洋流是由於不同緯度的日照和氣溫、盛行風以及海水中不同鹽度所引起的溫度變化而造成。暖空氣先在赤道附近上升,之後,當其向兩極移動途中,受到冷卻。冷空氣在兩極附近下沉,但當這些空氣向赤道移動時,又會變暖並再度上升,由此形成哈德里環流圈,是種大規模的風模式。在南北半球各有一中緯度環流,具有類似的效應。[45]與這些環流相關的風模式會驅動海面水流,將海水推向更高的緯度,而在當地有較冷的空氣。 [45]冷空氣把水溫降低,讓其密度遠低於低緯度水域的海水,因而會下沉到海底,在北半球形成北太西洋深層水(英语:North Atlantic Deep Water)(NADW),在南半球形成南極底層水(AABW)。[46]
到2100年,於預測極高的排放情景(RCP8.5)下,海洋生產力很可能會下降4-11%。[5]:452這種下降會有區域性差異。例如熱帶海洋的淨初級生產力(net primary production (NPP))將下降更多:在相同的排放情景下會下降7-16%。[5]:452由於海洋分層增加和海洋層數減少,將會有更少的有機物從上層海洋沉入更深的海洋層。[5]:452海洋生產力的下降是由於“變暖、分層、光照、營養和捕食的綜合影響”。[5]:452
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