特朗普主义(英語:Trumpism)是指与第45任美国总统唐納·川普及他所秉持基本盤密切相关的意識形態、政治风格[7]、政治運動及获取和保持权力的机制[8][9]。特朗普主义的支持者被称为特朗普主义者。特朗普主义的确切含义仍有争议。尽管特朗普主义的复杂程度足以使任何单一的分析框架失效[10],其仍被称为美国極右派的政治变种[11][12],也被认为是2010年代末至2020年代初全球多个国家出现的民族民粹主义和新民族主义情绪的变种[13]。一些学者及媒体甚至将其与法西斯主义(英语:Fascism in North America)相提并论[14][15]。多数史学家认为将特朗普主义比作法西斯主义是对特朗普主义一词的误用,并指出尽管特朗普主义在总体上可能与法西斯主义有相似点,但彼此之间也有显著的不同点[16][17]。这个术语有时候也被其他西方民主政权的保守派民族主义者或民粹派民族主义者使用。
人类学家杰西卡·约翰逊在研究特朗普对社交媒体的使用时发现社交愉悦感在其中起到了核心作用,并进一步指出:“Facebook的用户与其说是觉得准确的新闻有意义,不如说是觉得连接的情感愉悦会让人上瘾,这与他们分享的信息是否是事实无关,这就是交流资本主义在俘虏主体的同时也吸引了他们”[34]。回顾社交媒体之前的世界后,传播学研究者布莱恩·L·奥特(英语:Brian L. Ott)写道:
安德鲁·杰克逊的支持者认为安德鲁·杰克逊是他们中的一员,进而积极地支持他在19世纪蔑视政治正確的行为,甚至藐视美国宪法。安德鲁·杰克逊无视美国最高法院在伍斯特诉乔治亚州(英语:Worcester v. Georgia)中作出的判决,強行逼遷切诺基人以將他們的土地劃分給白人,遷徙過程中更導致2000至6000名族人死亡。尽管杰克逊主义有这样不人道的案例,但米德更多的认为,杰克逊主义为解释特朗普的追随者运动提供了历史先例,它将基层对精英的蔑视、对海外纠葛的深深怀疑以及对美国权力和主权的痴迷融为一体,导致它常常是一场仇外的、“唯白人”的政治运动。米德认为这种“美国对杰克逊式人物的饥渴”促使追随者向特朗普靠拢。但米德同时提醒称,从历史上看“特朗普不是安德鲁·杰克逊的第二次降临”,米德进一步解释经过观察“特朗普的建议往往相当模糊,而且常常自相矛盾”,表现出新当选的民粹主义领导人的共同弱点。在特朗普于2016年当选后不久米德就评论道“特朗普的问题是‘如何施政[61]?’”
由巴克利所倡导,并最终被里根于1980年所实现后,融合主义随着苏联解体逐渐消融,取而代之的是不平等(英语:Income inequality in the United States)及全球化,这在共和党内外引起了中低收入白人的重大不满。2012年美國總統選舉后,羅姆尼被奥巴马击败后,共和党建制派接受了一份名为增长与机遇项目的“解剖”报告,这份报告呼吁共和党重申其亲市场、怀疑政府、在种族和文化上包容的身份。特朗普在竞选中无视报告的结论和党内建制,他“受到本党官员的反对……比美国近代史上任何一位总统候选人都多”,但与此同时,他在共和党初选中赢得的选票却比以往任何一位总统候选人都多。到了2016年,用政治分析家羅夫的话说,趋势已经演变成了“人们希望有人把砖头扔进一扇平板玻璃窗”[67]。他在党内的成功达到了这样的程度:2020年10月的一项民意调查发现,58%的共和党人和倾向于共和党的独立调查对象认为自己是特朗普的支持者,而不是共和党的支持者[68]。
Andrews, David L. Making Sport Great Again: The Uber-Sport Assemblage, Neoliberalism, and the Trump Conjuncture. New York:. e-book. New York, NY: Palgrave Macmillan. 2019. ISBN 978-3-030-15002-0. doi:10.1007/978-3-030-15002-0.
Boyd, Gregory. The Myth of a Christian Nation: How the Quest for Political Power Is Destroying the Church. Grand Rapids, MI: Zondervan. 2005. ISBN 0-3102-8124-5.
