無母數統計學(英語:nonparametric statistics),或稱非母數統計學、無母數統計分析,是統計學的一個分支,適用於母體分布情況未明、小樣本、母體分布不為常態也不易轉換為常態。特點在於儘量減少或不修改其建立之模型,較具穩健特性;在樣本數不大時,計算過程較簡單。
無母數統計推論時所使用的統計量的抽樣分配通常與母體分配無關,不必推論其中位數、適合度、獨立性、隨機性,更廣義的說,無母數統計又稱為「不受分布限制統計法」(distribution free)。無母數統計缺乏一般之機率表。檢定時是以等級(Rank)為主要統計量。
方法
無母數統計在推論統計模型時,常用到的檢定有下列方式:
- 二項檢定
- en:Anderson-Darling test
- en:Cochran's Q
- en:Cohen's kappa
- en:Fisher's exact test
- Friedman two-way analysis of variance by ranks
- Kendall's tau
- en:Kendall's W
- K-S檢定
- en:Kruskal-Wallis one-way analysis of variance by ranks
- en:Kuiper's test
- en:Mann-Whitney U or Wilcoxon rank sum test(威爾克科遜檢定)
- en:McNemar's test (a special case of the chi-squared test)
- en:median test
- 重抽樣
- en:Siegel-Tukey test
- 斯皮爾曼等級相關係數
- Student-Newman-Keuls (SNK) test
- en:Wald-Wolfowitz runs test
- en:Wilcoxon signed-rank test.
缺點
- 檢定力較弱
- 處理方式無一致性
參考文獻
- Bagdonavicius, V., Kruopis, J., Nikulin, M.S. (2011). "Non-parametric tests for complete data", ISTE & WILEY: London & Hoboken. ISBN 978-1-84821-269-5.
- Corder, G. W.; Foreman, D. I. Nonparametric Statistics: A Step-by-Step Approach. Wiley. 2014. ISBN 978-1118840313.
- Gibbons, Jean Dickinson; Chakraborti, Subhabrata (2003). Nonparametric Statistical Inference, 4th Ed. CRC Press. ISBN 0-8247-4052-1.
- Hettmansperger, T. P.; McKean, J. W. Robust Nonparametric Statistical Methods. Kendall's Library of Statistics 5 First. London: Edward Arnold. New York: John Wiley & Sons. 1998. ISBN 0-340-54937-8. MR 1604954. also ISBN 0-471-19479-4.
- Hollander M., Wolfe D.A., Chicken E. (2014). Nonparametric Statistical Methods, John Wiley & Sons.
- Sheskin, David J. (2003) Handbook of Parametric and Nonparametric Statistical Procedures. CRC Press. ISBN 1-58488-440-1
- Wasserman, Larry (2007). All of Nonparametric Statistics, Springer. ISBN 0-387-25145-6.
Wikiwand in your browser!
Seamless Wikipedia browsing. On steroids.
Every time you click a link to Wikipedia, Wiktionary or Wikiquote in your browser's search results, it will show the modern Wikiwand interface.
Wikiwand extension is a five stars, simple, with minimum permission required to keep your browsing private, safe and transparent.