閉後圓唇元音是元音的一種。用於部份口說語言當中。國際音標用以表示此音的符號為⟨u⟩;而X-SAMPA則以 u
代表此音。
普通话的韵母u就是此音。
在多數有此音的語言中,此音以唇內(endolabial)的方式發音;然而在少部份的狀況下,此音以唇外(exolabial)的方式發音。
閉後突出元音是閉後圓唇元音最常見的變體。它通常在IPA中被轉錄為⟨u⟩,本文中亦依照此慣例。由於沒有專門用於表示「突出」(英語:protruded)的IPA變音符號,因此可以使用表示唇化作用的舊式符號⟨ ̫⟩,即⟨u̫⟩。另一種可能的寫法是⟨uʷ⟩ 或 ⟨ɯʷ⟩(被唇內化的閉後元音),但這種寫法可能會被理解為雙元音。
- 其元音高度為閉,這意指舌頭的位置會盡量接近齒齦,但不會阻礙氣流而被歸類為子音。
- 其元音舌位是後,表示舌頭的位置會盡可能地朝向口腔後部,但不至于阻礙氣流而被歸類為子音。
- 其圓唇度為圓唇元音,這表示嘴唇向前突起並圓形的開口,且唇內側並不露出。
- 其元音圓唇度為突出,即將嘴角聚拢,且嘴唇內側向外露出。
在瑞典語、日語等語言中,其閉後元音使用了一種特別的圓唇方式,這樣的情況被稱作「不突出」(compressed)或唇外音(exolabial)。已知的語言中僅有上海話擁有與突出元音互相對比的閉後元音。但事實上,兩個元音的高度都可以從可以在閉到半閉之間自由變化。
没有确定的变音符号来描述是否突出。但唇的不突出度可被⟨β̞⟩描写为⟨ɯ͡β̞⟩或⟨ɯᵝ⟩。展唇化变音符号⟨ ͍ ⟩作为ad hoc标用在圆唇元音⟨u͍⟩也可以,但'展'实际上意味着不圆唇。
- 其元音高度為閉,這意指舌頭的位置會盡量接近齒齦,但不會阻礙氣流而被歸類為子音。
- 其元音舌位是後,表示舌頭的位置會盡可能地朝向口腔後部,但不至于阻礙氣流而被歸類為子音。
- 其元音圓唇度為不突出,即嘴唇的邊緣緊繃而聚在一起,且嘴唇內側不向外露出。
Labov, William; Ash, Sharon; Boberg, Charles. The Atlas of North American English. chpt. 17. 2006.
NZE Phonology (PDF). Victoria University of Wellington: 3. [2021-01-09]. (原始内容存档 (PDF)于2019-11-18).
Fattah描述此音是长央元音 (p. 116)。
- Árnason, Kristján, The Phonology of Icelandic and Faroese, Oxford University Press, 2011, ISBN 978-0-19-922931-4
- Asu, Eva Liina; Teras, Pire, Estonian, Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 2009, 39 (3): 367–372, doi:10.1017/s002510030999017x
- Bamgboṣe, Ayọ, A Grammar of Yoruba, [West African Languages Survey / Institute of African Studies], Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1966
- Basbøll, Hans, The Phonology of Danish, 2005, ISBN 0-203-97876-5
- Bauer, Laurie; Warren, Paul, New Zealand English: phonology, Schneider, Edgar W.; Burridge, Kate; Kortmann, Bernd; Mesthrie, Rajend; Upton, Clive (编), A handbook of varieties of English, 1: Phonology, Mouton de Gruyter: 580–602, 2004, ISBN 3-11-017532-0
- Carbonell, Joan F.; Llisterri, Joaquim, Catalan, Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 1992, 22 (1–2): 53–56, doi:10.1017/S0025100300004618
- Chen, Yiya; Gussenhoven, Carlos, Shanghai Chinese, Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 2015, 45 (3): 321–327 [2017-03-15], doi:10.1017/S0025100315000043, (原始内容存档于2017-08-18)
- Chirkova, Katia; Chen, Yiya, Lizu (PDF), Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 2013, 43 (1): 75–86, doi:10.1017/S0025100312000242[失效連結]
- Collins, Beverley; Mees, Inger M., The Phonetics of Cardiff English, Coupland, Nikolas; Thomas, Alan Richard (编), English in Wales: Diversity, Conflict, and Change, Multilingual Matters Ltd.: 87–103, 1990 [2017-03-15], ISBN 1-85359-032-0, (原始内容存档于2017-03-11)
- Connolly, John H., Port Talbot English, Coupland, Nikolas; Thomas, Alan Richard (编), English in Wales: Diversity, Conflict, and Change, Multilingual Matters Ltd.: 121–129, 1990 [2017-03-15], ISBN 1-85359-032-0, (原始内容存档于2017-03-11)
- Cox, Felicity; Palethorpe, Sallyanne, Australian English (PDF), Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 2007, 37 (3): 341–350 [2017-03-15], doi:10.1017/S0025100307003192, (原始内容存档 (PDF)于2009-07-31)
- Cruz-Ferreira, Madalena, European Portuguese, Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 1995, 25 (2): 90–94, doi:10.1017/S0025100300005223
- Dum-Tragut, Jasmine, Armenian: Modern Eastern Armenian, Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company, 2009
- Fast Mowitz, Gerhard, Sistema fonológico del idioma achual, Lima: Instituto Lingüístico de Verano, 1975
- Finn, Peter, Cape Flats English: phonology, Schneider, Edgar W.; Burridge, Kate; Kortmann, Bernd; Mesthrie, Rajend; Upton, Clive (编), A handbook of varieties of English, 1: Phonology, Mouton de Gruyter: 934–984, 2004, ISBN 3-11-017532-0