Dean, John; Altemeyer, Robert A. Chapter 10: National Survey on Authoritarianism. Authoritarian Nightmare: Trump and his Followers e-book. Brooklyn, NY: Melville House Publishing. 2020. ISBN 978-1612199061.
de la Torre, Carlos; Barr, Robert R.; Arato, Andrew; Cohen, Jean L.; Ruzza, Carlo. Routledge Handbook of Global Populism. Routledge International Handbooks. London/New York: Routledge. 2019. ISBN 978-1-315-22644-6.
Fea, John. Believe Me: The Evangelical Road to Donald Trump. Grand Rapids, MI: Eerdmans. 2018. ISBN 978-1-4674-5046-1.
Feldman, Stanley. Authoritarianism, threat, and intolerance. Borgida; Federico; Miller (编). At the Forefront of Political Psychology: Essays in Honor of John L. Sullivan. Taylor & Francis. 2020 [October 14, 2020]. ISBN 978-1000768275. (原始内容存档于February 15, 2021).
Hochschild, Arlie Russell. Strangers in Their Own Land: Anger and Mourning on the American Right e-book. New York: The New Press. 2016. ISBN 978-1-62097-226-7.
Horkheimer, Max; Adorno, Theodor W. Noerr, Gunzelin Schmid , 编. Dialectic of Enlightenment—Philosophical Fragments. Cultural Memory in the Present. 由Jephcott, Edmund翻译 e-book. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press. 2002 [1947]. ISBN 9780804788090.
Kessler, Glenn; Rizzo, Salvador; Kelly, Meg. Donald Trump and His Assault on Truth: The Presidents Falsehoods, Misleading Claims and Flat-Out Lie. Washington Post Books. New York: Simon and Schuster. 2020. ISBN 978-1-9821-5108-9.
Kimmel, Michael. Angry White Men: American Masculinity at the End of an Era 2017. New York, NY: Perseus Books- PublicAffairs. 2017 [2013]. ISBN 9781568589626.
Lifton, Robert Jay. Losing Reality: On Cults, Cultism, and the Mindset of Political and Religious Zealotry ePub). New York/London: New Press. 2019. ISBN 978-1620975121. (Page numbers correspond to the ePub edition.)
McIntyre, Lee. Post-Truth. MIT Press Essential Knowledge Series. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press. 2018. ISBN 978-0262535045.
McAdams, Dan P. The Strange Case of Donald J. Trump: A Psychological Reckoning EPUB. New York, NY: Oxford University Press. 2020. ISBN 9780197507469.
McManus, Matthew. Hardwick, David; Marsh, Leslie , 编. The Rise Of Post-Modern Conservatism Neoliberalism, Post-Modern Culture, And Reactionary Politics e-book. Palgrave MacMillan. 2020. ISBN 978-3-030-24682-2. doi:10.1007/978-3-030-24682-2.
Money-Kyrle, Roger. The Psychology of Propaganda. Meltzer, Donald; O'Shaughnessy, Edna (编). The Collected Papers of Roger Money-Kyrle. Clunie Press. 2015 [1941]. Money-Kyle describes not a rhetorical pattern of problem–conflict–resolution, but a progression of psychoanalytic states of mind in the three steps: 1) melancholia, 2) paranoia and 3) megalomania.
Neuborne, Burt. When at Times the Mob Is Swayed: A Citizen's Guide to Defending Our Republic ePub). New York/London: The New Press. 2019. ISBN 978-1620973585.(Page numbers correspond to the ePub edition.)
Pybus, Jennifer. Accumulating affect: social networks and their archives of feeling. Hillis, Ken; Paasonen, Susanna; Petit, Michael (编). Networked affect. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press. 2015. ISBN 9780262028646.
Appel, Edward C. Burlesque, Tragedy, and a (Potentially) "Yuuuge" "Breaking of a Frame": Donald Trump's Rhetoric as "Early Warning"?. Communication Quarterly. 2018, 66 (2): 157–175. doi:10.1080/01463373.2018.1439515.
Boler, Megan; Davis, Elizabeth. Affect, Media, Movement-Interview with Susanna Paasonen and Zizi Papacharissi. Boler, Megan; Davis, Elizabeth (编). Affective Politics of Digital Media e-book. New York, NY: Routlege. 2021. ISBN 978-1-003-05227-2.
Browning, Christopher R.The Suffocation of Democracy. The New York Review. October 25, 2018, 65 (16) [June 9, 2020]. (原始内容存档于June 9, 2020). Trump is not Hitler and Trumpism is not Nazism, but regardless of how the Trump presidency concludes, this is a story unlikely to have a happy ending.
