 2019. Retrieved 26 August 2019.
50. "Indonesia's new capital isn't ready yet. The president is celebrating Independence Day there anyway". AP News. 17 August 2024. Retrieved 18 August 2024.
51. "Publikasi Provinsi dan Kabupaten Hasil Sementara SP2010". Bps.go.id. Archived from the original on 13 October 2010. Retrieved 7 June 2011.
52. "The Tides: Efforts Never End to Repel an Invading Sea". Jakarta Globe. Archived from the original on 17 November 2015. Retrieved 15 November 2015.
53. Based on Governor Decree 2007, No. 171. taken from Statistics DKI Jakarta Provincial Office, Jakarta in Figures, 2008, BPS, the province of DKI Jakarta
54. Murray et al. 2014, pp. 267–72.
55. Simanjuntak, T. P. Moan (16 July 2014). "Maja River in Pegadungan Strewn with Water Hyacinth and Mud". Berita Resmi Pemprov. Archived from the original on 18 March 2015. Retrieved 30 June 2017.
56. Elyda, Corry (27 December 2014). "BPK slams city's efforts to manage liquid waste". The Jakarta Post. Archived from the original on 2 April 2015.
57. Hendrix, Esmeralda. "Dutch to study new dike for Jakarta Bay". Archived from the original on 18 January 2012. Retrieved 27 July 2011.
58. "New Ciliwung River Dams Planned as Jakarta Struggles With Latest Floods". 20 January 2014. Archived from the original on 25 September 2015. Retrieved 5 December 2018.
59. "Jatinegara residents complain about underground tunnel project". Archived from the original on 25 September 2015. Retrieved 24 April 2015.
60. Leonhardt, David (17 May 2023). "The Plan to Build a New Capital". The New York Times. Retrieved 17 May 2023.
61. Mei Lin, Mayuri (12 August 2018). "Jakarta, the fastest-sinking city in the world". BBC News. Retrieved 30 March 2023.
62. Holzer, Thomas L.; Johnson, A. Ivan (1985). "Land subsidence caused by groundwater withdrawal in urban areas". GeoJournal. 11 (3): 245. Bibcode:1985GeoJo..11..245H. doi:10.1007/BF00186338. ISSN 0343-2521. S2CID 189888566. Retrieved 30 March 2023.
63. "Jakarta, the fastest-sinking city in the world". 16 August 2018. Archived from the original on 27 April 2021. Retrieved 27 April 2021.
64. "Jakarta is the world's most polluted city. Blame the dry season and vehicles for the gray skies". AP News. 11 August 2023. Retrieved 14 July 2024.
65. "Jakarta air pollution worsens, little progress after 2021 ruling". The Jakarta Post. Retrieved 26 January 2024.
66. Knörr 2014, p. ?.
67. Nas & Grijns 2000, p. 324.
68. "Number of cultural heritage buildings in Jakarta increased". The Jakarta Post. Archived from the original on 20 February 2018. Retrieved 20 February 2018.
69. Wilson, Willy (11 July 2012). "Building on the Past". The Jakarta Post. Archived from the original on 5 March 2016.
70. Bishop, Phillips & Yeo 2003, p. 198.
71. "Where are the fastest evolving Central Business Districts in Asia Pacific?". Archived from the original on 9 July 2018. Retrieved 20 June 2017.
72. "CTBUH Tall Building Database". The Skyscraper Center. Archived from the original on 8 December 2015. Retrieved 27 October 2015.
73. Silver 2007, p. 101.
74. "Ruang Terbuka Hijau Terus Ditambah". Poskotanews.com (in Indonesian). 25 June 2011. Archived from the original on 26 June 2011.
75. "Jakarta to revive RPTRAs". Archived from the original on 10 November 2019. Retrieved 10 November 2019.
76. "30 lakes and reservoirs in Greater Jakarta disappear". The Jakarta Post. Archived from the original on 26 February 2018. Retrieved 26 February 2018.
77. "Taman Medan Merdeka". deskominfomas (in Indonesian). Jakarta.go.id. Archived from the original on 23 May 2010.
78. "Taman Lapangan Banteng". deskominfomas (in Indonesian). Jakarta.go.id. Archived from the original on 24 May 2010.
79. "Paleis op de Dam dan Stadhuis Batavia". Kompas (in Indonesian). 9 June 2010.
80. "Galeri Nasional – About Gallery". Galeri Nasional. 4 April 2009. Retrieved 31 January 2013.
81. "Taman Suropati". deskominfomas (in Indonesian). Jakarta.go.id. Archived from the original on 23 May 2010.
82. Adyatama, Egi (5 March 2017). "Kalijodo Park Expected to be New Tourism Icon in Indonesia". Archived from the original on 31 March 2017. Retrieved 30 March 2017.
83. Widodo, Wahyu Setyo. "Taman Wisata Alam Angke Kapuk, Permata di Utara Jakarta". detikTravel. Archived from the original on 25 November 2020. Retrieved 4 December 2020.
84. "Travel: Must-visit public parks in the capital". The Jakarta Post. Archived from the original on 17 June 2016. Retrieved 11 June 2017.
85. "City allocates Rp 140 billion to revamp five parks". The Jakarta Post. Archived from the original on 9 January 2019. Retrieved 9 January 2019.
86. Chairunnisa, Ninis (21 September 2014). "Ragunan Zoo Mulls Safari Night". Archived from the original on 8 December 2015. Retrieved 3 January 2017.
87. Rosi, Adele (1998). National Museum Guidebook. Jakarta: PT Indo Multi Media, National Museum and Indonesian Heritage Society. p. 2.
