藍鯨(學名:Balaenoptera musculus)是屬於须鲸小目的海洋哺乳動物,也是地球史上已知最大的動物,文獻紀錄中的最大长度為29.9米,体重达199吨。藍鯨的身軀瘦長,呈流线型,背部青灰色,下身颜色比較淡。目前已知藍鯨至少有四個亞種:生活在北大西洋和北太平洋的北方蓝鲸(B. m. musculus);棲息在南冰洋的南极蓝鲸(B. m. intermedia);棲息在印度洋和南太平洋的侏儒藍鯨(B. m. brevicauda);印度洋的北印度洋蓝鲸(B. m. indica)。在智利附近水域或许还存在第五个亚种。
其他常見的名稱還有西巴德鯨、塞巴氏须鲸,来自蓝鲸的最初描述者罗伯特·西巴德。[8]赫尔曼·梅尔维尔在其小说《白鯨記》中稱蓝鲸為硫磺底(英語:sulphur-bottom)[10],因為矽藻附著在藍鯨的皮膚上,使得牠們的下側呈現橘棕色或淡黃色,因此其也称为磺底鲸。[7][11]此外还有大藍鯨(英語:great blue whale)、大北鬚鯨、巨北须鲸(英語:great northern rorqual)等名称,不過近幾十年來這些名稱漸漸被人們所遺忘。
自1966年禁止捕杀蓝鲸以来,它们的种群数量趋于稳定并有所上升。根据自苏联停止捕杀蓝鲸后的数据,南极海域的蓝鲸数量平均每年增长7.3%,但其总数仍低于捕鲸活动前的1%。[32]有研究指出冰岛和加利福尼亚州附近的蓝鲸数量也有增长,但该数据没有统计学意义。[33]根据2018的年估算,全球大约有5,000–15,000头成年蓝鲸,总数大约在10,000-25,000头。相比之下,1926年全球大约有140,000头成年蓝鲸。估计如今有约1,000-3,000头蓝鲸生活在北大西洋,3,000-5,000头生活在北太平洋,5,000-8,000生活在南大洋。在南太平洋东部或许还生活有1,000–3,000头蓝鲸和2,000-5,000头侏儒蓝鲸。[34]自1939年起,蓝鲸在南半球受到保护。1959年,根据《国际捕鲸管制公约》,生活在北大西洋的蓝鲸受到保护。1965年,公约保护范围扩展至南大洋,1966年扩展至北太平洋。[35][36]冰岛直到1960年才承认公约在北大西洋对蓝鲸的保护。[37]在美国,蓝鲸受《1973年濒危物种法案(英语:Endangered Species Act of 1973)》保护。[38]
杜克大学海洋哺乳动物研究者开发维护了BIS-SEAMAP系统(海洋生物地理信息系统 - 巨型脊椎动物族群的空间生态分析,英語:Ocean Biogeographic Information System - Spatial Ecological Analysis of Megavertebrate Populations),可用以更加精确的检测蓝鲸族群数量。[39]该系统通过对130个来源的收集整理,构建出海洋哺乳动物的活动踪迹。[40]
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