《女權辯護:關於政治和道德問題的批評》(英語:A Vindication of the Rights of Woman: with Strictures on Political and Moral Subjects,下文簡稱《女權》),是18世紀英國女性主義者瑪麗·吳爾史東克拉芙特於1793年出版的著作,是女性主義哲學最早的一批作品之一。在這本書中,吳爾史東克拉芙特對18世紀的那些試圖否認女性教育的教育和政治理論家進行回擊。她認為女性的教育程度應當相稱於她們的社會地位。她主張國家必須要有女性,因為女性教育了她們的子女,且因為她們能夠成為丈夫們的「伴侶」,而不僅僅是妻子。吳爾史東克拉芙特還主張:作為人類的女性應當享有與男性相同的基本權利,而不應被視作是社會的裝飾品或是婚姻交易中的財產。[1]
儘管吳爾史東克拉芙特的確呼籲了特別是在生活領域,譬如道德上的性別平等,但她並沒有明確地指出男女是平等的。因此,她在性別平等上的這種曖昧態度讓後人很難將她歸入現代女性主義者的行列,尤其是當她在書中提到的文字與觀點對她來說是遙不可及之時。儘管現今通常都以為《女權》一書在當時並不受到歡迎,但這是現代人的一種誤解,其建基於的是這樣的一種觀點:認為吳爾史東克拉芙特的一生都受盡謾罵,就如同1798年威廉·戈德溫出版《女權辯護作者傳(英語:Memoirs of the Author of A Vindication of the Rights of Woman)》後的情況一樣。而實際上,《女權》在1793年發行第一版時已十分暢銷,有一位現代傳記學家還認為「也許是(吳爾史東克拉芙特)那個世紀最有新意的一本書」。[2]
歷史背景
《女權辯護》一書是在法國大革命的動盪背景下寫成的。大革命在英國引發了諸多論爭:在現今多稱為《革命論戰(英語:Revolution Controversy)》的這本小冊子中,英國的政治評論家們從代議式的政府討論到了人權,討論到了政教分離。吳爾史東克拉芙特首次加入這場論戰是她在1790年發表的《男權辯護(英語:A Vindication of the Rights of Men)》,該書是為了回擊埃德蒙·伯克《對法國大革命的反思》(1790)而作的[3]。在伯克的《反思》中,他批評了眾多英國思想家與作家對早期的法國大革命抱持歡迎的觀點。雖然眾人將大革命視作是1688年英國限制王權的光榮革命的類似情況,伯克卻指出,恰當的歷史比喻應該是1642年到1651年的英國內戰,其間英國國王查理一世在1649年被處決。他認為法國大革命是一場推翻合法政府的暴力行為,認為平民沒有權力去反抗他們的政府,因為文明是社會與政治共識的成果;文明的傳統不能被頻繁地變更——否則將會導致政治混亂。在《反思》一書出版六周後,吳爾史東克拉芙特發表了《男權》:其中的一個關鍵論點是權力不能基於傳統;她認為,權力的賦予是出於合理與公正的理由,而不應考慮它們在傳統中的基礎。[4]
在《女權》一書中,吳爾史東克拉芙特的一個中心論點是:女性應該受到理性教育,以給予她們向社會作出貢獻的機會。在18世紀,無論是教育哲學家還是行為手冊(英語:conduct book)的作者,都認為女性不具備理性或抽象的思維。他們認為女性太易受到感性的影響,並太難達致清晰的思維。吳爾史東克拉芙特與凱薩琳·麥考利(英語:Catharine Macaulay)和赫斯特·沙蓬(英語:Hester Chapone)這些女性改革家們一道,主張女性毫無疑問地具備理性思維的能力,並從而應當受到教育。在她的行為手冊《女教論》(1787年)中,在童書《真實生活的原創故事(英語:Original Stories from Real Life)》(1788年)中,以及後來的《女權》中,吳爾史東克拉芙特均指出了這一點。[18]
在《女權》中,吳爾史東克拉芙特針對虛偽泛濫的感性(特別是當時的女性帶有的)進行了十分嚴厲的批評。她認為屈從於感性的女性「就連瞬息而逝的情感也會使得她們的內心波動不已」;因為這樣的女性是「她們的感官的犧牲品」,她們便不能理性地進行思考。[44]實際上,她們不但對自己造成了傷害,她們還對整個文明造成了傷害:她們不能讓文明走向高雅,而會讓文明走向毀滅。但吳爾史東克拉芙特的理性與感性並不獨立;她認為它們應相輔相成。對吳爾史東克拉芙特以及18世紀的重要哲學家休謨來說,激情是其所有理性的基礎。[45]這是吳爾史東克拉芙特在她的整個寫作生涯中都反覆提到的一個主題,特別是在小說《瑪麗:一篇小說(英語:Mary: A Fiction)》(1788)與《瑪麗亞:女人的受罪(英語:Maria: or, The Wrongs of Woman)》中。