88. "Metro Madness: A Day of Betawi Culture at Setu Babakan". The Jakarta Globe. Archived from the original on 1 October 2010. Retrieved 18 June 2017.
89. "Hutan Kota UI, Wisata Hijau di Tengah Kota". University of Indonesia. Retrieved 9 April 2023.
90. "Jokowi Resmikan PNRI, Perpustakaan Tertinggi di Dunia". Retrieved 22 September 2017.
91. "Jakpost guide to the National Library of Indonesia". The Jakarta Post. Retrieved 11 October 2018.
92. "Hidden parks in the concrete jungle". The Jakarta Post. Archived from the original on 9 January 2019. Retrieved 9 January 2019.
93. "Overall Jakarta FIBA World Cup Attendance Reaches 111,000". Jakarta Globe. Retrieved 9 March 2023.
94. "Hutan Kota GBK, Habitat Baru untuk Spesies Tanaman Langka". Ministry of the State Secretariat. Archived from the original on 20 April 2021. Retrieved 9 June 2021.
95. "Jakpost guide to Pantai Indah Kapuk". The Jakarta Post. Retrieved 6 August 2017.
96. "General Information". Water Indonesia. Archived from the original on 16 July 2024. Retrieved 16 July 2024.
97. "Monsoon Effect at Flood Phenomena on 2002 and 2007 in DKI-Jakarta" (PDF). UNDIP INSTITUTIONAL REPOSITORY. Archived (PDF) from the original on 22 November 2012. Retrieved 22 November 2012.
98. "Jakarta weather in June (Jakarta Province, Indonesia)". Weather & Climate. Retrieved 20 July 2013.
99. "Weather and climate in Jakarta (Indonesia)". Climates to travel. Archived from the original on 22 January 2023. Retrieved 20 June 2023.
100. "Extreme temperatures around the world". Maximiliano Herrera's Human Rights Site. Retrieved 20 July 2016.
101. "World Meteorological Organization Climate Normals for 1991–2020". World Meteorological Organization Climatological Standard Normals (1991–2020). National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Archived from the original on 19 October 2023. Retrieved 19 October 2023.
102. "Indonesia – Halim Perdanakus". Centro de Investigaciones Fitosociológicas. Archived from the original on 14 June 2021. Retrieved 26 June 2016.
103. "Stations Number 96745" (PDF). Ministry of Energy, Utilities and Climate. Archived from the original (PDF) on 16 January 2013. Retrieved 26 June 2016.
104. "Klimatafel von Jakarta (Stadt, Obs.), West-Java / Indonesien" (PDF). Baseline climate means (1961–1990) from stations all over the world (in German). Deutscher Wetterdienst. Retrieved 10 November 2024.
105. "Jakarta, Indonesia – Monthly weather forecast and Climate data". Weather Atlas. Archived from the original on 9 February 2019. Retrieved 8 February 2019.
106. Cybriwsky & Ford 2001, pp. 202–13.
107. Ginsburg, Koppel & McGee 1991, p. 71.
108. Harpham & Tanner 1995, p. 71.
109. "Hasil Sensus Penduduk 2020" (PDF) (in Indonesian). Statistics Indonesia. 21 January 2021. p. 9. Archived (PDF) from the original on 22 January 2021. Retrieved 21 January 2021.
110. "Jakarta population". Archived from the original on 1 July 2017. Retrieved 30 June 2017.
111. "Jabotabek, the Jakarta metropolitan area". UNU. Archived from the original on 28 October 2021. Retrieved 28 October 2021.
112. Setiawati, Indah. "After census city plans for 9.5 million". Archived from the original on 11 February 2020. Retrieved 3 May 2019.
113. "BPS Provinsi DKI Jakarta". Archived from the original on 27 March 2019. Retrieved 27 March 2019.
114. Hook, Walter. "BRT – Case Study 5 – Annex 5 Case Studies and Lessons – Module 2: Bus Rapid Transit (BRT): Toolkit for Feasibility Studies". sti-india-uttoolkit.adb.org. Archived from the original on 28 August 2011. Retrieved 12 June 2011.
115. Hermanto 1998, p. ?.
116. Firman, Tommy. "Population growth of Greater Jakarta and its impact". The Jakarta Post. Archived from the original on 29 September 2015. Retrieved 6 December 2015.
117. "These are the megacities of the future". 9 October 2018. Archived from the original on 10 September 2019. Retrieved 11 October 2018.
118. "Data collection, analysis, visualization and sharing". Knoema. Archived from the original on 25 August 2018. Retrieved 29 August 2018.
119. "Statistics of DKI Jakarta Province 2017". Archived from the original on 27 March 2019. Retrieved 27 March 2019.
120. "The percentage of population in Jakarta according to the major ethnic group (2010)". Retrieved 14 September 2013.
121. These cement the pluralism in ethnic and national identities found in contemporary Jakarta;Knörr 2007, p. 263
122. Sáenz, Embrick & Rodriguez 2015, p. ?.
123. Iyer 2001, p. 23.
124. Johnston, Tim (3 March 2005). "Chinese diaspora: Indonesia". BBC News. Archived from the original on 23 December 2007. Retrieved 30 November 2019.
125. Reid 2010, p. 170.
126. Board of Editors, Contributions to Southeast Asian Ethnography, 1987
127. Naim 1971, p. 115-131.
128. Adya 2022, p. 125.
129. Onishi, Norimitsu (26 July 2010). "As English Spreads, Indonesians Fear for Their Language". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 11 August 2019. Retrieved 11 August 2019.
