Zoàrcids

Els zoàrcids (Zoarcidae) són una família de peixos marins pertanyents a l'ordre dels perciformes i al superordre dels acantopterigis.^[1]

Zoàrcids

Zoarcidae
Lycodichthys antarcticus
Taxonomia
Superregne	Holozoa
Regne	Animalia
Fílum	Chordata
Classe	Actinopteri
Ordre	Perciformes
Família	Zoarcidae Swainson, 1839

Lycodes esmarkii

Lycenchelys verrillii

Zoarces viviparus

Lycodes frigidus

Zoarces americanus

Lycodes mucosus

Melanostigma gelatinosum

Lycenchelys paxillus

Lycodonus mirabilis

Exemplar del gènere Pachycara

Lycodes vahlii

Morfologia

Cos allargat. Aletes dorsal i anal allargades i formant una aleta contínua juntament amb l'aleta caudal. Absència d'aletes pelvianes. 58-150 vèrtebres. Segons les espècies, poden presentar o no escates. Zoarces americanus n'és l'espècie amb la màxima longitud: 1,1 m.^[2]

Reproducció

Les tres espècies del gènere Zoarces són ovovivípares, tots els altres són ovípars.^[2]

Hàbitat

Les 220 espècies d'aquesta família són marines (algunes a gran fondària).^[3]

Distribució geogràfica

Es distribueixen des de l'Àrtida fins a l'Antàrtic.^[2]

