信義宗和歸正宗都相信，聖餐是一種「聖禮的聯合」。不過，信義宗相信，基督真正身體和真寶血，臨在真正的餅和酒當中，更強調基督的真身體和真寶血是在「餅酒之內，在餅酒之下，與餅酒同在」(In, with, under the bread and wine)，其聖餐觀稱為「同領說」或「真實臨在說」(Real Presence)。[3]而歸正宗將基督的臨在視為一種「屬靈的臨在」(Spiritual Presence)：耶穌基督的身體和祂的寶血是臨在天上而不是在地上。[4]
信義宗根據聖經《福音書》及《哥林多前書》的教導，相信耶穌基督真正臨到聖餐當中(Real Presence)，意思是指基督真真正正在「（沒有改變的）餅與酒之內，與餅和酒同在，在餅和酒之下」(In, With and Under the bread and wine)， [3] 是一種「聖禮的聯合」（英語：Sacramental Union）[8][9][10]。凡參與聖餐的人在領受餅和酒時，都同時領受主的真身體及真寶血，所以路德宗的聖餐觀也稱為「同領說」：
Articles of Religion （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館）, Article 28, "The Body of Christ is given, taken, and eaten, in the Supper, only after an heavenly and spiritual manner. And the mean whereby the Body of Christ is received and eaten in the Supper, is Faith."
Statement on the Lord's Supper （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館）, Wisconsin Evangelical Lutheran Synod, "we need to study Christ's words of institution in Matthew, Mark, Luke, and in 1 Corinthians, as well as St. Paul's additional statements about the Lord's Supper in 1 Corinthians 11 and 10. On that basis we can establish the following concerning the essence of the usus of the Lord's Supper (consecration, distribution, reception): 1. The real and substantial presence of Christ's body and blood during the usus. 2. The sacramental union of bread and wine and of Christ's body and blood during the usus..."
WELS Topical Q&A: Real Presence, "We reject transubstantiation because the Bible teaches that the bread and the wine are still present in the Lord's Supper (1 Corinthians 10:16, 1 Corinthians 11:27-28). We do not worship the elements because Jesus commands us to eat and to drink the bread and the wine. He does not command us to worship them."
WELS Topical Q&A: Real Presence - Why not Transubtantiation?, "In the matter under discussion, the words of Jesus Christ are unmistakably clear: What is distributed and received in the Lord's Supper is his true body and blood. The words of the Apostle Paul are also unmistakably clear: The elements of bread and wine remain and are also distributed and received in the Lord's Supper. We embrace both truths."
Luther, Martin (1537), Smalcald Articles （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館）, Part III, Article VI. Of the Sacrament of the Altar, stating: "As regards transubstantiation, we care nothing about the sophistical subtlety by which they teach that bread and wine leave or lose their own natural substance, and that there remain only the appearance and color of bread, and not true bread. For it is in perfect agreement with Holy Scriptures that there is, and remains, bread, as Paul himself calls it, 1 Cor. 10:16 （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館）: The bread which we break. And 1 Cor. 11:28 （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館）: Let him so eat of that bread."
Real Presence Communion – Consubstantiation?. WELS Topical Q&A. Wisconsin Evangelical Lutheran Synod. [26 Jan 2015]. （原始內容存檔於2 January 2008）. Although some Lutherans have used the term 'consbstantiation' [sic] and it might possibly be understood correctly (e.g., the bread & wine, body & blood coexist with each other in the Lord's Supper), most Lutherans reject the term because of the false connotation it contains...either that the body and blood, bread and wine come together to form one substance in the Lord’s Supper or that the body and blood are present in a natural manner like the bread and the wine. Lutherans believe that the bread and the wine are present in a natural manner in the Lord’s Supper and Christ’s true body and blood are present in an illocal, supernatural manner.
Lectures on the Augsburg Confession. Theological Seminary of the United Lutheran Church in America (Lutheran Publication Society). 1888: 350 [13 June 2014]. （原始內容存檔於2021-03-11）. But in neither sense can that monstrous doctrine of Consubstantiation be attributed to our church, since Lutherans do not believe either in that local conjunction of two bodies, nor in any commingling of bread and of Christ's body, of wine and of his blood.