一位著名的吳爾史東克拉芙特學者克勞迪婭·詹森(英語:Claudia L. Johnson (scholar))曾將《女權》一書稱為「共和宣言」[60]。詹森認為,吳爾史東克拉芙特有著十七世紀新教徒的共和思想,並且強調男女性的角色必須分明。[61]她認為,在吳爾史東克拉芙特的立場看來,「趨向女性化的男性是社會根基被削弱的原因」[62]。也就是說,如果任由男性擁有堅強與多愁善感的個性時,女性的地位將變得模糊不清,並難以在社會上立足。[63]因此,詹森認為,吳爾史東克拉芙特對女權至大的主張,亦抱持反對的意見。
與前作《男權(英語:A Vindication of the Rights of Men)》一樣,《女權》在許多方面反映出了中產階級的世界觀。吳爾史東克拉芙特將處於中間階層的中產階級稱作是「最能表現出(其)本來面目」[67]的人。她亦頻繁地讚美謙遜與勤奮,以及在當時與中產階級相聯繫的美德。[68]除了站在中產階級的立場上呼籲中產階級的精神外,吳爾史東克拉芙特還對富有階層進行了抨擊,批評他們用她使用的相同論點去反對女性。她指出,富人是「浮華、邪惡和虛榮的,」[69]稱「那些懦弱而虛偽的人們超出了她們同胞的正常需求和情感,她們以早熟的矯揉造作的方式摧毀了惟一的道德基礎,並且在整個社會中傳布了腐化墮落的不良風氣」[70]。
吳爾史東克拉芙特沒有完成《女權》的第二部,儘管她的丈夫威廉·戈德溫在她的《遺稿集》中發表了她生前寫好的「心得」,其中的內容「絕大部分都已經打算納入《女權辯護》的第二部」[88][89]。不過,絕大多數的學者都認為,她的最後一部小說《瑪麗亞:女人的受罪(英語:Maria: or, The Wrongs of Woman)》是《女權》一書的小說化續章。而這部在她生前同樣沒有完成的小說,亦包含在了後來出版的《遺稿集》裡。[90]
反應與影響
當《女權》在1792年出版第一版後,《分析評論》、《綜合雜誌》、《文學雜誌》、《紐約雜誌》與《每月評論》這些當時的雜誌都給予了其正面的評價。但是,直至今日,《女權》亦不能免於惡評。[91]在出版第一版後沒隔多久,第二版也於同一年付印出版。另外,《女權》當時在美國也出現有幾個版本,而且還被翻譯成了法文。泰勒將其稱讚為「一場直接的成功」[92]。此外,瑪麗·海斯(英語:Mary Hays)與瑪麗·魯濱遜(英語:Mary Robinson (poet))等作家還在他們自己的作品中特別地提到了吳爾史東克拉芙特的作品。海斯在她1796年著的小說《愛瑪·克蒂尼傳(英語:Memoirs of Emma Courtney)》中引用了《女權》,並將其中的女性角色塑造成了吳爾史東克拉芙特式的理想女性。[93]而且,即使是漢娜·莫爾這樣曾親自譴責過吳爾史東克拉芙特的保守女性,亦與吳爾史東克拉芙特有著許多相同的價值觀。如同學者安妮·梅勒(英語:Anne K. Mellor)寫的那樣,莫爾與吳爾史東克拉芙特都希望社會能建基於「基督信仰的美德、理性的仁愛、誠實正直、個人美德、社會義務的履行、勤儉節約、艱苦樸素與勤奮工作。」[94]在1790年代的早期,英國社會的許多作家都加入了一場關於女性社會地位的激烈辯論中。例如,著名的詩人和雜文作家安娜·巴鮑德與吳爾史東克拉芙特曾你來我往地辯論;巴鮑德曾發表過幾首詩來回敬吳爾史東克拉芙特的作品,而吳爾史東克拉芙特在《女權》的腳註中又對她的一首詩發表了評論。[95]
在吳爾史東克拉芙特於1797年逝世後,她的丈夫戈德溫於次年出版了《女權辯護作者傳(英語:Memoirs of the Author of A Vindication of the Rights of Woman)》一書。該書透露了吳爾史東克拉芙特的許多不為人知的私生活:她的私生女、她的戀愛,以及她曾打算自殺的企圖。儘管戈德溫認為自己是出於對妻子的愛情與同情,而如實地描述她的生活的,但當時的讀者在讀到這本傳記後,仍然震驚於吳爾史東克拉芙特的這種另類生活方式;而這也導致吳爾史東克拉芙特成為了眾人辱罵的對象。由於吳爾史東克拉芙特的思想與她的生活有著密不可分的聯繫,因而許多女作家都再也不敢在自己的作品中冒險提及這些思想。舉例來說,先前曾經大力提倡吳爾史東克拉芙特及其作品的海斯,在她於1803年發表的《傑出與著名女性傳》中,根本就沒有提到吳爾史東克拉芙特。[96]瑪利亞·埃奇沃思在她於1802年發表的小說《貝琳達(英語:Belinda (Edgeworth novel))》中,與吳爾史東克拉芙特劃清了界線;她用哈麗雅特·弗里克這個角色來將吳爾史東克拉芙特諷刺為極端的女性主義者。[97]但是,也有像珍·奧斯丁這樣的並沒有拒絕吳爾史東克拉芙特思想的人。雖然對吳爾史東克拉芙特的態度截然不同,但埃奇沃思與奧斯丁都認為女性對於國家的發展至關重要;此外,她們也認為女性具有理性的力量,並應該去選擇適合她們的婚姻。[98]
