基岩，又名底岩、岩床，指的是行星风化层下的一層堅硬岩石。基岩的定義是相當鬆散的，任何地表鬆散覆蓋層下的堅硬岩石都可以叫做基岩[1]。岩石類型也不定。它可能深藏在地底，但也可能會在山體滑坡等情況發生時露出地表。[2]
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