130. "Profile | Universitas Indonesia". Ui.ac.id. Archived from the original on 19 April 2010. Retrieved 27 April 2010.
131. "State University of Jakarta". Archived from the original on 17 September 2017. Retrieved 4 October 2017.
132. "University of Pembangunan Nasional "Veteran" Jakarta". Archived from the original on 4 October 2017. Retrieved 4 October 2017.
133. "Universitas Terbuka Jakarta".
134. "Pertamina University". Archived from the original on 4 October 2017. Retrieved 4 October 2017.
135. "Bina Nusantara University". Archived from the original on 4 October 2017. Retrieved 4 October 2017.
136. "Jayabaya University". Archived from the original on 4 October 2017. Retrieved 4 October 2017.
137. "Persada Indonesia "YAI" University". Archived from the original on 5 November 2022. Retrieved 5 November 2022.
138. "Pancasila University". Archived from the original on 4 October 2017. Retrieved 4 October 2017.
139. "Print Artikel". Majalah-farmacia.com. Archived from the original on 14 July 2011. Retrieved 27 April 2010.
140. "IPEKA International Christian School". Archived from the original on 11 October 2017. Retrieved 4 October 2017.
141. "Welcome to Australian International School Indonesia". Ais-indonesia.com. Archived from the original on 3 March 2011. Retrieved 14 March 2011.
142. "赤道直下の国 インドネシアで 仲間とともに 思いっきり学ぶ". jjs.or.id. Archived from the original on 19 December 2021. Retrieved 2 January 2022.
143. "Jakarta International Multicultural School". Jimsch.org. Archived from the original on 22 February 2011. Retrieved 14 March 2011.
144. "Welcome to New Zealand International School". Nzis.net. Archived from the original on 16 February 2013. Retrieved 14 March 2011.
145. "Sekolah Pelita Harapan". Sph.edu. Archived from the original on 20 October 2009. Retrieved 14 March 2011.
146. "Jumlah Penduduk Menurut Agama" (in Indonesian). Ministry of Religious Affairs. 31 August 2022. Retrieved 29 October 2023.
147. Pemerintah Provinsi Daerah Khusus Ibukota Jakarta, Ensiklopedi Jakarta: Culture & Heritage, Vol. 1, Dinas Kebudayaan dan Permuseuman, 2005
148. Porter 2002, p. 39.
149. "Bahá'í International Community". 21 April 2015. Archived from the original on 3 October 2018. Retrieved 2 October 2018.
150. "Provinsi DKI Jakarta Dalam Angka 2022". Statistics Indonesia. Retrieved 22 September 2023.
151. Badan Pusat Statistik Jawa Timur (2022). Produk Domestik Regional Bruto Kabupaten/kota di DKI Jakarta 2019–2021. Jakarta: Badan Pusat Statistik.
152. "Most economically influential cities in the world, 2020". CEO World. Archived from the original on 17 February 2020. Retrieved 6 March 2020.
153. "Shenzhen and Jakarta shine in city economy forecasts for 2030". Nikkei Asian Review. Archived from the original on 6 December 2018. Retrieved 6 December 2018.
154. "Jakarta makes top 20 for resilient cities in global real estate index". The Jakarta Post. Archived from the original on 3 July 2019. Retrieved 3 July 2019.
155. "2028, Jakarta Diperkirakan Masuk Daftar Kota Tangguh Dunia". Kompas. Archived from the original on 3 July 2019. Retrieved 3 July 2019.
156. "Six Indonesian Companies Make Forbes Global 2000 List". Archived from the original on 8 September 2018. Retrieved 30 November 2019.
157. "Fortune 500". Archived from the original on 30 June 2019. Retrieved 30 November 2019.
158. "Indonesia expects to have more than 5 unicorns by 2019: minister". Reuters. Archived from the original on 19 May 2019. Retrieved 22 June 2018.
159. "Google launches first Cloud region in Indonesia". The Jakarta Post. Archived from the original on 25 June 2020. Retrieved 24 June 2020.
160. "Jakarta economy grows 6.22% in 2017". The Jakarta Post. Archived from the original on 26 June 2018. Retrieved 26 June 2018.
161. "Realisasi Investasi di DKI Jakarta 2017 Capai Rp108,6 Triliun". OKEZONE. Archived from the original on 26 June 2018. Retrieved 26 June 2018.
162. Hilda B Alexander (19 March 2015). "18 Konglomerat Indonesia Tinggal di Jakarta". Archived from the original on 15 October 2016. Retrieved 1 January 2017.
163. "Mercer's annual Cost of Living Survey finds African, Asian, and European cities dominate the list of most expensive locations for working abroad". Archived from the original on 13 January 2018. Retrieved 21 June 2017.
164. "Britannica". Encyclopædia Britannica. Archived from the original on 3 August 2018. Retrieved 29 August 2018.
165. Gantan, Josua (1 November 2014). "Jakarta: The Luxury Property Capital of the World – The Jakarta Globe". Jakarta Globe. Archived from the original on 1 November 2014. Retrieved 27 May 2014.
166. "Jakarta, Kota dengan Lahan Mal Terluas di Dunia". 22 October 2015. Archived from the original on 27 December 2016. Retrieved 22 October 2015.
167. "Jakarta, a city with many shopping centres". The Jakarta Post. Archived from the original on 15 August 2017. Retrieved 15 August 2017.
168. "Jakarta Malls and Shopping Centers – luxury shopping in Jakarta, Indonesia". Expat.or.id. Archived from the original on 28 July 2010. Retrieved 27 April 2010.
169. "International Franchise Stores". Debenhams plc. 2013. Archived from the original on 12 June 2017. Retrieved 4 June 2016.