Carpini, Michael X. Delli. Alternative Facts: Donald Trump and the Emergence of a New U.S. Media Regime. Boczkowski, Pablo; Papacharissi, Zizi (编). Trump and the Media e-book. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press. 2018. ISBN 978-0-262-03796-9.
Erin O'Toole (newly-elected leader of the CPC). O'Toole on his 'Canada First' policy. Power & Politics. September 8, 2020 [January 12, 2021]. (原始内容存档于2021-01-16).
Choma, Becky L.; Hanoch, Yaniv. Cognitive ability and authoritarianism: Understanding support for Trump and Clinton. Personality and Individual Differences. February 2017, 106 (1): 287–291. doi:10.1016/j.paid.2016.10.054. hdl:10026.1/8451.
Cornelis, Ilse; Van Hiel, Alain. Extreme right-wing voting in Western Europe: The role of social-cultural and antiegalitarian attitudes. Political Psychology. 2015, 35 (6): 749–760. doi:10.1111/pops.12187.
Gabriel, Shira; Paravati, Elaine; Green, Melanie C.; Flomsbee, Jason. From Apprentice to president: The role of parasocial connection in the election of Donald Trump. Social Psychological and Personality Science. 2018, 9 (3): 299–307. S2CID 149911195. doi:10.1177/1948550617722835.
Gordon, Peter E. The Authoritarian Personality Revisited: Reading Adorno in the Age of Trump. Brown, Wendy; Gordon, Peter E.; Pensky, Max (编). Authoritarianism: Three Inquiries in Critical Theory e-book. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press. 2018. ISBN 978-0-226-59730-0. doi:10.7208/chicago/9780226597300.001.0001.
Hogg, Michael; van Knippenberg, Daan; Rast, David E. The social identity theory of leadership: Theoretical origins, research findings, and conceptual developments. European Review of Social Psychology. 2012, 23: 258–304. S2CID 143555737. doi:10.1080/10463283.2012.741134.
Imhoff, Roland; Lamberty, Pia. How paranoid are conspiracy believers? Toward a more fine‐grained understanding of the connect and disconnect between paranoia and belief in conspiracy theories.. European Journal of Social Psychology. 2018, 48 (7): 909–926. doi:10.1002/ejsp.2494.
Jutel, Olivier. Donald Trump, American Populism and Affective Media. de la Torre, Carlos (编). Routledge Handbook of Global Populism. Routledge International Handbooks. London/New York: Routledge. 2019: 375–392. ISBN 978-1-315-22644-6.
Kimmel, Michael; Wade, Lisa. Ask a Feminist: Michael Kimmel and Lisa Wade Discuss Toxic Masculinity. Signs: Journal of Women in Culture and Society. 2018, 44 (1). doi:10.1086/698284.
Kreiss, Daniel. The Media Are about Identity, Not Information. Boczkowski, Pablo J.; Papacharissi, Zizi (编). Trump and the Media. Cambridge, Massachusetts: MIT Press. 2018. ISBN 978-0-262-03796-9.
Leone, Luigi; Desimoni, Marta; Chirumbolo, Antonio. Interest and expertise moderate the relationship between right-wing attitudes, ideological self-placement and voting. European Journal of Personality. September 26, 2012, 28 (1): 2–13. S2CID 143037865. doi:10.1002/per.1880.
Lowndes, Joseph. Populism and race in the United States from George Wallace to Donald Trump. de la Torre, Carlos (编). Routledge Handbook of Global Populism. London/New York: Routledge. 2019. "Trumpism" section, pp. 197–200. ISBN 978-1-315-22644-6. Trump unabashedly employed the language of white supremacy and misogyny, rage and even violence at Trump rallies was like nothing seen in decades.
Marietta, Morgan; Farley, Tyler; Cote, Tyler; Murphy, Paul. The Rhetorical Psychology of Trumpism. The Forum (De Gruyter). 2017, 15 (2): 313–312. S2CID 148986197. doi:10.1515/for-2017-0019.
Morris, Edwin Kent. Inversion, Paradox, and Liberal Disintegration: Towards a Conceptual Framework of Trumpism. New Political Science. 2019, 41 (1): 17–35. S2CID 149978398. doi:10.1080/07393148.2018.1558037.
O'Callaghan, Patrick. Reflections on the Root Causes of Outrage Discourse on Social Media. Navin, Mark Christopher; Nunan, Richard (编). Democracy, Populism, and Truth. AMINTAPHIL: The Philosophical Foundations of Law and Justice 9. Springer. 2020: 115–126. ISBN 978-3-030-43424-3. doi:10.1007/978-3-030-43424-3_9.
