激浪派

激浪派（Fluxus）是1960年代至1970年代間活躍的一個激進的國際文藝流派^[1]^[2]^[3]^[4]^[5]。他們提出了一些新的藝術主張，如迪克·希金斯的「中介藝術」^[6]^[7]^[8]^[9]、亨利·弗林特的「觀念藝術」^[10]^[11]和白南准和沃爾夫·福斯特爾的「錄像藝術」^[12]^[13]^[14]。受到杜尚的影響，大多數激浪派藝術家以反商業和反藝術為己任，強調概念而非成品的重要性^[15]。而Fluxus一詞則由喬治·麥素納斯創造於1961年^[16]。

1960年代的許多實驗藝術家都屬於這一流派，威斯巴登、哥本哈根、斯德哥爾摩、阿姆斯特丹、倫敦和紐約都有大量激浪派藝術家存在。他們的興趣極為廣泛，而互相之間亦有衝突^[17]^[18]。比如儘管激浪派創始人之一的喬治·麥素納斯發表過所謂的《激浪派宣言》，但很少有其他激浪派藝術家對他的說法表示讚同，甚至很多藝術家都不認為他屬於激浪派^[19]^[20]。雖然如此，激浪派也在一定程度上對開放「藝術」之定義做出了貢獻^[21]。

[1]
Friedman, Ken. 2011. "Fluxus: A Laboratory of Ideas." Fluxus and the Essential Qualities of Life. Jacquelynne Baas, editor. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, p.35.
[2]
Nationalencyclopedin (Swedish National Encyclopedia). 2016. "Fluxus." Accessible at: http://www.ne.se/uppslagsverk/encyclopedi/lång/fluxus （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館） Accessed September 11, 2016.
[3]
Wainwright, Lisa S. 2016. "Fluxus." Britannica Academic (Encyclopedia Britannica Online).
[4]
Ruhé, Harry. 1979. Fluxus, the Most Radical and Experimental Art Movement of the Sixties Amsterdam: Editions Galerie A.
[5]
Ruhé, Harry. 1999. "Introduction." 25 Fluxus Stories Amsterdam: Tuja Books, p. 4.
[6]
Higgins, Dick. 1966. "Intermedia." Something Else Newsletter. Vol. 1, No. 1, February, pp. 1-3.
[7]
Higgins, Dick. 2001. "Intermedia" Multimedia: From Wagner to Virtual Reality. Randall Packer and Ken Jordan, eds. New York: W.W. Norton and Co., pp. 27–32.
[8]
Higgins, Dick. 1984. Horizons: The Poetics and Theory of the Intermedia. Carbondale and Edwardsville: Southern Illinois University Press
[9]
Hannah B Higgins,"The Computational Word Works of Eric Andersen and Dick Higgins", Mainframe Experimentalism: Early Digital Computing in the Experimental Arts, Hannah Higgins, & Douglas Kahn, eds., pp. 271-281
[10]
Flynt, Henry. 1961. "Concept Art: Innperseqs." Reprinted in 1963: An Anthology. La Monte Young, ed. New York: Jackson Mac Low and La Monte Young, np.
[11]
Flynt, Henry. 1963. "Essay: Concept Art: Provisional Version." An Anthology. La Monte Young, ed. New York: Jackson Mac Low and La Monte Young, np.
[12]
Paik, Nam June. 1993. Nam June Paik: eine Data Base. La Biennale di Venezia. XLV Esposizione lnternazionale D』Arte, June 13 – October 10, 1993. Klaus Bussmann and Florian Matzner, eds. Venice and Berlin: Biennale di Venezia and Edition Cantz.
[13]
Hanhardt, John and Ken Hakuta. 2012. Nam June Paik: Global Visionary. London and Washington, D.C.: D. Giles, Ltd., in association with the Smithsonian American Art Museum.
[14]
Fundacio Joan Miro. 1979. Vostell. Environments Pintura Happenings Dibuixos Video de 1958 a 1978. Barcelona: Fundacio Joan Miro.
[15]
Fluxus Movement, Artists and Major Works. [2015-10-06]. （原始內容存檔於2015-10-19）.
[16]
Armstrong, Elizabeth. In the Spirit of Fluxus. Minneapolis: The Occasion of the Exhibition. 1993: 24. ISBN 9780935640403.
[17]
Zurbrugg, Nicholas. 1990. 「A Spirit of Large Goals.」 – Dada and Fluxus at Two Speeds. Fluxus! Nicholas Zurbrugg, Francesco Conz, and Nicholas Tsoutas, eds. Brisbane, Australia: Institute of Modern Art, p. 29.
[18]
Smith, Owen F. 1998. Fluxus: The History of an Attitude. San Diego: San Diego State University Press.
[19]
Higgins, Dick. 1992. "Fluxus: Theory and Reception." Lund Art Press, Vol II, No 2, pp. 25-46.
[20]
Higgins, Dick. 1998. "Fluxus: Theory and Reception." The Fluxus Reader, Ken Friedman, ed. Chichester, West Sussex: Wiley Academy Editions, pp. 218-236.
[21]
Tate Gallery. "Nam June Paik. Fluxus, Performance, Participation." Tate Online. Accessible at: http://www.tate.org.uk/whats-on/exhibition/nam-june-paik/nam-june-paik-room-guide/nam-june-paik-section-2 （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館） Accessed September 15, 2016.

