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The 1090s was a decade of the Julian Calendar which began on January 1, 1090, and ended on December 31, 1099.
1090
By place
Europe
- A third Almoravid expedition is launched in Al-Andalus, designed to finally subdue the Taifa's Kingdoms. The cities of Córdoba, Seville, Granada, Málaga, Almería and Ronda fall to the troops of Sultan Yusuf ibn Tashfin.[1]
- King Stephen II of Croatia becomes involved in an open conflict between factions of the Croatian nobility, who reassert their traditional rights in their own counties.
Seljuk Empire
- Hassan-i Sabbah founds the Nizari Ismaili state after taking control of the Alamut Castle and organising the military group called the Order of Assassins.[2]
Africa
- Béjaïa (or Bugia) becomes the capital of the Hammadid dynasty in modern-day Algeria. It becomes an important port and centre of culture.
By topic
Arts and Culture
- Troubadours begin playing in western Aquitaine (Poitou and Saintonge) and Gascony (approximate date).
Science and Technology
- Qin Guan, Chinese poet of the Song dynasty, writes the Can Shu (Book of Sericulture), which describes a silk-reeling machine that has the world's oldest known mechanical belt drive.
- Nizam al-Mulk
- Pope Urban II
- Al-Muqtadi caliph of Baghdad
- Malik-Shah I Seljuk sultan
1090
- January 17 – Qin Hui, Chinese chancellor (d. 1155)
- unknown dates
- Frederick II (the One-Eyed), German nobleman (d. 1147)[58]
- Fujiwara no Atsuyori (or Dōin), Japanese waka poet (d. 1179)[59]
- probable
- Agnes I, German abbess of Quedlinburg (approximate date)
- Alaungsithu, Burmese king of the Pagan Dynasty (d. 1167)
- Arnold of Brescia, Italian canon regular (approximate date)
- Bernard of Clairvaux, French abbot and theologian (d. 1153)
- Chen Yuyi, Chinese politician of the Song Dynasty (d. 1138)
- Eliezer ben Nathan, German rabbi and liturgical poet (d. 1170)
- Eric II (the Memorable), king of Denmark (approximate date)
- Fujiwara no Akisuke, Japanese nobleman and poet (d. 1155)
- Juliane de Fontevrault, illegitimate daughter of King Henry I of England
- Conrad I, German nobleman and rector of Burgundy (d. 1152)
- Niklot (or Nyklot), Obotrite prince and tribal chief (d. 1160)
- Robert FitzRoy, 1st Earl of Gloucester
- Theobald II (the Great), French nobleman
- Theobald of Bec, archbishop of Canterbury
- William de Mohun, 1st Earl of Somerset
1091
- September 18 – Andronikos Komnenos, Byzantine prince and general
- December 22 – Jutta von Sponheim, German abbess (d. 1136)
- Hongzhi Zhengjue, Chinese Chan Buddhist monk and writer (d. 1157)
- Matilda of Rethel, French noblewoman and sovereign (d. 1151)
- Tiantong Zongjue, Chinese Buddhist monk and patriarch (d. 1162)
1092
- Adélaide de Maurienne, queen consort of France (d. 1154)
- Al-Mustarshid, caliph of the Abbasid Caliphate (d. 1135)
- Fulk V ("the Younger"), Count of Anjou and king of Jerusalem (d. 1143)
- Magnús Einarsson, Icelandic bishop of Skálholt (d. 1148)
- Peter the Venerable, French monk and abbot (d. 1156)
- Sachen Kunga Nyingpo, Tibetan Buddhist leader (d. 1158)
- Sybilla of Normandy, queen consort of Scotland (d. 1122)
- Wartislaw I (or Warcisław), duke of Pomerania (approximate date)
- Zhang Jiucheng, Chinese politician (d. 1159)
1093