Gèneres

• Aiakas (Gosztonyi, 1977)^[4]
  • Aiakas kreffti (Gosztonyi, 1977)
  • Aiakas zinorum (Anderson & Gosztonyi, 1991)
• Andriashevia (Fedorov i Neyelov, 1978)^[5]
  • Andriashevia aptera (Fedorov & Neyelov, 1978)
• Austrolycus (Regan, 1913)^[6]
  • Austrolycus depressiceps (Regan, 1913)
  • Austrolycus laticinctus (Berg, 1895)
• Bellingshausenia (Matallanas, 2009)^[7]
  • Bellingshausenia olasoi (Matallanas, 2009)
• Bentartia (Matallanas, 2009)^[8]
  • Bentartia cinerea (Matallanas, 2009)
• Bilabria (Schmidt, 1936)^[9]
  • Bilabria gigantea (Anderson & Imamura, 2008)
  • Bilabria ornata (Soldatov, 1922)
• Bothrocara (Bean, 1890)^[10]
  • Bothrocara brunneum (Bean, 1890)^[11]
  • Bothrocara elongatum (Garman, 1899)^[12]
  • Bothrocara hollandi (Jordan & Hubbs, 1925)^[13]
  • Bothrocara molle (Bean, 1890)^[11]
  • Bothrocara nyx (Stevenson & Anderson, 2005)^[14]
  • Bothrocara pusillum (Bean, 1890)^[11]
  • Bothrocara soldatovi (Schmidt, 1950)^[15]
  • Bothrocara tanakai (Jordan & Hubbs, 1925)^[13]
• Bothrocarina (Suvorov, 1935)^[16]
  • Bothrocarina microcephala (Schmidt, 1938)
  • Bothrocarina nigrocaudata (Suvorov, 1935)
• Crossostomus (Lahille, 1908)^[17]
  • Crossostomus chilensis (Regan, 1913)^[18]
  • Crossostomus fasciatus (Lönnberg, 1905)^[19]
  • Crossostomus sobrali (Lloris & Rucabado, 1989)^[20]
• Dadyanos (Whitley, 1951)^[21]
  • Dadyanos insignis (Steindachner, 1898)
• Davidijordania (Popov, 1931)^[22]
  • Davidijordania brachyrhyncha (Schmidt, 1904)
  • Davidijordania jordaniana (Schmidt, 1936)
  • Davidijordania lacertina (Pavlenko, 1910)
  • Davidijordania poecilimon (Jordan & Fowler, 1902)
  • Davidijordania yabei (Anderson & Imamura, 2008)
• Derepodichthys (Gilbert, 1896)^[23]
  • Derepodichthys alepidotus (Gilbert, 1896)
• Dieidolycus (Anderson, 1988)^[24]
  • Dieidolycus adocetus (Anderson, 1994)
  • Dieidolycus gosztonyii (Anderson & Pequeño R., 1998)
  • Dieidolycus leptodermatus (Anderson, 1988)
• Ericandersonia (Shinohara & Shakurai, 2006)^[25]
  • Ericandersonia sagamia (Shinohara & Sakurai, 2006)
• Eucryphycus (Anderson, 1988)^[26]
  • Eucryphycus californicus (Starks & Mann, 1911)
• Exechodontes (DeWitt, 1977)^[27]
  • Exechodontes daidaleus (DeWitt, 1977)
• Gosztonyia (Matallanas, 2009)^[28]
  • Gosztonyia antarctica (Matallanas, 2009)^[28]
• Gymnelopsis (Soldatov, 1922)^[29]
  • Gymnelopsis brashnikovi (Soldatov, 1922)
  • Gymnelopsis brevifenestrata (Anderson, 1982)
  • Gymnelopsis humilis (Nazarkin & Chernova, 2003)^[30]
  • Gymnelopsis ocellata (Soldatov, 1922)
  • Gymnelopsis ochotensis (Popov, 1931)
• Gymnelus (Reinhardt, 1834)^[31]
  • Gymnelus andersoni (Chernova, 1998)
  • Gymnelus barsukovi (Chernova, 1999)
  • Gymnelus diporus (Chernova, 2000)
  • Gymnelus esipovi (Chernova, 1999)
  • Gymnelus gracilis (Chernova, 2000)
  • Gymnelus hemifasciatus (Andriàixev, 1937)
  • Gymnelus obscurus (Chernova, 2000)
  • Gymnelus pauciporus (Anderson, 1982)
  • Gymnelus platycephalus (Chernova, 1999)
  • Gymnelus popovi (Taranetz & Andriàixev, 1935)
  • Gymnelus retrodorsalis (Le Danois, 1913)
  • Gymnelus soldatovi (Chernova, 2000)
  • Gymnelus taeniatus (Chernova, 1999)
  • Gymnelus viridis (Fabricius, 1780)
• Hadropareia (Schmidt, 1904)^[32]
  • Hadropareia middendorffii (Schmidt, 1904)
  • Hadropareia semisquamata (Andriàixev i Matiuixin, 1989)^[33]
• Hadropogonichthys (Fedorov, 1982)^[34]
  • Hadropogonichthys leptopus (Machida, Shinohara & Ohta, 2004)
  • Hadropogonichthys lindbergi (Fedorov, 1982)
• Iluocoetes (Jenyns, 1842)^[35]
  • Iluocoetes elongatus (Smitt, 1898)^[36]
  • Iluocoetes fimbriatus (Jenyns, 1842)^[35]
• Japonolycodes (Shinohara, Sakurai i Machida, 2002)^[37]
