1896年,德國精神病學家Kraepelin因該障礙多起病於青少年且以衰退為結局,將其命名為「早發性失智症」[12][13]。1911年,瑞士學者Bleuler研究認為核心問題是人格的分裂,提出了「精神分裂」(splitting of mind)的概念,又因預後並不一定是衰退,故建議命名為「精神分裂症」[12]。該障礙的英文名「schizophrenia」即移植自新拉丁文,詞根是希臘語「skhizein」(意為「分裂」)與「phrēn」(意為「精神」)[27]。漢字文化圈過去都曾直譯作「精神分裂症」,後來台灣改稱「思覺失調症」[28][29][30],日本改稱「統合失調症」[31];香港則仍將此障礙稱作「精神分裂症」,而使用「思覺失調」一詞指代「psychosis」[32](台灣、中國大陸譯「精神病」)或「early psychosis(英語:Early intervention in psychosis)」[33](台灣、中國大陸無專名)。
在20世紀70年代初,思覺失調症的診斷標準出現了不少爭議,最終修訂成現今所使用的標準。1971年美英診斷學大會發現美國的思覺失調症患者要比歐洲多很多[213],部分是因為美國使用的DSM-II診斷標準比起歐洲的ICD-9更為寬鬆。大衛·羅森漢(英語:David Rosenhan)於1972年進行並於《科學》期刊發表的著名研究——《精神病房裡的正常人》(On being sane in insane places),指出美國的思覺失調症診斷標準往往過於主觀且不可靠[214]。這項研究不僅使思覺失調症的診斷標準得以修正,還令整本DSM手冊得以修訂,使得美國精神醫學學會於1980年時出版DSM-III[215]。
2002年,日本把這一種疾病的名稱由「精神分裂病seishin-bunretsu-byō」改名為「統合失調症tōgō-shitchō-shō」,以減少疾病名稱所帶來的社會污名[221],此一名字的靈感是來自生物-心理-社會模型的,且在實行三年內把接受診斷的人數從37%增加到70%[222]。2012年在韓國亦發生了類似的變化[223]。2014年,中華民國衛生福利部宣佈將「精神分裂症」正式更名為「思覺失調症」[29],此一名稱是考慮到此疾病的核心表現性質——「思考」及「知覺」[224]。精神病學教授吉姆·范·奧斯(英語:Jim van Os)則建議把英語的「Schizophrenia」(思覺失調症)改名為「psychosis spectrum syndrome」(精神病類群障礙症)[225]。
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