- January 16 – Isaac Komnenos, Byzantine co-ruler
- Ahmad Yasawi, Turkic poet and Sufi (d. 1166)
- Baldwin VII, count of Flanders (d. 1119)
- Conrad III, king of Italy and Germany (d. 1152)
- Demetrius I, king of Georgia (approximate date)
- Gerhoh of Reichersberg, German theologian (d. 1169)
- Grigor III, Armenian catholicos of Cilicia (d. 1166)
- Robert fitzEdith, English feudal lord (d. 1172)
- Sancho Alfónsez, Spanish nobleman (d. 1108)
- Simon of Hauteville, count of Sicily (d. 1105)
- Simon of Vermandois, French bishop (d. 1148)
- William III, count of Ponthieu (approximate date)
1094
- January 14 – Eudokia Komnene, Byzantine princess (d. 1129)
- Abd al-Mu'min, Almohad caliph (approximate date)
- Ibn Zuhr (or Avenzoar), Moorish physician (d. 1162)
- Malachy, Irish archbishop and saint (d. 1148)
- Richard d'Avranches, 2nd Earl of Chester (d. 1120)
- Yelü Dashi, founder of the Qara Khitai (d. 1143)
1095
- July 4 – Usama ibn Munqidh, Arabian diplomat and poet (d. 1188)
- December 22 – Roger II, king of Sicily (d. 1154)[60]
- Amadeus III, count of Savoy and Maurienne (d. 1148)
- Fujiwara no Taishi, Japanese empress (d. 1156)
- Geoffrey of Monmouth, English historian (d. 1155)
- Hériman of Tournai, French chronicler (d. 1147)
- Hugh Bigod, 1st Earl of Norfolk, English nobleman and advisor (d. 1177)
- Hugh Candidus, English monk and historian (d. 1160)
- Kōgyō-Daishi, Japanese Buddhist priest (d. 1143)
- Robert Fitzharding, English nobleman (d. 1170)
- Ulvhild Håkansdotter, twice Swedish queen consort and once Danish queen consort (d. 1148)
- Victor IV (Octavian), antipope of Rome (d. 1164)
- William II, duke of Apulia and Calabria (d. 1127)
- William of Malmesbury, English historian (d. 1143)
- Zishou Miaozong, Chinese Zen master (d. 1170)
1096
- January 15 – Theodora Komnene, Byzantine princess
- March 12 – Canute Lavard, duke of Schleswig (d. 1131)
- April 9 – Al-Muqtafi, caliph of the Abbasid Caliphate (d. 1160)[61]
- December 31 – Al-Amir bi-Ahkam Allah, Fatimid caliph (d. 1130)
- Ermengol VI ("el de Castilla"), count of Urgell (d. 1154)
- Galdino della Sala (or Galdinus), Archbishop of Milan (d. 1176)
- Henry of Blois, bishop of Winchester (approximate date)
- Hugh of Saint Victor, German scholar and theologian (d. 1141)
- Iziaslav II Mstislavich, Grand Prince of Kiev (d. 1154)
- Minamoto no Tameyoshi, Japanese nobleman (d. 1156)
- Peter Lombard, French bishop and theologian (d. 1160)
- Stephen of Blois, king of England (approximate date)
- Taira no Tadamori, Japanese nobleman (d. 1153)
- Wang Ximeng, Chinese landscape painter (d. 1119)
- William VI, count of Auvergne and Velay (d. 1136)
1097
- March 15 – Fujiwara no Tadamichi, Japanese nobleman (d. 1164)
- November 5 – André de Montbard, French nobleman (d. 1156)
- Abu al-Najib Suhrawardi, Persian scholar and Sufi (d. 1168)
- Abu'l-Hasan Bayhaqi, Persian polymath and official (d. 1169)
- Cecile of France, French princess and countess of Tripoli (d. 1145)
- Conrad I ("the Great"), margrave of Meissen (approximate date) (d. 1157)
- Muhammad Buzurg Ummid, Persian ruler of Alamut (d. 1162)
- Zhang Jun, Chinese general and grand chancellor (d. 1164)
1098
- Amadeus I, Swiss nobleman (House of Geneva) (d. 1178)
- Ayn al-Quzat Hamadani, Persian philosopher and poet (d. 1131)
