下表顯示在維基條目中的一些挪威語的內容如何使用國際音標發音。這裡使用的口音是城市東挪威語這種口音使用於奧斯陸地區,是書面挪威語的非官方發音標準,也是外國人最常學習的口音。關於發音的詳細資訊請參見挪威語音系學。
更多信息 輔音, IPA ...
輔音
|
IPA
|
例子
|
最接近的英文等價發音
|
b
|
bil
|
bee
|
ç
|
kjip
|
與 huge 類似
|
d
|
dag
|
day
|
ɖ
|
sardin[1]
|
卷舌的/d/
|
ʁd
|
(無等價英文發音)
|
f
|
fot
|
foot
|
ɡ
|
god
|
good
|
h
|
hatt
|
hat
|
j
|
jojo
|
yoyo
|
k
|
kafé
|
café
|
l
|
lake
|
lack
|
l̩
|
|
little
|
ɭ
|
Karl[1]
|
捲舌的 /l/
|
ʁl
|
(無等價英文發音)
|
m
|
man
|
man
|
n
|
natt
|
night
|
n̩
|
natten
|
chosen
|
ɳ
|
barn[1]
|
捲舌的 /n/
|
ʁn
|
(無等價英文發音)
|
ɳ̍
|
baren
|
|
ŋ
|
ting
|
thing
|
p
|
pappa
|
papa
|
r
|
år[1][2]
|
閃音或顫音的「r」。
|
ʁ
|
法語:rester;大約跟蘇格蘭英語的 loch 相似
|
ɽ
|
|
跟西班牙語的 Caro相同,但是是捲舌音。
|
ɽ̍
|
Vålerengaⓘ
|
(無等價英文發音)
|
s
|
sabel
|
sabre
|
ʂ
|
sjø
|
與 shoe 相似,但是捲舌音
|
torsdag[1]
|
shoe
|
ʁs
|
(無等價英文發音)
|
t
|
tirsdag
|
tea
|
ʈ
|
parti[1]
|
卷舌的/t/
|
ʁt
|
(無等價英文發音)
|
v
|
vaktel
|
vat
|
|
元音
|
IPA
|
例子
|
最接近的英文等價發音
|
單元音
|
ɑ
|
fast
|
art
|
ɑː
|
mat
|
bra, 標準英音(RP)的 car
|
æ
|
fersk[3]
|
trap
|
æː
|
ære[3]
|
澳洲英語的 mad
|
e
|
helle[3]
|
北美英語與通用英音的 set
|
eː
|
hel[3]
|
蘇格蘭英語的 save
|
i
|
sill
|
hill
|
iː
|
i
|
need
|
ɔ
|
åtte[4]
|
標準英音的 lot;北美英語的 fort
|
ɔː
|
mål[4]
|
蘇格蘭語的 stove;標準英音的 law
|
ø
|
nøtt[4]
|
與 Burt相似;與德文的短音ö相同
|
øː
|
dø[4]
|
與 bird 相似,與德文的長音ö 相同
|
u
|
ond[4]
|
put,而嘴唇緊繃
|
uː
|
bot[4]
|
fool
|
ʉ
|
full[4][5]
|
Australian choose; Like German müssen
|
ʉː
|
ful[4][6]
|
Australian goose;與德文的 üben相同
|
y
|
nytt[4][5]
|
跟 hit 有些類似;即把/i/念成圓唇音。與瑞典語 syll [sʏlː]ⓘ。
|
yː
|
syl[4][6]
|
跟 leave 有些相似,即用圓唇發/iː/的音;此音亦與瑞典語的 syll相同
|
雙元音
|
ɑi
|
kai[7]
|
澳洲英文的 price
|
æi
|
bein
|
澳洲英文的 day
|
æʉ
|
hauk[4]
|
與澳洲英文的 now 有些類似
|
ei
|
tape[7]
|
day
|
ɔy
|
boikott[4][7]
|
boy
|
øy
|
røyk[4]
|
與 house 有些相似
|
ʉi
|
hui[4][8]
|
to eternity
|
弱化元音
|
ə
|
påle
|
about
|
重音與聲調
|
IPA
|
例子
|
解釋
|
ˈ
|
bønder [ˈbønːər] [ˈbønːəʁ]
|
第一聲/尖音符:[9]
- 在奧斯陸和特隆赫姆是低升調(low-rising):[ˈbø̀nːə̌r]
- 在卑爾根是降低調(falling-low):[ˈbø̂nːə̀ʁ]
- 在斯塔萬格是升降調(rising-falling):[ˈbø̌nːɔ̂ʁ]
- 在一些口音中為單純的主重音:[ˈbønːər][10]
|
²
|
bønner [²bønːər] [²bønːəʁ]
|
第二聲/重音符:[9]
- 在奧斯陸和特隆赫姆是降升調(falling-rising):[ˈbø̂nːə̌r]
- 在卑爾根是升降調(rising-falling):[ˈbø̌nːə̂ʁ]
- 在斯塔萬格是重降調(falling-falling):[ˈbø̂nːɔ̂ʁ]
- 在一些口音中為單純的主重音:[ˈbønːər][10]
|
|
关闭
| 本頁面為信息頁。本信息頁不是 維基百科的方針或指引之一,而是用於闡述維基百科某些方面的規範、慣例、技術細節或實踐方法,可能反映了維基社群一部分編者的 共識。 |
|