Talleyrand,「Rapport sur l'instruction publique」,節選自Vindications,394-395頁.原文:「Let us bring up women, not to aspire to advantages which the Constitution denies them, but to know and appreciate those which it guarantees them . . . Men are destined to live on the stage of the world. A public education suits them: it early places before their eyes all the scenes of life: only the proportions are different. The paternal home is better for the education of women; they have less need to learn to deal with the interests of others, than to accustom themselves to a calm and secluded life.」
Wollstonecraft,Vindications,101頁.原文:「Having read with great pleasure a pamphlet which you have lately published, I dedicate this volume to you; to induce you to reconsider the subject, and maturely weigh what I have advanced respecting the rights of woman and national education.」
Todd,《Sensibility》,133頁.原文:「to many in Britain the cult of sensibility seemed to have feminized the nation, given women undue prominence, and emasculated men.」
原文:「my main argument is built on this simple principle, that if [woman] be not prepared by education to become the companion of man, she will stop the progress of knowledge and virtue; for truth must be common to all」.
(中文)王瑛,6頁;(英文)Wollstonecraft,Vindications,109頁.原文:「a false system of education, gathered from the books written on this subject by men who, consider[ed] females rather as women than human creatures」.
(中文)王瑛,43頁;(英文)Wollstonecraft,Vindications,157頁.原文:「taught from their infancy that beauty is woman’s sceptre, the mind shapes itself to the body, and, roaming round its gilt cage, only seeks to adorn its prison」.