- Hedwig of Gudensberg, German countess and regent (d. 1148)
- Hildegard of Bingen, German Benedictine abbess (d. 1179)
- John of the Grating, French bishop and saint (d. 1163)
- Pons, French nobleman (House of Toulouse) (d. 1137)
- Simon II de Senlis, Earl of Huntingdon-Northampton, Anglo-Norman nobleman (d. 1153)
- Wibald, German abbot and councillor (d. 1158)
1099
- Olav Magnusson, king of Norway (d. 1115)
- Ranulf de Gernon, 4th Earl of Chester, Anglo-Norman nobleman (d. 1153)
- Raymond of Poitiers, prince of Antioch (d. 1149)
- Thierry of Alsace, count of Flanders (d. 1168)
- William X, Duke of Aquitaine ("the Saint"), French nobleman (d. 1137)
- Yuri Dolgorukiy, Grand Prince of Kiev (d. 1157)
1090
- March 22 – García II, king of Galicia and Portugal (b. 1042)
- April 16 – Sikelgaita, Lombard duchess of Apulia (b. 1040)
- May 3 – Adelaide of Rheinfelden, queen consort of Hungary[62]
- May 12 – Liutold of Eppenstein, German nobleman
- May 18 – Berthold of Rheinfelden, German nobleman
- June 26 – Jaromír, Bohemian prince and bishop
- July 3 – Egbert II (or Ekbert), German nobleman
- August 11 – Fujiwara no Atsuie, Japanese nobleman (b. 1033)[63]
- August 13 – Constance of Normandy, duchess of Brittany
- unknown dates
- Abd al-Jalil ibn Wahbun, Moorish poet and writer
- Fayun Faxiu, Chinese Chan Buddhist monk (b. 1027)
- Richard fitz Gilbert, Norman nobleman (b. c.10350
- Guo Xi, Chinese landscape painter[64]
- St Isaiah of Rostov, Kievan missionary and bishop[65]
- Raynald I, French Benedictine abbot (b. 1059)
- William of Poitiers, French priest and chronicler (b. c.1020)
- probable
- Osbern of Canterbury, English hagiographer
1091
- March 26 – Wallada bint al-Mustakfi, Andalusian female poet (b. 994)
- June 17 – Dirk V, count of Friesland (west of the Vlie) (b. 1052)
- June 29 – Frederick of Montbéliard, margrave of Turin
- July 5 – William of Hirsau, German abbot and music theorist
- August 8 – Altmann of Passau, German bishop and saint
- August 25 – Sisnando Davides, Mozarab military leader
- December 19
- Adelaide of Susa, margravine of Turin
- Fujiwara no Tadaie, Japanese statesman (b. 1033)
- Fu Yaoyu, Chinese government official and politician (b. 1024)
- Helena of Hungary, queen consort of Croatia (approximate date)
- Jordan I (or Giordano), Italo-Norman prince of Capua
- Mac meic Aedh Ua Flaithbheartaigh, Irish king of Iar Connacht
- Robert D'Oyly, Norman nobleman (approximate date)
- Stephen II (or Stjepan), king of Croatia (approximate date)
- Wolfhelm of Brauweiler, German Benedictine abbot
- Artuk Bey (Zaheer-ul-Daulah Artuk Beg), Seljuk general and governor
1092
- January 14 – Vratislaus II, duke and king of Bohemia
- May 7 – Remigius de Fécamp, bishop of Lincoln
- September 6 – Conrad I, duke of Bohemia
- October 14 – Nizam al-Mulk, Seljuk vizier (b. 1018)
- November 19 – Malik-Shah I, Seljuk sultan (b. 1055)
- Abu'l-Qasim, Seljuk general and governor
- Bermudo Ovéquiz (or "Vermudo"), Spanish nobleman
- Bogumił, archbishop of Gniezno (approximate date)
- Ermengol IV (or Armengol), count of Urgell (b. 1056)
- Helibo, Chinese nobleman and chieftain (b. 1039)
- Jordan of Hauteville, Italo-Norman nobleman
- Richard de Montfort, French nobleman
1093
- February 1 – Abul Hasan Hankari, Abbasid scholar (b. 1018)