  • Japonolycodes abei (Matsubara, 1936)
• Krusensterniella (Schmidt, 1904)^[32]
  • Krusensterniella maculata (Andriàixev, 1938)
  • Krusensterniella multispinosa (Soldatov, 1922)
  • Krusensterniella notabilis (Schmidt, 1904)
  • Krusensterniella pavlovskii (Andriàixev, 1955)
• Letholycus (Anderson, 1988)^[38]
  • Letholycus magellanicus (Anderson, 1988)
  • Letholycus microphthalmus (Norman, 1937)
• Leucogrammolycus Mincarone & Anderson, 2008)^[39]
  • Leucogrammolycus brychios (Mincarone & Anderson, 2008)
• Lycenchelys (Gill, 1884)^[40]
• Lycodapus (Gilbert, 1890)^[41]
• Lycodes (Reinhardt, 1831)^[42]
• Lycodichthys (Pappenheim, 1911)^[43]
  • Lycodichthys antarcticus (Pappenheim, 1911)
  • Lycodichthys dearborni (DeWitt, 1962)
• Lycodonus (Goode y Bean, 1883)^[44]
  • Lycodonus flagellicauda (Jensen, 1902)
  • Lycodonus malvinensis (Gosztonyi, 1981)
  • Lycodonus mirabilis (Goode & Bean, 1883)
  • Lycodonus vermiformis (Barnard, 1927)
• Lycogrammoides (Soldatov i Lindberg, 1929)^[45]
  • Lycogrammoides schmidti (Soldatov & Lindberg, 1929)
• Lyconema (Gilbert, 1896)^[46]
  • Lyconema barbatum (Gilbert, 1896)
• Lycozoarces (Popov, 1935)^[47]
  • Lycozoarces regani (Popov, 1933)
• Magadania (Shinohara, Nazarkin & Chereshnev, 2004)^[48]
  • Magadania skopetsi (Shinohara, Nazarkin & Chereshnev, 2004)
• Maynea (Cunningham, 1871)^[49]
  • Maynea puncta (Jenyns, 1842)
• Melanostigma (Günther, 1881)^[50]
  • Melanostigma atlanticum (Koefoed, 1952)
  • Melanostigma bathium (Bussing, 1965)
  • Melanostigma gelatinosum (Günther, 1881)
  • Melanostigma inexpectatum (Parin, 1977)
  • Melanostigma orientale (Tominaga, 1971)
  • Melanostigma pammelas (Gilbert, 1896)
  • Melanostigma vitiazi (Parin, 1979)
• Nalbantichthys (Schultz, 1967)^[51]
  • Nalbantichthys elongatus (Schultz, 1967)
• Notolycodes (Gosztonyi, 1977)^[4]
  • Notolycodes schmidti (Gosztonyi, 1977)
• Oidiphorus (McAllister i Rees, 1964)^[52]
  • Oidiphorus brevis (Norman, 1937)
  • Oidiphorus mcallisteri (Anderson, 1988)
• Opaeophacus (Bond y Stein, 1984)^[53]
  • Opaeophacus acrogeneius (Bond & Stein, 1984)
• Ophthalmolycus (Regan, 1913)^[54]
• Pachycara (Zugmayer, 1911)^[55]
• Phucocoetes (Jenyns, 1842)^[35]
  • Phucocoetes latitans (Jenyns, 1842)
• Piedrabuenia (Gosztonyi, 1977)^[4]
  • Piedrabuenia ringueleti (Gosztonyi, 1977)
• Plesienchelys (Anderson, 1988)^[38]
  • Plesienchelys stehmanni (Gosztonyi, 1977)
• Pogonolycus (Norman, 1937)^[56]
  • Pogonolycus elegans (Norman, 1937)
  • Pogonolycus marinae (Lloris, 1988)
• Puzanovia (Fedorov, 1975)^[57]
  • Puzanovia rubra (Fedorov, 1975)
  • Puzanovia virgata (Fedorov, 1982)
• Pyrolycus (Machida i Hashimoto, 2002)^[58]
  • Pyrolycus manusanus (Machida & Hashimoto, 2002)
  • Pyrolycus moelleri (Anderson, 2006)
• Santelmoa (Matallanas, 2009)^[8]
  • Santelmoa carmenae (Matallanas, 2009)
• Seleniolycus (Anderson, 1988)^[24]
  • Seleniolycus laevifasciatus (Torno, Tomo & Marschoff, 1977)
  • Seleniolycus pectoralis (Møller & Stewart, 2006)
  • Seleniolycus robertsi (Møller & Stewart, 2006)
• Taranetzella (Andriàixev, 1952)^[59]
  • Taranetzella lyoderma (Andriàixev, 1952)
• Thermarces (Rosenblatt i Cohen, 1986)^[60]
  • Thermarces andersoni (Rosenblatt & Cohen, 1986)^[61]
  • Thermarces cerberus (Rosenblatt & Cohen, 1986)^[61]
  • Thermarces pelophilum (Geistdoerfer, 1999)^[62]
• Zoarces (Cuvier, 1829)^[63][64][65]
  • Zoarces americanus (Bloch & Schneider, 1801)
  • Zoarces andriashevi (Parin, Grigoryev & Karmóvskaia, 2005)
  • Zoarces elongatus (Kner, 1868)
  • Zoarces fedorovi (Chereshneva, Nazarkinb & Chegodaevaa, 2007)
  • Zoarces gillii (Jordan & Starks, 1905)
  • Zoarces viviparus (Linnaeus, 1758)^{[66][67][68][69][70][71]}

