曼多馬

曼多馬 (Tuomo Mannermaa，1937年9月29日—2015年1月19日) 出生於芬蘭奧盧，是赫爾辛基大學神學名譽教授，以對馬丁·路德神學中稱義和成神論之間關係的研究著稱。他發起和推動這項研究，使他被看作是「路德的芬蘭新解讀」或「曼多馬芬蘭學派」之父。

芬蘭學派

曼多馬領導發展了「路德的芬蘭新解讀」，對路德的救贖觀點的介紹，更接近東正教學說成神論，而不是德國路德宗學者的既定詮釋^[1]。曼多馬指出，「赫爾辛基路德研究新浪潮的外部衝擊，令人驚奇地來自路德研究的圈子以外。它來自芬蘭信義會和俄羅斯東正教教會之間的合一對話，由 Martti Simojoki 大主教在1970年代初發起。」^[2] 。

芬蘭新解讀已經受到了挑戰，因為它不重視路德的根源在西方基督教中的主要神學發展，認為路德的稱義教義是基於內住於信徒的耶穌的義，而不是耶穌的義算為信徒的義。^[3]

參考文獻

Von Preussen nach Leuenberg: Hintergrund und Entwicklung der theologischen Methode der Leuenberger Konkordie. Lutherisches Verlagshaus, 1981 ISBN 3785904800
Christ Present in Faith: Luther's View of Justification. Fortress Press, 2005 ISBN 0800637119

[1]
Dorman, Ted. Review of "Union With Christ: The New Finnish Interpretation of Luther" （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館）. First Things, 1999.
[2]
Tuomo Mannermaa, "Why Is Luther So Fascinating? Modern Finnish Luther Research," Union with Christ, (Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1998), 1.
[3]
William Wallace Schumacher, "'Who Do I Say That You Are?' Anthropology and the Theology of Theosis in the Finnish School of Tuomo Mannermaa" (Ph.D. diss., Concordia Seminary, St. Louis, Missouri, 2003), 260 et passim. Cf. also the papers that constitute Union with Christ: The New Finnish Interpretation of Luther by various authors; cf. also Robert Kolb and Charles P. Arand, The Genius of Luther's Theology: A Wittenberg Way of Thinking for the Contemporary Church, (Grand Rapids, Michigan: Baker Academic, 2008), 48: "These views ignore the radically different metaphysical base of Luther's understanding and that of the Eastern church, and they ignore Luther's understanding of the dynamic, re-creative nature of God's Word."

外部連結

Rethinking Justification. A Review of Christ Present in Faith: Luther's View of Justification by Tuomo Mannermaa Developing Theology * Mannermaa, Tuomo. "The Doctrine of Justification and Christology Chapter A, Section One of The Christ Present in Faith". Concordia Theological Quarterly 64 (2000)

[1] [1]
Dorman, Ted. Review of "Union With Christ: The New Finnish Interpretation of Luther" （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館）. First Things, 1999.

[2] [2]
Tuomo Mannermaa, "Why Is Luther So Fascinating? Modern Finnish Luther Research," Union with Christ, (Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1998), 1.

[3] [3]
William Wallace Schumacher, "'Who Do I Say That You Are?' Anthropology and the Theology of Theosis in the Finnish School of Tuomo Mannermaa" (Ph.D. diss., Concordia Seminary, St. Louis, Missouri, 2003), 260 et passim. Cf. also the papers that constitute Union with Christ: The New Finnish Interpretation of Luther by various authors; cf. also Robert Kolb and Charles P. Arand, The Genius of Luther's Theology: A Wittenberg Way of Thinking for the Contemporary Church, (Grand Rapids, Michigan: Baker Academic, 2008), 48: "These views ignore the radically different metaphysical base of Luther's understanding and that of the Eastern church, and they ignore Luther's understanding of the dynamic, re-creative nature of God's Word."

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