Links at Ubuweb:
- Samples of Fluxus Audio （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館） on the Tellus Audio Cassette Magazine
- An Anthology of Chance Operations (1963) （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館）
- FluxFilms (1962–1970) in MPEG format （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館）
Interview with Ken Friedman
European Fluxus Festivals 1962–1977 （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館）
John Cage on I've Got A Secret performing Water Walk, January 1960, from the same era as his teaching classes at the New School （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館）
MOMA online archive of Fluxus 1, Fluxkit and Flux Year Box 2 （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館）
Museum Fluxus+ Potsdam, Germany （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館）
Museo Vostell Malpartida （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館）, Cáceres, Spain.
Subjugated Knowledges exhibition catalogue （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館）
The Copenhagen Fluxus Archive （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館）
Dick Higgins collection at the University of Maryland, Baltimore County

[Friedman,_Ken_2011._p.35-1] [1]
Friedman, Ken. 2011. "Fluxus: A Laboratory of Ideas." Fluxus and the Essential Qualities of Life. Jacquelynne Baas, editor. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, p.35.

[2] [2]
Nationalencyclopedin (Swedish National Encyclopedia). 2016. "Fluxus." Accessible at: http://www.ne.se/uppslagsverk/encyclopedi/lång/fluxus （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館） Accessed September 11, 2016.

[3] [3]
Wainwright, Lisa S. 2016. "Fluxus." Britannica Academic (Encyclopedia Britannica Online).

[Ruhé,_Harry_1979-4] [4]
Ruhé, Harry. 1979. Fluxus, the Most Radical and Experimental Art Movement of the Sixties Amsterdam: Editions Galerie A.

[5] [5]
Ruhé, Harry. 1999. "Introduction." 25 Fluxus Stories Amsterdam: Tuja Books, p. 4.

[6] [6]
Higgins, Dick. 1966. "Intermedia." Something Else Newsletter. Vol. 1, No. 1, February, pp. 1-3.

[7] [7]
Higgins, Dick. 2001. "Intermedia" Multimedia: From Wagner to Virtual Reality. Randall Packer and Ken Jordan, eds. New York: W.W. Norton and Co., pp. 27–32.

[8] [8]
Higgins, Dick. 1984. Horizons: The Poetics and Theory of the Intermedia. Carbondale and Edwardsville: Southern Illinois University Press

[9] [9]
Hannah B Higgins,"The Computational Word Works of Eric Andersen and Dick Higgins", Mainframe Experimentalism: Early Digital Computing in the Experimental Arts, Hannah Higgins, & Douglas Kahn, eds., pp. 271-281

[10] [10]
Flynt, Henry. 1961. "Concept Art: Innperseqs." Reprinted in 1963: An Anthology. La Monte Young, ed. New York: Jackson Mac Low and La Monte Young, np.

[11] [11]
Flynt, Henry. 1963. "Essay: Concept Art: Provisional Version." An Anthology. La Monte Young, ed. New York: Jackson Mac Low and La Monte Young, np.

[12] [12]
Paik, Nam June. 1993. Nam June Paik: eine Data Base. La Biennale di Venezia. XLV Esposizione lnternazionale D』Arte, June 13 – October 10, 1993. Klaus Bussmann and Florian Matzner, eds. Venice and Berlin: Biennale di Venezia and Edition Cantz.

[13] [13]
Hanhardt, John and Ken Hakuta. 2012. Nam June Paik: Global Visionary. London and Washington, D.C.: D. Giles, Ltd., in association with the Smithsonian American Art Museum.

[14] [14]
Fundacio Joan Miro. 1979. Vostell. Environments Pintura Happenings Dibuixos Video de 1958 a 1978. Barcelona: Fundacio Joan Miro.

[15] [15]
Fluxus Movement, Artists and Major Works. [2015-10-06]. （原始內容存檔於2015-10-19）.

[16] [16]
Armstrong, Elizabeth. In the Spirit of Fluxus. Minneapolis: The Occasion of the Exhibition. 1993: 24. ISBN 9780935640403.

[17] [17]
Zurbrugg, Nicholas. 1990. 「A Spirit of Large Goals.」 – Dada and Fluxus at Two Speeds. Fluxus! Nicholas Zurbrugg, Francesco Conz, and Nicholas Tsoutas, eds. Brisbane, Australia: Institute of Modern Art, p. 29.

[18] [18]
Smith, Owen F. 1998. Fluxus: The History of an Attitude. San Diego: San Diego State University Press.

[19] [19]
Higgins, Dick. 1992. "Fluxus: Theory and Reception." Lund Art Press, Vol II, No 2, pp. 25-46.

[20] [20]
Higgins, Dick. 1998. "Fluxus: Theory and Reception." The Fluxus Reader, Ken Friedman, ed. Chichester, West Sussex: Wiley Academy Editions, pp. 218-236.

[21] [21]
Tate Gallery. "Nam June Paik. Fluxus, Performance, Participation." Tate Online. Accessible at: http://www.tate.org.uk/whats-on/exhibition/nam-june-paik/nam-june-paik-room-guide/nam-june-paik-section-2 （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館） Accessed September 15, 2016.

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