Referències

1. World Register of Marine Species (anglès)
2. FishBase (anglès)
3. «Zoarcidae (Family)» (en anglès). ZipcodeZoo.com. Arxivat de l'original el 11 d’abril 2012. [Consulta: 11 d’octubre 2008].
4. Gosztonyi A. E. 1977. Results of the research cruises FRV "Walther Herwig" to South America. XLVIII. Revision of the South American Zoarcidae (Osteichthyes, Blennioidei) with the description of three new genera and five new species. Arch. Fischwiss. v. 27 (núm. 3). 191-249.
5. Fedorov, V. V. & A. V. Neyelov. 1978. A new genus and species of eelpout, Andriashevia aptera gen. et sp. n. (Perciformes, Zoarcidae). Voprosy Ikhtiol. v. 18 (núm. 5): 952-955.
6. Regan, C. T. 1913. The Antarctic fishes of the Scottish National Antarctic Expedition. Trans. R. Soc. Edinb. v. 49 (pt 2, núm. 2): 229-292, Pls. 1-11.
7. Matallanas, J. 2009. Description of a new genus and species of zoarcid Fish, Bellingshausenia olasoi, from the Bellingshausen Sea (Southern Ocean). Polar Biology.
8. Matallanas, J., 2009. Description of two new genera, Santelmoa and Bentartia and two new species of Zoarcidae (Teleostei, Perciformes) from the Southern Ocean. Polar Biology, DOI 10.1007/s00300-009-0742-y.
9. Schmidt, P. J. 1936. On the genera Davidojordania Popov and Bilabria n. (Pisces, Zoarcidae). C. R. (Doklady) Acad. Sci. URSS (N. S.) v. 1 (núm. 2) [1936]: 97-100.
10. Bean, T. H. 1890. New fishes collected off the coast of Alaska and the adjacent region southward. A Scientific results of explorations by the U. S. Fish Commission steamer Albatross. Proceedings of the United States National Museum v. 13 (núm. 795): 37-45.
11. Bean, T. H., 1890. New fishes collected off the coast of Alaska and the adjacent region southward. A: Scientific results of explorations by the U. S. Fish Commission steamer Albatross. Proceedings of the United States National Museum v. 13 (núm. 795): 37-45.
12. Garman, S., 1899. The Fishes. A: Reports on an exploration off the west coasts of Mexico, Central and South America, and off the Galapagos Islands ... by the U. S. Fish Commission steamer "Albatross," during 1891... Núm. XXVI. Memoirs of the Museum of Comparative Zoology v. 24: Text: 1-431, Atlas: Pls. 1-85 + A-M.
13. Jordan, D. S. & Hubbs, C. L., 1925. Record of fishes obtained by David Starr Jordan in Japan, 1922. Memoirs of the Carnegie Museum v. 10 (núm. 2): 93-346, Pls. 5-12.
14. Stevenson, D. E. & M. E. Anderson, 2005. Bothrocara nyx: a new species of eelpout (Perciformes: Zoarcidae) from the Bering Sea. Zootaxa Núm. 1094: 53-64.
15. Schmidt, P. Yu, 1950. Fishes of the Sea of Okhotsk [= Ryby Okhotskogo morya]. Transactions of the Pacific Committee Acad. Sci. U.S.S.R. v. 6: 1-370, Pls. 1-20.
16. Suvorov, E. K. 1935. A new genus and two new species of fishes of the family Zoarcidae from the Okhotsk Sea. Bull. Acad. Sci. URSS, Classe Sci. Math. Nat. 1935: 435-440.
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19. Lönnberg, E., 1905. The fishes of the Swedish South Polar Expedition. Wissenschaftliche Ergebnisse der Schwedischen Südpolar-Expedition, 1901-1903 v. 5 (núm. 6): 1-72, Pls. 1-5.
20. Lloris, D. & Rucabado, J. A., 1989. Crossostomus sobrali sp. n. (Osteichthyes, Zoarcidae), capturada en el Canal de Beagle (Tierra del Fuego, Argentina) y su relación con el género Maynea. Miscellània Zoològica v. 11 (1987): 263-270.
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25. Shinohara, G. & Sakurai, H. (2006): Ericandersonia sagamia, a new genus and species of deep-water eelpouts (Perciformes: Zoarcidae) from Japan.Ichthyological Research, 53 (2): 172-178.