在許多擁有舌尖捲舌音的方言中,a recursive Sandhi process of retroflexion occurs, and clusters of /r/ and dental consonants /rd/, /rl/, /rn/, /rs/, /rt/ produce retroflex consonant realizations: [ɖ], [ɭ], [ɳ], [ʂ], [ʈ]. In dialects with a guttural R, such as Southern and Western Norwegian dialects, they are [ʁd], [ʁl], [ʁn], [ʁs], [ʁt].
/r/ varies considerably in different dialects: it is alveolar in some dialects and uvular in others.
Before /r/, the quality of non-high front vowels is changed: /eː/ and /e/ lower to [æː] and [æ].
[ɔ, ɔː, ø, øː, y, yː, ɔy, øy] are protruded vowels, and [ʉ, ʉː, u, uː] (including the [ʉ] element in [æʉ] and [ʉi]) are compressed; see roundedness for details.
The distinction between compressed [ʉ] and protruded [y] is particularly difficult to hear for non-native speakers:
- Norwegian compressed [ʉ] sounds very close to German compressed [ʏ] (as in müssen [ˈmʏsn̩]ⓘ).
- Norwegian protruded [y] sounds more similar to English unrounded [ɪ] (as in hit) than to German compressed [ʏ], and it is very close to Swedish protruded [ʏ] (as in syll [sʏlː]ⓘ).
The distinction between compressed [ʉː] and protruded [yː] is particularly difficult to hear for non-native speakers:
- 挪威語 compressed [ʉː] sounds very close to German compressed [yː] (as in üben [ˈyːbn̩]ⓘ).
- 挪威語 protruded [yː] sounds more similar to English unrounded [iː] (as in leave) than to German compressed [yː], and it is very close to Swedish protruded [yː] (as in syl [syːl]ⓘ).
/ɑi, ei, ɔy/ appear only in loanwords. /ei/ is used only by some younger speakers, who contrast it with /æi/; speakers who do not have /ei/ in their diphthong inventory replace it with /æi/ (Kristoffersen (2000:19頁)).
除非必要,否則條目中一般不會使用嚴式標音標註挪威語字詞的聲調。
一些口音只有單純的主重音,而沒有具音高對比的聲調。例如,在這些口音中,bønder(農夫)和bønner(豆子)的發音完全相同。
- Berulfsen, Bjarne, Norsk Uttaleordbok, Oslo: H. Aschehoug & Co (W Nygaard), 1969 (挪威语)
- Kristoffersen, Gjert, The Phonology of Norwegian, Oxford University Press, 2000, ISBN 978-0-19-823765-5
- Skaug, Ingebjørg, Norsk språklydlære med øvelser 3rd, Oslo: Cappelen Akademisk Forlag AS, 2003 [First published 1996], ISBN 82-456-0178-0 (挪威语)
- Strandskogen, Åse-Berit, Norsk fonetikk for utlendinger, Oslo: Gyldendal, 1979, ISBN 82-05-10107-8 (挪威语)
- Vanvik, Arne, Norsk fonetikk, Oslo: Universitetet i Oslo, 1979, ISBN 82-990584-0-6 (挪威语)
- Vanvik, Arne, Norsk Uttaleordbok: A Norwegian pronouncing dictionary, Oslo: Fonetisk institutt, Universitetet i Oslo, 1985, ISBN 978-8299058414