Cleveland 於1934年發現白蟻和隱尾蠊的腸內具有類似的原生生物,推論白蟻和隱尾蠊親緣關係接近[38]。McKittrick F. A. 於1965年提到某些白蟻和隱尾蠊若蟲具有相似特徵,進一步支持了白蟻和隱尾蠊接近的假說[39]。2008 年根據 16S rRNA 的 DNA 分析結果支持白蟻於演化樹上的位置被包覆在蜚蠊目之中[40][41][42]。隱尾蠊屬和白蟻為姊妹群[43][44],白蟻和隱尾蠊的形態和行為都有相似之處,如:大多蜚蠊沒有社會性,但隱尾蠊會育幼,甚至還會交哺和社會性梳理[45]。有學者認為白蟻是從隱尾蠊演化而來[41][46],有些學者把白蟻分在白蟻上科(Termitoidae)中,白蟻上科中包含白蟻和隱尾蠊屬[47]。學者認為白蟻接近蟑螂和螳螂,因此將白蟻也分入網翅總目中[48][49]。
最古老的白蟻化石可追溯至白堊紀早期,但根據白堊紀白蟻的多樣性,和包裹在白堊紀化石中的共生原生動物,部分學者推測白蟻起源的年代可能是侏罗紀或三疊紀[50][51][52]。扶魯塔食蟻獸(Fruitafossor(英语:Fruitafossor) ) 形態類似於現代專食白蟻的哺乳類[53],科學家推測其專食白蟻,它的生存年代為晚侏罗世,學者因此推測白蟻起源於侏罗紀。最古老的白蟻巢年代為晚侏罗世,地點為德州西部,最古老的糞球也發現於德州西部[54]。若試圖將白蟻起源推得更早,可能會面臨爭議,如:Weesner F. M. 曾指出澳白蟻科的起源可追溯至晚二疊世,也就是2億5千萬年前[3],同時,堪薩斯州的二疊紀沉積層中出土了類似於澳白蟻屬的翅膀化石[55]。白蟻的起源甚至可追溯至石炭紀[56]。木蜚蠊Pycnoblattina 的翅膀與澳白蟻相似,現代的昆蟲中只有澳白蟻和它相似[55]。然而 Krishna 等人(2003) 認為古生代和三疊紀的白蟻事實上並非白蟻,且應從等翅目中移除[57]。其他研究推論白蟻的起源較晚,是白堊紀早期時從隱尾蠊屬演化而來[58]。
Reticulitermes speratus 的蟻后壽命很長,且生殖能力不會隨著時間下降。Reticulitermes speratus 的蟻后所受到的氧化壓力(包含氧化性 DNA 損傷,oxidative DNA damage(英语:DNA oxidation))比工蟻、兵蟻和若蟲都小很多[77],因為這個物種的蟻后具有較多的過氧化氫酶,過氧化氫酶是一種可以抵擋氧化壓力的催化物[77]。
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