170. "SOGO". Archived from the original on 23 July 2015. Retrieved 23 July 2015.
171. "Jalan Satrio Dijadikan "Shopping Belt" Jakarta". kompas.com. 20 June 2013. Archived from the original on 20 June 2013.
172. "Special Transjakarta buses to serve city shoppers". The Jakarta Post. Archived from the original on 20 July 2018. Retrieved 20 July 2018.
173. "Jakarta named the most popular location tag on Instagram Stories". The Jakarta Post. Archived from the original on 12 December 2017. Retrieved 12 December 2017.
174. "Jakarta among top 10 cities on Instagram". The Jakarta Post. Archived from the original on 12 December 2017. Retrieved 12 December 2017.
175. "Jakarta in big five world's fastest growing destinations". The Jakarta Post. Archived from the original on 27 September 2017. Retrieved 27 September 2017.
176. "Jakarta among 10 fastest growing tourist cities in the world". The Jakarta Post. Archived from the original on 9 December 2018. Retrieved 7 December 2018.
177. "Jakarta likely to see tourist influx in 2027, study says". The Jakarta Post. Archived from the original on 8 July 2019. Retrieved 8 July 2019.
178. "Euromonitor International's Top 100 City Destinations Ranking" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 12 April 2018. Retrieved 8 November 2017.
179. "Jakarta's Statistics Bureau Reports an Increase in Overseas Tourists in 2023". Indonesia Expat. Retrieved 25 April 2024.
180. "Jakarta preps MICE tourism to lure more tourists". The Jakarta Post. Archived from the original on 10 June 2017. Retrieved 16 June 2017.
181. "Ministry holds national convention to develop MICE tourism". The Jakarta Post. Archived from the original on 2 August 2017. Retrieved 16 June 2017.
182. "Lebaran Betawi: An event to maintain bonds and traditions". The Jakarta Post. Archived from the original on 27 July 2019. Retrieved 27 July 2019.
183. "Festival Condet 2019, Upaya untuk Lestarikan Budaya Betawi". Kompas. Archived from the original on 27 July 2019. Retrieved 27 July 2019.
184. Knörr 2007
185. Tanjung, Intan. "Where to go for a drink and to dress up to impress". The Jakarta Post. Archived from the original on 10 December 2017. Retrieved 10 December 2017.
186. Parker, Simon. "36 Hours in... Jakarta". The Telegraph. Archived from the original on 7 December 2017. Retrieved 10 December 2017.
187. Wira, Simon Ni Nyoman. "Jakpost guide to Jl. Sabang". The Jakarta Post. Archived from the original on 9 August 2017. Retrieved 9 August 2017.
188. Symington, Martin. "Jakarta Travel Tips: Where to go and what to do in 48 hours". The Independent. Archived from the original on 23 April 2018. Retrieved 23 April 2018.
189. "The legendary eateries you must visit in Blok M". The Jakarta Post. Archived from the original on 9 August 2017. Retrieved 9 August 2017.
190. "7 tantalizing eateries in Tebet". The Jakarta Post. Archived from the original on 9 August 2017. Retrieved 9 August 2017.
191. Kramat Raya, "Surga" Nasi Kapau di Jakarta yang Ikonik
192. Figge, Katrin. "A Trip to Melawai's Little Tokyo in Jakarta". Jakarta Globe. Archived from the original on 12 August 2017. Retrieved 10 December 2017.
193. "JakPost guide to Jl. Kemang Raya: Part 1". The Jakarta Post. Archived from the original on 3 August 2017. Retrieved 9 August 2017.
194. Jatmiko, Bambang Priyo. "Fenomena Bisnis Kuliner di Jalan Senopati Jakarta". Kompas. Archived from the original on 9 August 2017. Retrieved 9 August 2017.
195. Valentina, Jessicha. "Jakpost guide to Pantai Indah Kapuk". The Jakarta Post. Archived from the original on 6 August 2017. Retrieved 9 August 2017.
196. Prakoso, Johanes Randy (29 June 2015). "Lenggang Jakarta, Tempat Nongkrong Baru di Monas". detik.com. Archived from the original on 24 July 2016.
197. "Lenggang Jakarta Kemayoran Resmi Dibuka, Kawasan Sentra Kuliner Baru di Pusat Ibu Kota". Tribnnews. Archived from the original on 7 November 2017. Retrieved 2 November 2017.
198. "Better space for cheap food". The Jakarta Post. Archived from the original on 24 April 2020. Retrieved 8 March 2020.
199. "Superhot fried chicken eats into KFC's dominance in Indonesia". Nikkei Asian Review. Archived from the original on 23 May 2018. Retrieved 23 May 2018.
200. Hanna 1962, pp. 193–203.
201. "Olympic Council of Asia: Games". Ocasia.org. Archived from the original on 5 October 2014. Retrieved 27 September 2014.
202. "Stadion Utama Gelora Bung Karno". Archived from the original on 3 October 2018. Retrieved 10 November 2018.
203. "Asian Cup 2007 Host nations". 11 September 2007. Archived from the original on 23 July 2009.
204. "Football stadiums of the world – Stadiums in Indonesia". Fussballtempel.net. Archived from the original on 13 May 2010. Retrieved 27 April 2010.
205. "Lintasan Sudah 90 Persen Rampung, Timnas Sepeda Jajal Venue Velodrome Awal Mei". NYSN Media. Archived from the original on 15 June 2018. Retrieved 5 June 2018.
206. "Equestrian Park Pulomas Ditargetkan Rampung November 2017". Berita Satu. Archived from the original on 1 July 2018. Retrieved 6 June 2018.