26. Anderson M. E. 1988. Eucryphycus, a new genus of California eelpout (Teleostei: Zoarcidae) based on Maynea californica Starks and Mann, 1911. Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci. (Ser. 4) v. 45 (núm. 5). 89-96.
27. DeWitt H. H. 1977. A new genus and species of eelpout (Pisces, Zoarcidae) from the Gulf of Mexico. U. S. Natl. Mar. Fish. Serv. Fish. Bull. v. 75 (núm. 4). 789-793.
28. Matallanas, J., 2009. Description of Gosztonyia antarctica, a new genus and species of Zoarcidae (Teleostei: Perciformes) from the Antarctic Ocean. Polar Biology, 32 (1): 15-19.
29. Soldatov V. K. 1922. On a new genus and three new species of Zoarcidae. Ezh. Zool. Muz. Ross. Akad. Nauk v. 23 (núm. 2). 160-163.
30. Nazarkin, M. V. & N. V. Chernova. 2003. A new species of eelpouts, Gymnelopsis humilis sp. nov. (Zoarcidae), from the northern part of the Sea of Okhotsk. Voprosy Ikhtiol. v. 43 (núm. 5): 602-606.
31. Reinhardt J. C. H. 1834. (Om Gymnelus). P. 4. A H. C. Örsted. Overs. Kgl. Danske Vidensk. Selsk. Forhand. (Kjøbenhavn) 1831-32. 1-40.
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33. Matiuixin, V. M «A review of the genus Hadropareia (Zoarcidae) with description of a new species, Hadropareia semisquamata Andriashev et Matjushin sp. nov. from the littoral zone of the Kuril Islands» (en rus amb traducció a l'anglès). Voprossi Ikhtiologui, 29, 4, 1989, pàg. 524–531.
34. Fedorov V. V. 1982. A new eelpout, Hadropogonichthys lindbergi Fedorov, gen. et sp. nov. (Zoarcidae), from the bathyal depths of the Fourth Kuril Strait. Voprosy Ikhtiol. v. 22 (núm. 5). 722-729.
35. Jenyns, Leonard. Darwin, Charles (editor). Fish (pdf) (en anglès). volum 4 de The zoology of the voyage of H. M. S. Beagle, under the command of Captain Fitzroy, R. N., during the years 1832 to 1836. Londres: Smith, Elder, and Co., 1842, p. 92.
36. Smitt, F. A., 1898. Poissons de l'expédition scientifique à la Terre de Feu. II. Bihang till Kongl. Svenska vetenskaps-akademiens handlingar. Stockholm. v. 24 (afd. 4) (núm. 5): 1-80, Pls. 1-6.
37. Shinohara G., Sakurai H. & i Y. Machida 2002. Japonolycodes, a new genus for Davidijordania abei Matsubara, 1936 (Pisces: Zoarcidae). Mar. Freshwater Res. v. 53 (núm. 2). 297-301.
38. Anderson M. E. 1988. Studies on the Zoarcidae (Teleostei: Perciformes) of the Southern Hemisphere. II. Two new genera and a new species from temperate South America. Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci. (Ser. 4) v. 45 (núm. 11). 267-276.
39. Mincarone, M.M. & Anderson, M.E. 2008. A new genus and species of eelpout (Teleostei: Zoarcidae) from Brazil. Zootaxa, 1852: 65–68.
40. Gill T. N. 1884. On the anacanthine fishes. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. v. 36. 167-183.
41. Gilbert C. H. 1890. A preliminary report on the fishes collected by the steamer Albatross on the Pacific coast of North America during the year 1889, with descriptions of twelve new genera and ninety-two new species. Proceedings of the United States National Museum v. 13 (núm. 797). 49-126.
42. Reinhardt J. C. H. 1831. (Bidrag til vor Kundskab om Grönlands Fiske.] Pp. 18-24. A H. C. Örsted. Overs. Kgl. Danske Vidensk. Selsk. Forhand. (Kjøbenhavn) 1830-31. 1-40.
43. Pappenheim P. 1911. Neue antarktische Fische. Nach dem Material der Deutschen Südpolarexpedition 1901-1903. Sitzungsber. Ges. Naturf. Freunde Berlin v. 8. 382-383.
44. Goode G. B. & Bean T. H. 1883. Reports on the results of dredging under the supervision of Alexander Agassiz, on the east coast of the United States, during the summer of 1880, by the U. S. coast survey steamer "Blake," Commander J. R. Bartlett, U. S. N., commanding. Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool. v. 10 (núm. 5). 183-226.