- Fougeron, Cecile; Smith, Caroline L, French, Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 1993, 23 (2): 73–76, doi:10.1017/S0025100300004874
- Gilles, Peter; Trouvain, Jürgen, Luxembourgish (PDF), Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 2013, 43 (1): 67–74 [2017-03-15], doi:10.1017/S0025100312000278, (原始内容 (PDF)存档于2019-12-16)
- Gimson, Alfred Charles, Cruttenden, Alan , 编, Gimson's Pronunciation of English 8th, Routledge, 2014, ISBN 9781444183092
- Göksel, Asli; Kerslake, Celia, Turkish: a comprehensive grammar (PDF), Routledge, 2005, ISBN 978-0415114943, (原始内容 (PDF)存档于26 November 2014)
- Grønnum, Nina, Illustrations of the IPA: Danish, Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 1998, 28 (1 & 2): 99–105, doi:10.1017/s0025100300006290
- Gussenhoven, Carlos, Dutch, Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 1992, 22 (2): 45–47, doi:10.1017/S002510030000459X
- Gussenhoven, Carlos; Aarts, Flor, The dialect of Maastricht (PDF), Journal of the International Phonetic Association (University of Nijmegen, Centre for Language Studies), 1999, 29: 155–166 [2017-03-15], doi:10.1017/S0025100300006526, (原始内容存档 (PDF)于2017-10-11)
- Gussmann, Edmund. Getting your head around: the vowel system of Modern Icelandic (PDF). Folia Scandinavica Posnaniensia. 2011, 12: 71–90 [2017-03-15]. ISBN 978-83-232-2296-5. (原始内容存档 (PDF)于2015-04-02).
- Haugen, Einar. The Phonemics of Modern Icelandic. Language. 1958, 34 (1): 55–88. JSTOR 411276. doi:10.2307/411276.
- Heijmans, Linda; Gussenhoven, Carlos, The Dutch dialect of Weert (PDF), Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 1998, 28: 107–112 [2017-03-15], doi:10.1017/S0025100300006307, (原始内容存档 (PDF)于2016-03-04)
- Iivonen, Antti; Harnud, Huhe, Acoustical comparison of the monophthong systems in Finnish, Mongolian and Udmurt, Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 2005, 35 (1): 59–71, doi:10.1017/S002510030500191X
- Jassem, Wiktor, Polish, Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 2003, 33 (1): 103–107, doi:10.1017/S0025100303001191
- Jolkesky, Marcelo Pinho de Valhery, Fonologia e prosódia do Kaingáng falado em Cacique Doble, Anais do SETA (Campinas: Editora do IEL-UNICAMP), 2009, 3: 675–685 [2017-03-15], (原始内容存档于2012-03-04)
- Jones, Daniel; Ward, Dennis, The Phonetics of Russian, Cambridge University Press, 1969
- Kohler, Klaus J., German, Handbook of the International Phonetic Association: A guide to the use of the International Phonetic Alphabet, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press: 86–89, 1999, ISBN 0-521-65236-7
- Ladefoged, Peter; Maddieson, Ian, The Sounds of the World's Languages, Oxford: Blackwell, 1996, ISBN 0-631-19814-8
- Lass, Roger, South African English, Mesthrie, Rajend (编), Language in South Africa, Cambridge University Press, 2002, ISBN 9780521791052
- Mahboob, Ahmar; Ahmar, Nadra H., Pakistani English: phonology, Schneider, Edgar W. (编), A handbook of varieties of English 1, Berlin; New York: Mouton de Gruyter: 1003–1015, 2004 [2017-03-15], (原始内容存档于2018-09-29)
- Mangold, Max, Das Aussprachewörterbuch, Duden: 37, 2005, ISBN 9783411040667
- Mannell, R.; Cox, F.; Harrington, J., An Introduction to Phonetics and Phonology, Macquarie University, 2009a [2017-03-15], (原始内容存档于2019-04-01)
- Mannell, R.; Cox, F.; Harrington, J., An Introduction to Phonetics and Phonology, Macquarie University, 2009b [2017-03-15], (原始内容存档于2013-05-16)