207. "Car-Free Day reduces air pollution: Tests". 25 June 2008. Archived from the original on 7 June 2011. Retrieved 26 May 2011.
208. "Thousands of runners to join Jakarta Marathon 2015 on Sunday". The Jakarta Post. 23 October 2015. Archived from the original on 19 November 2015. Retrieved 19 November 2015.
209. "Here are the New Routes for Jakarta Marathon 2015 | GIVnews.com – Indonesian Perspective to Global Audience". Globalindonesianvoices.com. 26 September 2015. Archived from the original on 19 November 2015. Retrieved 19 November 2015.
210. "Wonderful Indonesia – Jakarta Marathon 2014 : Indonesia's Biggest Running Event". Indonesia.travel. Archived from the original on 19 November 2015. Retrieved 19 November 2015.
211. "AIMS – Calendar of Races". Aimsworldrunning.org. Archived from the original on 10 November 2015. Retrieved 19 November 2015.
212. "IAAF Approves Jakarta Marathon's Route | Metro | Tempo.Co :: Indonesian News Portal". En.tempo.co. 28 October 2013. Archived from the original on 19 November 2015. Retrieved 19 November 2015.
213. "Sirkuit Formula E di Ancol Mulai Dibangun". Detik.com. 10 February 2022. Archived from the original on 9 April 2022. Retrieved 11 February 2022.
214. "TV Digital Indonesia – Siaran TV Digital". Archived from the original on 1 July 2012. Retrieved 7 March 2013.
215. "Ini 21 Caleg DPR yang Terpilih dari DKI Jakarta". detik.com (in Indonesian). 14 May 2014. Archived from the original on 14 August 2018. Retrieved 14 August 2018.
216. "Four years on, Ahok's 'Smart City' legacy lives on". The Jakarta Post. Archived from the original on 14 January 2019. Retrieved 14 January 2019.
217. 'Taxpayer money for the city', The Jakarta Post, 16 July 2011.
218. Dewi, Sita W. (9 December 2013). "Jokowi spends less, provides more than Foke, say observers". The Jakarta Post. Archived from the original on 28 October 2021. Retrieved 19 October 2021.
219. "Editorial: Regional budgets underspent". The Jakarta Post. Archived from the original on 10 October 2016. Retrieved 8 October 2016.
220. Dewi, Sita W. (29 January 2013). "Council approves city budget for 2013, higher than proposed". The Jakarta Post. Archived from the original on 28 October 2021. Retrieved 28 October 2021.
221. "2019 draft city budget to be set at Rp 89 trillion". The Jakarta Post. Archived from the original on 17 August 2019. Retrieved 17 August 2019.
222. "Jakarta Proposes Rp95 Trillion Regional Budget Plan for 2020". Tempo. Archived from the original on 15 August 2019. Retrieved 17 August 2019.
223. "Jakarta revised budget estimated at Rp 72 trillion". The Jakarta Post. Archived from the original on 17 August 2019. Retrieved 17 August 2019.
224. "Central Jakarta Profile". The City Jakarta Administration. Jakarta.go.id. Archived from the original on 11 September 2009. Retrieved 19 December 2009.
225. "West Jakarta Profile". The City Jakarta Administration. Jakarta.go.id. Archived from the original on 11 September 2009. Retrieved 24 February 2010.
226. "South Jakarta Profile". The City Jakarta Administration. Jakarta.go.id. Archived from the original on 5 July 2009. Retrieved 19 December 2009.
227. "East Jakarta Profile". The City Jakarta Administration. Jakarta.go.id. Archived from the original on 14 October 2009. Retrieved 19 December 2009.
228. "North Jakarta Profile". The City Jakarta Administration. Jakarta.go.id. Archived from the original on 13 September 2009. Retrieved 19 December 2009.
229. ""Thousand Island" Profile". The City Jakarta Administration. Jakarta.go.id. Archived from the original on 16 June 2009. Retrieved 19 December 2009.
230. Biro Pusat Statistik, Jakarta, 2011.
231. Badan Pusat Statistik, Jakarta, 2021.
232. Badan Pusat Statistik, Jakarta, 28 February 2024, Kota Subussalam Dalam Angka 2024 (Katalog-BPS 1102001.1175)
233. "Human Development Indices by Province, 2020–2021 (New Method)" (in Indonesian). Archived from the original on 27 January 2021. Retrieved 3 July 2022.
234. Law No. 7/2017 (UU No. 7 Tahun 2017) as amended by Government Regulation in Lieu of Law No. 1/2022 and Regulation of General Elections Commission No. 6/2023.
235. "Capital or not, Jakarta looks toward urban regeneration". The Jakarta Post. Archived from the original on 21 June 2020. Retrieved 21 June 2020.
236. Joe Cochrane (4 August 2013). "Hours to Go, Just to Get to Work: Indonesians Cope With Infuriating Traffic and Inefficient Public Transit". The New York Times. Retrieved 5 August 2013.
237. "Jakarta wins global 2021 Sustainable Transport Award for integrated public transportation". The Jakarta Post. Retrieved 31 October 2020.
238. "Transportation Issues and Future Condition in Tokyo, Jakarta, Manila and Hiroshima" (PDF). Retrieved 11 May 2010.
239. "Pulo Gebang, Terminal Terbesar se-ASEAN Diresmikan 28 Desember". Liputan6. Retrieved 12 June 2017.
240. Kurniawan, Ruly. "Ini Pengganti Metromini di Jakarta". detikoto (in Indonesian). Retrieved 13 October 2020.
241. "Heru Budi Asks Transjakarta to Add More Buses to Reduce Congestion". Tempo. Retrieved 1 February 2023.
