The year 1888 in science and technology involved some significant events, listed below.
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- The global atmospheric temperature returns to normal, five years after the 1883 eruption of Krakatoa (Krakatau). The volcanic dust veil, that has created spectacular atmospheric effects, also acted as a solar-radiation filter, lowering global temperatures by as much as 1.2 degrees Celsius in the year after the eruption.
- February 14 – Robert Remak (died 1942), German mathematician.
- February 17 – Otto Stern (died 1969), German-born physicist, Nobel laureate in Physics in 1943.
- March 16 – Anton Köllisch (died 1916), German chemist noted for synthesising MDMA
- May 13 – Inge Lehmann (died 1993), Danish seismologist.
- June 12 – Zygmunt Janiszewski (died 1920), Polish mathematician.
- July 5 – Herbert Spencer Gasser (died 1963), American physiologist, Nobel laureate in Physiology or Medicine in 1944.
- July 22 – Selman Waksman (died 1973), Ukrainian-born Jewish-American biochemist and microbiologist.
- July 23 – Ivan Magill (died 1986), Irish-born anaesthesiologist.
- August 13 – John Logie Baird (died 1946), Scottish-born inventor.
- September 17 – Michiyo Tsujimura (died 1969), Japanese agricultural scientist
- November 15 – Harald Ulrik Sverdrup (died 1957), Norwegian meteorologist and oceanographer.
- November 24 – Eduard Pernkopf (died 1955), Austrian anatomist.
- November 30 – Ralph Hartley (died 1970), American electrical engineer.
- January 19 – Heinrich Anton de Bary (born 1831), German surgeon, botanist, microbiologist and mycologist.
- February 22 – Anna Kingsford (born 1846), English physician, anti-vivisectionist and vegetarian.
- March 9 – Robert Gordon Latham (born 1812), English ethnologist and philologist.
- March 15 – Squire Whipple (born 1804), American civil engineer.
- April 1 – Jules Émile Planchon (born 1823), French botanist.
- May 21 – Friedrich Gerke (born 1801), German pioneer of telegraphy.
- August 23 – Philip Henry Gosse (born 1810), English science writer.
- August 24 – Rudolf Clausius (born 1822), German physicist.
- September 12 – Richard A. Proctor (born 1837), English astronomer.
- September 30 – Eunice Newton Foote (born 1819), American physicist and women's rights campaigner.
- October 25 – Theodor Kjerulf (born 1825), Norwegian geologist.
- November 1 – Nikolay Przhevalsky (born 1839), Russian explorer.
Maienschein, Jane (1989). One Hundred Years Exploring Life, 1888-1988: the Marine Biological Laboratory at Woods Hole. Boston: Jones & Bartlett. ISBN 978-0-86720-120-8.
Bulmer, Michael (2003). Francis Galton: Pioneer of Heredity and Biometry. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. pp. 191–196. ISBN 978-0-8018-7403-1.
Collingridge, Jeremy M. R.; et al. (2007). "Ink Reservoir Writing Instruments 1905–20". Transactions of the Newcomen Society. 77 (1): 69–100. doi:10.1179/175035207X163361.