- Martínez-Celdrán, Eugenio; Fernández-Planas, Ana Ma.; Carrera-Sabaté, Josefina, Castilian Spanish, Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 2003, 33 (2): 255–259, doi:10.1017/S0025100303001373
- Merrill, Elizabeth, Tilquiapan Zapotec (PDF), Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 2008, 38 (1): 107–114 [2017-03-15], doi:10.1017/S0025100308003344, (原始内容存档 (PDF)于2019-12-16)
- Okada, Hideo, Japanese, Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 1991, 21 (2): 94–96, doi:10.1017/S002510030000445X
- Pavlík, Radoslav, Slovenské hlásky a medzinárodná fonetická abeceda (PDF), Jazykovedný časopis, 2004, 55: 87–109 [2017-03-15], (原始内容存档 (PDF)于2020-04-14)
- Peters, Jörg, The dialect of Hasselt, Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 2006, 36 (1): 117–124, doi:10.1017/S0025100306002428
- Roach, Peter, British English: Received Pronunciation, Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 2004, 34 (2): 239–245, doi:10.1017/S0025100304001768
- Rogers, Derek; d'Arcangeli, Luciana, Italian, Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 2004, 34 (1): 117–121, doi:10.1017/S0025100304001628
- Šewc-Schuster, Hinc, Gramatika hornjo-serbskeje rěče, Budyšin: Ludowe nakładnistwo Domowina, 1984
- Shosted, Ryan K.; Chikovani, Vakhtang, Standard Georgian, Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 2006, 36 (2): 255–264, doi:10.1017/S0025100306002659
- Stone, Gerald, Sorbian (Upper and Lower), Comrie, Bernard; Corbett, Greville G. (编), The Slavonic Languages, London and New York: Routledge: 593–685, 2002, ISBN 9780415280785
- Suomi, Kari; Toivanen, Juhani; Ylitalo, Riikka, Finish sound structure, 2008 [2017-03-15], ISBN 978-951-42-8983-5, (原始内容存档于2012-02-19)
- Szende, Tamás, Hungarian, Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 1994, 24 (2): 91–94, doi:10.1017/S0025100300005090
- Tench, Paul, The Pronunciation of English in Abercrave, Coupland, Nikolas; Thomas, Alan Richard (编), English in Wales: Diversity, Conflict, and Change, Multilingual Matters Ltd.: 130–141, 1990, ISBN 1-85359-032-0
- Ternes, Elmer; Vladimirova-Buhtz, Tatjana, Bulgarian, Handbook of the International Phonetic Association, Cambridge University Press: 55–57, 1999, ISBN 0-521-63751-1
- Thelwall, Robin; Sa'Adeddin, M. Akram, Arabicjournal=Journal of the International Phonetic Association 20 (2): 37–39, 1990, doi:10.1017/S0025100300004266
- Tingsabadh, M. R. Kalaya; Abramson, Arthur S., Thai, Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 1993, 23 (1): 24–28, doi:10.1017/S0025100300004746
- Traunmüller, Hartmut, Vokalismus in der westniederösterreichischen Mundart., Zeitschrift für Dialektologie und Linguistik, 1982, 2: 289–333
- Trouvain, Jürgen; Gilles, Peter, PhonLaf - Phonetic Online Material for Luxembourgish as a Foreign Language 1 (PDF): 74–77, 2009 [2017-03-15], (原始内容存档 (PDF)于2016-03-04)
- Verhoeven, Jo, Belgian Standard Dutch, Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 2005, 35 (2): 243–247, doi:10.1017/S0025100305002173
- Verhoeven, Jo, The Belgian Limburg dialect of Hamont, Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 2007, 37 (2): 219–225, doi:10.1017/S0025100307002940
- Watt, Dominic; Allen, William, Tyneside English, Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 2003, 33 (2): 267–271 [2017-03-15], doi:10.1017/S0025100303001397, (原始内容存档于2019-07-18)
- Zimmer, Karl; Orgun, Orhan, Turkish, Handbook of the International Phonetic Association: A guide to the use of the International Phonetic Alphabet (PDF), Cambridge: Cambridge University Press: 154–158, 1999 [2017-03-15], ISBN 0-521-65236-7, (原始内容 (PDF)存档于2018-07-25)