242. "Get ready for a bike revolution". The Jakarta Post. Retrieved 5 June 2021.
243. "Anies Baswedan Suggests Incentives for Workers Riding Bike to Work". Tempo. Retrieved 5 June 2021.
244. "Pelabuhan Muara Angke Siap Digunakan". Retrieved 13 August 2020.
245. Shenntyara, Mirtha (22 September 2017). "Indonesia: Asia's maritime gateway to the west". Archived from the original on 17 April 2021. Retrieved 21 January 2021.
246. Hernig 2018, p. 112; Hartmann, Maennig & Wang 2017, p. 59
247. Yuniarni, Sarah. "Here's How Indonesia Can Benefit From China's Belt and Road Initiative". Jakarta Globe. Archived from the original on 28 October 2021. Retrieved 28 October 2021.
248. McCawley, Tom (November 2013). "Overdue Antidote" (PDF). Asian Development Bank. Archived (PDF) from the original on 24 December 2013. Retrieved 24 December 2013.
249. Britnell 2015, p. 47.
250. "Pemprov DKI Jakarta Masuki Tahun ke-4 Integrasikan KJS ke Program JKN-KIS" (in Indonesian). BPJS Kesehatan. 29 December 2016. Archived from the original on 18 January 2022. Retrieved 18 January 2022.
251. Martiyanti, Erna (17 January 2018). "Dinkes Pastikan KJS Masih Tetap Berlaku – Beritajakarta.id". Beritajakarta.id/ (in Indonesian). Archived from the original on 18 January 2022. Retrieved 18 January 2022.
252. Dihni, Vika Azkiya (25 November 2021). "Bukan Jakarta, Penduduk yang Miliki BPJS di Provinsi Ini Terbanyak Se-Indonesia". databoks.katadata.co.id (in Indonesian). Archived from the original on 26 November 2021. Retrieved 18 January 2022.
253. "Indonesia's health care industry is on the rise". The Jakarta Post. Archived from the original on 22 December 2017. Retrieved 21 December 2017.
254. "Mayapada Hospital Jakarta Selatan Diresmikan". Tribun News. Archived from the original on 22 December 2017. Retrieved 21 December 2017.
255. "Jadwal Dokter". cloudmedis.com. Retrieved 6 May 2023.
256. "Key Figures". Archived from the original on 26 April 2012. Retrieved 20 November 2011.
257. Iwan, Renalia (2008). Ten Years of Public Private Partnership in Jakarta Drinking Water Service (1998–2007): Eastern Jakarta Drinking Water Service by Thames PAM Jaya (Thesis). Archived from the original on 16 November 2021. Retrieved 16 November 2021.
258. Bakker, Karen; Kooy, Michelle; Shofiani, Nur Endah; Martijn, Ernst-Jan (2006). Disconnected: Poverty, Water Supply and Development in Jakarta, Indonesia (Report). UNDP (published 17 October 2013). Archived from the original on 29 August 2022. Retrieved 16 November 2021. Personal Communication from Kris Tutuko, Technical Director PAM JAYA, Jakarta, Indonesia (was quoted – seems difficult to understand).
259. KRuHA People's coalition for the water rights (7 June 2011). "Poor Water Service, Most of Jakarta People Threatened by E-Coli". Archived from the original on 26 April 2012. Retrieved 20 November 2011.
260. Nababan, Christine Novita (11 June 2017). "Kementerian ESDM: Jakarta Krisis Air Bersih". CNN Indonesia. Archived from the original on 11 June 2017. Retrieved 13 June 2017.
261. "Jakarta is Affirmed to be a Diplomatic Capital City". Association of Southeast Asian Nations. Archived from the original on 31 May 2016. Retrieved 28 April 2016.
262. Anjaiah, Veeramalla (30 July 2009). "Morocco seeks to boost business ties with RI: Envoy". The Jakarta Post. Archived from the original on 14 November 2017. Retrieved 14 June 2013.
263. "21 State Capitals Working with Sister City with Jakarta". Berita Jakarta. 13 February 2019. Archived from the original on 21 July 2021. Retrieved 17 January 2022.
264. "Jakarta and Rotterdam strengthen ties on urban water management". Neso Indonesia. 16 September 2014. Archived from the original on 7 August 2016.

Bibliography

• Adya, Afandri (2022). Minangkabau In A Nutshell [Minangkabau In A Nutshell] (Cet. 1 ed.). Bukunesia Publisher. ISBN 978-623-88007-3-5. Archived from the original on 5 November 2022. Retrieved 5 November 2022.
• Ayatrohaédi (2005). Sundakala: cuplikan sejarah Sunda berdasarkan naskah-naskah "Panitia Wangsakerta" Cirebon [Sundakala: A snippet of Sundanese history based on the manuscripts of "Panitia Wangsakerta" Cirebon] (in Indonesian). Pustaka Jaya. ISBN 978-979-419-330-3. Archived from the original on 28 October 2021. Retrieved 28 October 2021.
• Bakker, K.; Kooy, M.; Shofiani, N.E.; Martijn, E. J. (2008). "Governance Failure: Rethinking the Institutional Dimensions of Urban Water Supply to Poor Households". World Development. 36 (10): 1891–1915. doi:10.1016/j.worlddev.2007.09.015.
• Baskoro, Bra (2010). Wisata kota Jalan Jaksa : sebuah kajian sosiologi pariwisata [Street tourism, city tourism: A study of the sociology of tourism] (Cet. 1 ed.). Penerbit Koekoesan. ISBN 978-979-1442-31-2. Archived from the original on 29 August 2022. Retrieved 27 April 2021.
