歐洲胰島素阻抗研究組織(EGIR)研究發現胰島素敏感度會依年齡增加而下降,不過兩者關聯性會因身體質量指數(body mass index, BMI)校正而消失。[66]老化後胰島素阻抗性的現象可能來自於腹部脂肪組織增生、骨骼肌肉量降低、生理活動減少、粒線體功能不全、荷爾蒙分泌減退、氧化壓力和慢性發炎等。[67][68]
随机血糖高于11.1 mmol/l (200 mg/dl )且出現典型症狀[24]或糖化血红蛋白(HbA1c)高于6.5%是也一种诊断糖尿病的方法[10]。2009年,一个由美国糖尿病协会(American Diabetes Association,简称ADA)、国际糖尿病联合会(International Diabetes Federation,简称IDF)和欧洲糖尿病研究协会(European Association for the Study of Diabetes,简称EASD)之專家代表組成的国际专家委员会建议糖尿病诊断应使用48 mmol/mol作為臨界值(相當於 HbA1c 6.5%)[77],美国糖尿病协会于2010年采用此建议[78]。只有病患出现典型症状和血糖>11.1 mmol/l(>200 mg/dl)才应该重复进行阳性检验[77]。
糖尿病是最早被記錄的疾病之一[21],早在公元前约1500年的埃及手稿将其称为“尿液過多”[161]。據信首个有记载的病例被认为是1型糖尿病[161]。同時期,古印度的医生在同期也發現了该病,由於患者的尿液會引來螞蟻,因此將其歸稱为“蜜糖尿”(madhumeha)[161]。而現今所使用的醫學術語「diabetes」一詞源自希臘文的「siphon」(虹吸管),意思是「在彎管中流動」,描述其多尿的症狀。該词是由希腊人孟菲斯之阿波罗尼奥斯(英语:Apollonius (physician))(Apollonius of Memphis)在公元前230年首次使用[161]。根據蓋倫的描述,在罗马帝国时期,该病可能属罕见病,在其生涯中僅見兩例[161]。
對於本條目名稱的用詞解釋:自從1997年,美國糖尿病學會(ADA)與世界衛生組織(WHO)的專家共同開會決定糖尿病的重新命名,廢棄了原來的 NIDDM、誤用的Type II(羅馬數字),而指定使用 Type 2(阿拉伯數字)。主要是由於醫學的新進展以及避免混淆(Type II 近似 Type 11,eleven);並且不使用「Diabetes mellitus Type 2」而是使用「Type 2 diabetes mellitus」(T2DM,其後簡稱T2D)。臺灣國健署及糖尿病學會亦使用「第2型」,非「第二型」,而且不用「第II型」;順序亦有規定:「第2型糖尿病」,非「糖尿病第2型」。參考來源見討論頁。
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