(中文)王瑛,195頁;(英文)Wollstonecraft,Vindications,286頁.參見Kelly,125-124頁;Taylor,14-15頁.原文:「women might certainly study the art of healing, and be physicians as well as nurses. And midwifery, decency seems to allot to them . . . they might, also, study politics . . . Business of various kinds, they might likewise pursue」.
(中文)王瑛,14頁;(英文)Wollstonecraft,Vindications,129頁.原文:「an exercise of the understanding as is best calculated to strengthen the body and form the heart. Or, in other words, to enable the individual to attach such habits of virtue as will render it independent.」
. Woman, the victim of male social conventions, is tied to the wall, made to sew and guarded by governesses. The picture reflects Mary Wollstonecraft's views in The Rights of Women [原文如此].
Taylor,12頁;參見55-57頁;參見Sapiro,257-259頁.原文:「Describing [Wollstonecraft's philosophy] as feminist is problematic, and I do it only after much consideration. The label is of course anachronistic . . . Treating Wollstonecraft’s thought as an anticipation of nineteenth and twentieth-century feminist argument has meant sacrificing or distorting some of its key elements. Leading examples of this . . . have been the widespread neglect of her religious beliefs, and the misrepresentation of her as a bourgeois liberal, which together have resulted in the displacement of a religiously inspired utopian radicalism by a secular, class-partisan reformism as alien to Wollstonecraft’s political project as her dream of a divinely promised age of universal happiness is to our own. Even more important however has been the imposition on Wollstonecraft of a heroic-individualist brand of politics utterly at odds with her own ethically driven case for women’s emancipation. Wollstonecraft’s leading ambition for women was that they should attain virtue, and it was to this end that she sought their liberation.」
(中文)王瑛,21頁;(英文)Wollstonecraft,Vindications,135頁.原文:「Let it not be concluded that I wish to invert the order of things; I have already granted, that, from the constitution of their bodies, men seem to be designed by Providence to attain a greater degree of virtue. I speak collectively of the whole sex; but I see not the shadow of a reason to conclude that their virtues should differ in respect to their nature. In fact, how can they, if virtue has only one eternal standard? I must therefore, if I reason consequentially, as strenuously maintain that they have the same simple direction, as that there is a God.」
(中文)王瑛,198頁;(英文)Wollstonecraft,Vindications,288頁.原文:「I then would fain convince reasonable men of the importance of some of my remarks; and prevail on them to weigh dispassionately the whole tenor of my observations. – I appeal to their understandings; and, as a fellow-creature, claim, in the name of my sex, some interest in their hearts. I entreat them to assist to emancipate their companion, to make her a help meet for them! 「Would men but generously snap our chains, and be content with rational fellowship instead of slavish obedience, they would find us more observant daughters, more affectionate sisters, more faithful wives, more reasonable mothers – in a word, better citizens.」
Poovey,76頁.原文:「Wollstonecraft betrays her fear that female desire might in fact court man’s lascivious and degrading attentions, that the subordinate position women have been given might even be deserved. Until women can transcend their fleshly desires and fleshly forms, they will be hostage to the body.」
Kaplan,「Wild Nights」,33頁;參見Taylor,118-119頁;Taylor,138ff.原文:「it is important to remember that the notion of woman as politically enabled and independent [was] fatally linked [during the eighteenth century] to the unrestrained and vicious exercise of her sexuality.」
(中文)王瑛,(前)8頁;(英文)Wollstonecraft,Vindications,111頁;參見Taylor,159-161頁;Sapiro,91-92頁.原文:「weak, artificial beings, raised above the common wants and affections of their race, in a premature unnatural manner [who] undermine the very foundation of virtue, and spread corruption through the whole mass of society」.