• Bishop, Ryan; Phillips, John; Yeo, Wei Wei (2003). Postcolonial Urbanism: Southeast Asian Cities and Global Processes. Psychology Press. ISBN 978-0-415-93250-9. Archived from the original on 16 November 2021. Retrieved 16 November 2021.
• Britnell, Mark (2015). In Search of the Perfect Health System. London: Palgrave. ISBN 978-1-137-49661-4. Archived from the original on 29 August 2022. Retrieved 27 April 2021.
• Bunge, Frederica M.; Vreeland, Nena (1983). Indonesia: A Country Study. U.S. Government Printing Office. Archived from the original on 28 October 2021. Retrieved 28 October 2021.
• Corfield, Justin (2013). "Sister Cities". Historical Dictionary of Pyongyang. London: Anthem Press. p. 196. ISBN 978-0-85728-234-7. Archived from the original on 30 March 2019. Retrieved 16 November 2021.
• Douglass, M. (1992). "The Political Economy of Urban Poverty and Environmental Management in Asia: Access, Empowerment, and Community-based Alternatives". Environment and Urbanization. 4 (2): 9–32. Bibcode:1992EnUrb...4....9D. doi:10.1177/095624789200400203.
• Cortesão, Armando (1990). The Suma Oriental of Tome Pires, books 1–5. New Delhi: Asian Educational Services. ISBN 81-206-0535-7. Archived from the original on 24 June 2016. Retrieved 28 October 2021.
• Cybriwsky, Roman; Ford, Larry R. (2001). "City profile: Jakarta". Cities. 18 (3). doi:10.1016/S0264-2751(01)00004-X. ISSN 0264-2751.
• Douglass, M. (1989). "The Environmental Sustainability of Development. Coordination, Incentives and Political Will in Land Use Planning for the Jakarta Metropolis". Third World Planning Review. 11 (2): 211. doi:10.3828/twpr.11.2.44113540kqt27180.
• Friend, Theodore (2003). Indonesian Destinies. Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0-674-01137-3. Archived from the original on 29 June 2016. Retrieved 28 October 2021.
• Ginsburg, Norton Sydney; Koppel, Bruce; McGee, T. G. (1991). "The Extended Metropolis: Implications for Urban Management". In Cheema, G. Shabbir (ed.). The Extended Metropolis: Settlement Transition in Asia. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press. ISBN 0-585-30143-3. Archived from the original on 16 November 2021. Retrieved 16 November 2021.
• Hanna, Willard A. (1962). "The Politics of Sport. Indonesia as the Host to the "Fourth Asian Games"". American University. Southeast Asia Series. 10 (19). Archived from the original on 16 November 2021. Retrieved 16 November 2021.
• Harpham, Trudy; Tanner, Marcel (1995). Urban health in developing countries : progress and prospects. London: Earthscan. ISBN 1-85383-285-5. Archived from the original on 16 November 2021. Retrieved 16 November 2021.
• Hartmann, Wolf D.; Maennig, Wolfgang; Wang, Run (2017). Chinas neue Seidenstraße Kooperation statt Isolation [China's New Silk Road Cooperation instead of isolation] (in German) (1 ed.). Frankfurt am Main. ISBN 978-3-95601-224-2. Archived from the original on 28 October 2021. Retrieved 28 October 2021.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
• Hellman, Jorgen; Thynell, Marie; Voorst, Roanne van (2018). Jakarta: Claiming spaces and rights in the city. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-351-62044-4. Archived from the original on 29 August 2022. Retrieved 27 April 2021.
• Hermanto, Zarida (1998). Perubahan pemanfaatan tanah di Jabotabek : studi perbandingan dengan Gerbangkertosusila [Land use change in Jabotabek: A comparative study with Gerbangkertosusila]. Jakarta: Indonesian Institute of Sciences. ISBN 979-9165-04-0. Archived from the original on 28 October 2021. Retrieved 28 October 2021.
• Henderson, John William (1970). Area Handbook for Indonesia. Vol. 550. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office. Archived from the original on 28 October 2021. Retrieved 28 October 2021.
• Hernig, Marcus (2018). Die Renaissance der Seidenstraße: Der Weg des chinesischen Drachens ins Herz Europas [The Renaissance of the Silk Road: The Chinese Dragon's Way to the Heart of Europe] (in German). FinanzBuch Verlag. ISBN 978-3-96092-253-7. Archived from the original on 28 October 2021. Retrieved 28 October 2021.
• Heuken, Adolf (1999). Sumber-sumber asli sejarah Jakarta, Jilid I: Dokumen-dokumen sejarah Jakarta sampai dengan akhir abad ke-16 [Original sources of Jakarta's history, Volume I: Historical documents of Jakarta up to the end of the 16th century]. Vol. 1. Cipta Loka Caraka.
• Iyer, Alessandra (2001). Indonesian Performing Arts: Tradition and Transition. Harwood Academic Pub. Archived from the original on 28 October 2021. Retrieved 28 October 2021.
• Kampen, Nicolaas Godfried (1831). Geschiedenis der Nederlanders buiten Europa [History of the Dutch outside Europe] (in Dutch). Vol. 1. Haarlem: De Erven François Bohn. Archived from the original on 28 October 2021. Retrieved 28 October 2021.
• Knörr, Jacqueline (2007). Kreolität und postkoloniale Gesellschaft: Integration und Differenzierung in Jakarta [Creole and Post-Colonial Society: Integration and Differentiation in Jakarta] (in German). Campus Verlag. ISBN 978-3-593-38344-6. Archived from the original on 28 October 2021. Retrieved 28 October 2021.