- April – Rhys ap Tewdwr, Welsh king of Deheubarth, killed in battle (b. 997)
- April 13 – Vsevolod I Yaroslavich, Grand Prince of Kiev (b. 1030)
- May 26 – Rostislav Vsevolodovich, prince of Pereyaslavl
- June 21 – Ja'far ibn Abdallah al-Muqtadi, Abbasid prince, son of al-Muqtadi and Mah-i Mulk
- July 10 – Ulrich of Zell, German Cluniac reformer (b. 1029)
- August 4 – Alan Rufus, Breton/Norman nobleman (approximate year)
- August 24 – Geoffrey Boterel, Breton nobleman, eldest brother of Alan Rufus
- August 29 – Hugh I, Duke of Burgundy, French nobleman and abbot (b. 1057)
- September 22 – Olaf III "the Peaceful", king of Norway
- October 13 – Robert I, Count of Flanders
- November 13 – Malcolm III, king of Scotland (b. 1031)
- November 16 – Margaret, queen consort of Scotland (b. 1045)[66]
- Bertrand II, count of Provence (approximate date)
- Constance of Burgundy, queen consort of Castile and León (b. 1046)
- Gao, Chinese empress (Song dynasty) (b. 1032)
- Iestyn ap Gwrgant, Welsh king of Morgannwg (b. 1014)
- Kaoruko, Japanese empress consort (b. 1029)
- Odo V (or Eudes), count of Troyes and Meaux
- Tzachas, Seljuk general and usurper, killed
- Wang Shen, Chinese painter and poet
1094
- January 10 – Al-Mustansir Billah, Fatimid caliph (b. 1029)
- February 3
- Al-Muqtadi, Abbasid caliph (b. 1056)
- Teishi, Japanese empress (b. 1013)
- June 2 – Nicholas the Pilgrim, Italian shepherd (b. 1075)
- June 4 – Sancho V, king of Aragon and Pamplona
- July 28 – William Bertrand, margrave of Provence
- October 14
- Bertha of Holland, French queen consort
- Fujiwara no Nobunaga, Japanese nobleman (b. 1022)
- October – Mahmud I, sultan of the Seljuk Empire
- November 12 – Duncan II, king of Scotland
- Abu Ali Fana-Khusrau, Buyid nobleman
- Al-Bakri, Moorish historian and geographer
- Aq Sunqur al-Hajib, Seljuk sultan of Aleppo
- Badr al-Jamali, Fatimid vizier and statesman
- Isaac Albalia, Andalusian Jewish astronomer (b. 1035)
- Jonathan I, Italo-Norman count of Carinola
- Michael of Avranches, Italian bishop
- Roger de Beaumont, Norman nobleman
- Roger de Montgomery, Norman nobleman
- Terken Khatun, Seljuk empress and regent
- William Fitzeustace, 1st Earl of Gloucester, Norman nobleman
- Wulfnoth Godwinson, English nobleman
1095
- January 20 – Wulfstan, bishop of Worcester
- March 5 – Judith of Flanders, duchess of Bavaria
- June 18 – Sophia of Hungary, duchess of Saxony
- June 26 – Robert the Lotharingian, bishop of Hereford
- July 29 – Ladislaus I, king of Hungary
- August 18 – Olaf I ("Hunger"), king of Denmark
- October 12 – Leopold II, margrave of Austria (b. 1050)
- November 22 – Donngus Ua hAingliu, Irish bishop
- Agapetus of Pechersk, Kievan monk and doctor
- Al-Humaydī, Andalusian scholar and writer (b. 1029)
- Ali ibn Faramurz, Kakuyid emir of Yazd and Abarkuh
- Al-Mu'tamid ibn Abbad, Abbadid emir of Seville (b. 1040)
- Gerald of Sauve-Majeure, French Benedictine abbot
- Godred Crovan, Norse-Gaelic king of Dublin
- Henry of Laach, German count palatine of the Rhine
- Nizar ibn al-Mustansir, Fatimid prince (b. September 26 1045)
- Robert, 2nd Earl of Cornwall (approximate date)
- Ruben I (or Rupen), prince of Armenia (b. 1025)
- Shen Kuo, Chinese polymath scientist and engineer (b. 1031)
- Tutush I, Seljuk emir of Damascus and Aleppo