45. Soldatov V. K. & Lindberg G. U. 1929. On a new genus and species of the family Zoarcidae (Pisces) from the Okhotsk Sea. Ezh. Zool. Muz. Akad. Nauk SSSR 1929. 39-42.
46. Gilbert C. H. 1896. The ichthyological collections of the steamer Albatross during the years 1890 and 1891. Rep. U. S. Fish Comm. v. 19 (1893). 393-476.
47. Popov A. M. 1935. A new genus and species, Lycozoarces hubbsi, gen. n. sp. n. (Pisces, Zoarcidae), of the Okhotsk Sea. C. R. (Doklady) Acad. Sci. URSS (N. S.) v. 4 (núm. 6-7). 303-304.
48. Shinohara, S., M. Nazarkin & I. Chereshnev. 2004. Magadania skopetsi, a new genus and species of Zoarcidae (Teleostei: Perciformes) from the Sea of Okhotsk. Ichth. Research v. 51 (núm. 2): 137-145.
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50. Günther A. 1881. Reptiles, batrachians, and fishes (pp. 18-22). A Account of the zoological collections made during the survey of H. M. S. `Alert' in the Straits of Magellan and on the coast of Patagonia. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London. 1881 (pt 1). 2-141.
51. Schultz L. P. 1967. A new genus and new species of zoarcid fish from the North Pacific Ocean. Proceedings of the United States National Museum v. 122 (núm. 3598). 1-5.
52. McAllister, D. E. & E. I. S. Rees. 1964. A revision of the eelpout genus Melanostigma with a new genus and with comments on Maynea. Bull. Natl. Mus. Can. Núm. 199: 85-110.
53. Bond C. E. & Stein D. L. 1984. Opaeophacus acrogeneius, a new genus and species of Zoarcidae (Pisces: Osteichthyes) from the Bering Sea. Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash. v. 97 (núm. 3). 522-525.
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56. Norman J. R. 1937. Coast fishes. Part II. The Patagonian region. Discovery Reps. v. 16. 1-150.
57. Fedorov V. V. 1975. Description of a new genus and species of a zoarcid fish Puzanovia rubra, gen. et sp. n. (Pisces, Zoarcidae) from the northern part of the Pacific Ocean. Voprosy Ikhtiol. v. 15 (no. 4). 587-591.
58. Machida Y. & Hashimoto J. 2002. Pyrolycus manusanus, a new genus and species of deep-sea eelpout from a hydrothermal vent field in the Manus basin, Papua New Guinea (Zoarcidae, Lycodinae). Ichth. Research v. 49 (núm. 1). 1-6.
59. Andriàixev, A. P. 1952. A new deep-sea fish of the eelpout family (Pisces, Zoarcidae) from the Bering Sea. Trudy Zool. Inst. Akad. Nauk SSSR v. 12. 415-417.
60. Rosenblatt R. H. & Cohen D. M. 1986. Fishes living in deepsea thermal vents in the tropical eastern Pacific, with descriptions of a new genus and two new species of eelpouts (Zoarcidae). Trans. San Diego Soc. Nat. Hist. v. 21 (núm. 4). 71-79.
61. Rosenblatt, R. H. & D. M. Cohen. 1986. Fishes living in deepsea thermal vents in the tropical eastern Pacific, with descriptions of a new genus and two new species of eelpouts (Zoarcidae). Trans. San Diego Soc. Nat. Hist. v. 21 (núm. 4): 71-79.
62. Geistdoerfer, P., 1999. Thermarces pelophilum, espèce nouvelle de Zoarcidae associée à l'émission de fluides froids au niveau du prisme d'accrétion de la Barbade, océan Atlantique nord-ouest. Cybium v. 23 (núm. 1): 5-11.
63. Cuvier, G. 1829. Le Règne Animal, distribué d'après son organisation, pour servir de base à l'histoire naturelle des animaux et d'introduction à l'anatomie comparée. Edition 2. Règne Animal (ed. 2) v. 2: i-xv + 1-406.
64. ITIS^{[Enllaç no actiu]} (anglès)
65. Catalogue of Life^{[Enllaç no actiu]} (anglès)
66. Animal Diversity Web (anglès)
67. NCBI (anglès)
68. AQUATAB.NET (anglès)
69. The Taxonomicon (anglès)
70. UNEP-WCMC Species Database^{[Enllaç no actiu]} (anglès)
71. BioLib (anglès)

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