• Knörr, Jacqueline (2014). Creole Identity in Postcolonial Indonesia. Berghahn Books. ISBN 978-1-78238-268-3. JSTOR j.ctt9qcwb1. Archived from the original on 25 March 2022. Retrieved 28 October 2021.
• Kusno, Abidin (2000). Behind the Postcolonial: Architecture, Urban Space and Political Cultures. New York City: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-23615-7. Archived from the original on 28 October 2021. Retrieved 28 October 2021.
• Merrillees, Scott (2015). Jakarta: Portraits of a Capital 1950–1980. Jakarta: Equinox Publishing. ISBN 9786028397308. Archived from the original on 30 March 2021. Retrieved 12 November 2020.
• Murray, N.J.; Clemens, R.S.; Phinn, S.R.; Possingham, H.P.; Fuller, R.A. (2014). "Tracking the rapid loss of tidal wetlands in the Yellow Sea" (PDF). Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment. 12 (5): 267–272. Bibcode:2014FrEE...12..267M. doi:10.1890/130260. Archived (PDF) from the original on 7 December 2021. Retrieved 5 August 2021.
• Nas, Peter J.M.; Grijns, Kees (2000). Jakarta-Batavia: Socio-cultural Essays. Leiden: KITLV Press. ISBN 90-6718-139-0. Archived from the original on 2 February 2020. Retrieved 28 October 2021.
• Naim, Mochtar (1971). "Merantau: Causes and Effects of Minangkabau Voluntary Migration". Merantau. ISEAS Publishing. pp. 1–15. doi:10.1355/9789814380164-002. ISBN 978-981-4380-16-4. Archived from the original on 28 October 2021. Retrieved 28 October 2021.
• Porter, Donald James (2002). Managing politics and Islam in Indonesia. London. ISBN 0-7007-1736-6. Archived from the original on 16 November 2021. Retrieved 16 November 2021.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
• Reid, Anthony (2010). Imperial Alchemy: Nationalism and Political Identity in Southeast Asia. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-87237-9. Archived from the original on 16 November 2021. Retrieved 16 November 2021.
• Ricklefs, M. C. (1981). A History of Modern Indonesia. London: Macmillan Education UK. doi:10.1007/978-1-349-16645-9. ISBN 978-0-333-24380-0. Archived from the original on 28 October 2021. Retrieved 28 October 2021.
• Sajor, Edsel E. (2003). "Globalization and the Urban Property Boom in Metro Cebu, Philippines". Development and Change. 34 (4): 713–742. doi:10.1111/1467-7660.00325.
• Sáenz, Rogelio; Embrick, David G.; Rodriguez, Nestor P. (2015). The International Handbook of the Demography of Race and Ethnicity. Dordrecht. ISBN 978-90-481-8891-8.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
• Schoppert, P.; Damais, S. (1997). Java Style. Paris: Didier Millet. ISBN 978-962-593-232-3. Archived from the original on 28 October 2021. Retrieved 28 October 2021.
• Silver, Christopher (2007). Planning the Megacity: Jakarta in the Twentieth Century. Planning, History and Environment. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-135-99122-7. Archived from the original on 17 April 2021. Retrieved 12 November 2020.
• Soekmono, R. (1973). Pengantar Sejarah Kebudayaan Indonesia 2, 2nd ed [Introduction to Indonesian Cultural History 2] (2 ed.). Yogyakarta: Penerbit Kanisius.
• Suryadinata, Leo; Arifin, Evi Nurvidya; Ananta, Aris (2003). Indonesia's Population: Ethnicity and Religion in a Changing Political Landscape. Institute of Southeast Asian Studies. ISBN 978-981-230-212-0. Archived from the original on 25 August 2021. Retrieved 28 October 2021.
• Teeuwen, Dirk (2010). "From horsepower to electrification: Tramways in Batavia-Jakarta 1869–1962" (PDF). Rendez-vous Batavia. Indonesia-Dutch Colonial Heritage. Archived from the original (PDF) on 5 July 2016. Retrieved 22 April 2017.
• Torchia, Christopher; Djuhari, Lely (2007). Indonesian Idioms and Expressions: Colloquial Indonesian at Work. Tuttle Publishing. ISBN 978-1-4629-1650-4. Archived from the original on 28 October 2021. Retrieved 28 October 2021.
• Turner, Peter (1997). Java (1st ed.). Melbourne: Lonely Planet. ISBN 978-0-86442-314-6. Archived from the original on 28 October 2021. Retrieved 28 October 2021.
• Waworoentoe, Willem Johan (2013). "Jakarta". Encyclopædia Britannica. Archived from the original on 14 November 2016. Retrieved 28 October 2021.
• Witton, Patrick (2003). Indonesia. Melbourne: Lonely Planet Publications. ISBN 978-1-74059-154-6. Archived from the original on 27 April 2021. Retrieved 27 April 2021.
• Zahorka, Herwig (2007). The Sunda Kingdoms of West Java. Yayasan Cipta Loka Caraka. Archived from the original on 28 October 2021. Retrieved 28 October 2021.

Further reading

• Ring, Trudy (1994). Schellinger, Paul E.; Salkin, Robert M. (eds.). International Dictionary of Historic Places: Asia and Oceania. Vol. 5. Chicago: Fitzroy Dearborn Publishers. ISBN 1-884964-05-2.

External links

• Official website
• Jakarta (official travel website)
• Geographic data related to Jakarta at OpenStreetMap