Ott, Brian L. The age of Twitter: Donald J. Trump and the politics of debasement. Critical Studies in Media Communication. 2017, 34 (1): 59–68. S2CID 152133074. doi:10.1080/15295036.2016.1266686.
Paravati, Elaine; Naidu, Esha; Gabriel, Shira; Wiedemann, Carl. Psychology of Consciousness: Theory, Research, and Practice More Than Just a Tweet: The Unconscious Impact of Forming Parasocial Relationships Through Social Media. Psychology of Consciousness: Theory, Research, and Practice. December 23, 2019. doi:10.1037/cns0000214.
Pettigrew, Thomas F. Social Psychological Perspectives on Trump Supporters. Journal of Social and Political Psychology. March 2, 2017, 5 (1): 107–116. doi:10.5964/jspp.v5i1.750.
Power, Samantha. Beyond Elections: Foreign Interference with American Democracy. Sunstein, Cass R. (编). Can It Happen Here? Authoritarianism in America ePub. New York: Dey Street Books. 2018: 69–80. ISBN 978-0062696212.
Reicher, Stephen. La beauté est dans la rue: Four reasons (or perhaps five) to study crowds. Group and Intergroup Relations. 2017-05-04, 20 (5): 593–605. doi:10.1177/1368430217712835.
Robison, Wade L. #ConstitutionalStability. Navin, Mark Christopher; Nunan, Richard (编). Democracy, Populism, and Truth. AMINTAPHIL: The Philosophical Foundations of Law and Justice 9. Springer. 2020: 179–191. ISBN 978-3-030-43424-3. doi:10.1007/978-3-030-43424-3_13.
Rudolf, Peter. The US under Trump: Potential consequences for transatlantic relations. Heinemann-Grüder, Andreas (编). Peace Report 2017(PDF)29. Berlin/Münster/Zürich: LIT-Verlag, International Politics. 2017 [2020-10-15]. ISBN 978-3643909329. (原始内容存档(PDF)于2021-02-15).
Schneiker, Andrea. Telling the Story of the Superhero and the Anti-Politician as President: Donald Trump's Branding on Twitter. Political Studies Association. 2018, 1 (14): 210–223. S2CID 150145298. doi:10.1177/1478929918807712.
Sobieraj, Sarah; Berry, Jeffrey M. From Incivility to Outrage: Political Discourse in Blogs, Talk Radio, and Cable News. Political Communication. 2011, 28 (1): 19–41. S2CID 143739086. doi:10.1080/10584609.2010.542360.
Stenner, Karen; Haidt, Jonathan. Authoritarianism is not a momentary madness, but an eternal dynamic within liberal democracies. Sunstein, Cass R. (编). Can It Happen Here? Authoritarianism in America ePub. New York: Dey Street Books. 2018. ISBN 978-0062696212.
Stenner, Karen; Haidt, Jonathan. Authoritarianism is not a momentary madness, but an eternal dynamic within liberal democracies. Sunstein, Cass R. (编). Can It Happen Here? Authoritarianism in America ePub. New York: Dey Street Books. 2018. ISBN 978-0062696212.
Swyngedouw, Marc; Ivaldi, Giles. The extreme right utopia in Belgium and France: The ideology of the Flemish Vlaams Blok and the French front national. West European Politics. December 2007, 24 (3): 1–22. S2CID 144383766. doi:10.1080/01402380108425450.
Tucker, Erika. Hope, Hate and Indignation: Spinoza and Political Emotion in the Trump Era. Sable, Marc Benjamin; Torres, Angel Jaramillo (编). Trump and Political Philosophy: Patriotism, Cosmopolitanism, and Civic Virtue. London, UK: Palgrave-macmillan. 2018. ISBN 978-3-319-74427-8. doi:10.1007/978-3-319-74427-8_8.
Van Hiel, Alain; Mervielde, Ivan. Explaining conservative beliefs and political preferences: A comparison of social dominance orientation and authoritarianism.. Journal of Applied Social Psychology. July 2006, 32 (5): 965–976. doi:10.1111/j.1559-1816.2002.tb00250.x.
Waisbord, Silvio; Tucker, Tina; Lichtenheld, Zoey. Trump and the Great Disruption in Public Communication. Boczkowski, Pablo; Papacharissi, Zizi (编). Trump and the Media e-book. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press. 2018. ISBN 978-0-262-03796-9.