- Vitale Faliero (or Falier de' Doni), doge of Venice
- William I, count of Cerdanya and Berga
1096
- January 2 – William de St-Calais, Norman bishop and chief councilor
- January 11 – Adelaide II, German princess and abbess (b. 1045)
- May – Worms massacre:
- Kalonymus ben Meshullam, French Jewish martyr
- Minna of Worms, German-Jewish female moneylender and martyr
- October 21 – Walter Sans Avoir, French leader of the First Crusade
- November 11 – Werner I, German nobleman (House of Habsburg)
- December 23 – Hugh I of Le Puiset, French nobleman
- Eudokia Makrembolitissa, Byzantine empress and regent
- Fariburz I, Persian ruler of Shirvan (House of Shirvanshah)
- Gao Shengtai, Chinese ruler of the Dazhong Kingdom
- Geoffrey III, Count of Anjou ("the Bearded"), French nobleman (b. 1040)
- Henry III, count of Luxembourg (House of Luxembourg)
- Ralph de Gael, Norman nobleman (approximate date)
- Sarakhsi, Persian scholar, jurist and writer (approximate date)
- Stephen II, German nobleman (House of Sponheim)
1097
- June 6 – Agnes of Aquitaine, queen consort of Aragon and Navarre
- June 16 – Wen Yanbo, Chinese grand chancellor (b. 1006)
- August 15 – Diego Rodríguez, Castilian nobleman
- August 20 – Albert Azzo II, margrave of Milan and Liguria
- November 6 – Heonjong, Korean king of Goryeo (b. 1084)
- Baldwin Chauderon, French nobleman and crusader
- Florine of Burgundy, French noblewoman and crusader (b. 1083)
- Herman of Hauteville, Norman nobleman and crusader
- Marpa Lotsawa, Tibetan Buddhist teacher (b. 1012)
- Minamoto no Tsunenobu, Japanese nobleman (b. 1016)
- Muhya bint Al-Tayyani, Andalusian female poet
- Odo of Bayeux, Norman nobleman and bishop
- Peter II, king of Croatia (see Battle of Gvozd Mountain)
- Sweyn the Crusader, Danish nobleman and crusader
1098
- January 3 – Walkelin, Norman bishop of Winchester
- February 22 – Hugh de Grandmesnil, Norman sheriff (b. 1032)
- July 31 – Hugh of Montgomery, 2nd Earl of Shrewsbury
- August 1 – Adhemar of Le Puy, French bishop (b. 1045)
- Alan the Black, Norman nobleman and lord of Richmond
- Baldwin II, count of Hainaut (House of Flanders) (b. 1056)
- Ephraim of the Caves, Kievan bishop of Pereiaslav
- Raymond IV (Raimundus), count of Pallars Jussà
- Robert de Say (Fitz-Picot), Norman nobleman
- Vinayaditya, Indian king of the Hoysala Empire
- Walo II of Chaumont-en-Vexin (or Galon II de Beaumont), viscount and constable of France (b. 1060)
- Yaghi Siyan, Seljuk governor of Antioch (b. 1011)
1099
- April 14 – Conrad, bishop of Utrecht
- April 20 – Peter Bartholomew, French soldier and mystic
- July 8 – Lawrence, Croatian monk and archbishop
- July 10 – El Cid (Rodrigo Diaz de Vivar), Castilian knight
- July 18 – Fujiwara no Moromichi, Japanese nobleman (b. 1062)
- July 29 – Urban II, pope of the Catholic Church (b. 1035)
- August 21 – Éverard III of Puiset, Viscount of Chartres, French nobleman
- December 3 – Osmund, Norman lord chancellor of England and bishop of Salisbury, canonized (b. 1065)
- Ermengarde de Carcassonne, French noblewoman
- Donald III ("the Fair"), king of Scotland (b. 1032)
- Qutb Shah, Persian Sufi and religious leader
- Rhygyfarch, Welsh bishop of St. David's (b. 1057)
- Walter of Pontoise, French abbot (approximate date)
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