(中文)王瑛,61頁;(英文)Wollstonecraft,Vindications,169頁.原文:「Happy is it when people have the cares of life to struggle with; for these struggles prevent their becoming a prey to enervating vices, merely from idleness!」
(中文)王瑛,224頁;(英文)Wollstonecraft,Vindications,311頁;Kelly,132-133頁.原文:「After the age of nine, girls and boys, intended for domestic employments, or mechanical trades, ought to be removed to other schools, and receive instruction, in some measure appropriated to the destination of each individual ... The young people of superior abilities, or fortune, might now be taught, in another school, the dead and living languages, the elements of science, and continue the study of history and politics, on a more extensive scale, which would not exclude polite literature.」
(中文)王瑛,57頁;(英文)Wollstonecraft,Vindications,162頁.原文:「I shall make no other comments on this ingenious passage, than just to observe, that it is the philosophy of lasciviousness.」
Wollstonecraft, Mary. Janet Todd , 編. The Collected Letters of Mary Wollstonecraft [瑪麗·吳爾史東克拉芙特書信集]. 紐約: Penguin Books. 2003: 193-194頁. I am dissatisfied with myself for not having done justice to the subject. – Do not suspect me of false modesty – I mean to say that had I allowed myself more time I could have written a better book, in every sense of the word . . . I intend to finish the next volume before I begin to print, for it is not pleasant to have the Devil coming for the conclusion of a sheet fore it is written.
Qtd.引自Sapiro,30頁.原文:「there is in some quarters a vague prejudice against the Rights of Woman as in some way or other a reprehensible book, but readers who go to it with this impression will be surprised to find it eminently serious, severely moral, and withal rather heavy」.
Hirsi Ali, Ayaan. Infidel [異教徒]. 紐約: Free Press. 2007: 295. inspired by Mary Wollstonecraft, the pioneering feminist thinker who told women they had the same ability to reason as men did and deserved the same rights.
Wollstonecraft, Mary (吳爾史東克拉芙特,M.). Sylvia Tomaselli , 編. A Vindication of the Rights of Men and A Vindication of the Rights of Woman [男權辯護和女權辯護]. 劍橋: 劍橋大學出版社. 1995. ISBN 0-521-43633-8(英語).
Wollstonecraft, Mary (吳爾史東克拉芙特,M.). Miriam Brody Kramnick評與 , 編. A Vindication of the Rights of Woman [女權辯護]. Harmondsworth: Penguin. 2004. ISBN 0-14-144125-9(英語).
中文譯本
吳爾史東克拉芙特,M. 《女权辩护;妇女的屈从地位》. 王蓁、汪溪譯. 北京: 商務印書館. 1995年8月. ISBN 7-100-02216-9(中文(簡體)).
吳爾史東克拉芙特,M. 《女权辩护:关于政治和道德问题的批评》. 王瑛譯 第1版. 北京: 中央編譯出版社. 2006年10月. ISBN 7-80109-794-7(中文(簡體)).
Critical Review New Series 4(1792):389-398頁;5(1792):132-141頁.
General Magazine and Imperial Review 6.2(1792):187-191頁.
Literary Magazine and British Review 8(1792):133-139頁.
Monthly Review New Series 8(1792):198-209頁.
New Annual Register 13(1792):298頁.
New-York Magazine 4(1793):77-81頁.
Scots Magazine 54(1792):284-290頁.
Sentimental and Masonic Magazine 1(1792):63-72頁.
Town and Country Magazine[城鎮和鄉村] 24(1792):279頁.
二次文獻
Barker-Benfield G.J.(巴克-本菲爾德,G.J.). The Culture of Sensibility: Sex and Society in Eighteenth-Century Britain. 芝加哥: 芝加哥大學出版社. 1992. ISBN 0-226-03714-2(英語).
Janes R.M. On the Reception of Mary Wollstonecraft’s A Vindication of the Rights of Woman. Journal of the History of Ideas. 1978, 39: 293-302頁 (英語).
Johnson Claudia L.(詹森,克勞迪婭). Equivocal Beings: Politics, Gender, and Sentimentality in the 1790s. 芝加哥: 芝加哥大學出版社. 1995. ISBN 0-226-40184-7(英語).
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