分枝桿菌屬 (學名:Mycobacterium )為放線菌門 的一屬細菌,且為分枝桿菌科唯一的屬。為形狀不規則的革蘭氏陽性桿菌,不能游動,通常抗酸,無氣生菌絲和孢子。
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該屬細菌包括許多已知在哺乳類動物 中造成嚴重疾病的病原菌 ,包括結核桿菌 (Mycobacterium tuberculosis )和麻風桿菌 (Mycobacterium leprae )[ 1] 。
希臘語 中的 myco 表示「真菌」,意思是說該屬的物種通常在液態培養基的表面,形成類似黴菌的菌落。[ 2]
2018年,基於全基因組測序的數據,對分枝桿菌屬進一步進行修訂,並拆分出4個新的菌屬,即Mycolicibacillus 、Mycolicibacter 、Mycobacteroides 和Mycolicibacterium 。[ 3]
微生物細胞壁 : 1. 外層脂質 2. mycolic acid 3. 多醣 (arabinogalactan ) 4. 肽聚糖 5. 細胞膜 6. lipoarabinomannan (LAM) 7. phosphatidylinositol mannoside 8. 細胞壁骨架
本屬物種為好氧型細菌,且為不運動型細菌(海洋分枝桿菌 除外,其可以在巨噬細胞 內運動),為一種抗酸型細菌 [ 1] 。分枝桿菌並不會形成內孢子 或莢膜 ,因此常被認定為革蘭氏陰性菌 。且分枝桿菌在革蘭氏染色上並無法染上結晶紫 ,因此無法被歸類於革蘭氏陽性菌或陰性菌。
雖然說本屬不產孢子,但有兩個物種似乎例外,那就是海洋分枝桿菌 (Mycobacterium marinum )和牛分枝桿菌(M. bovis )[ 4] 。但進一步的研究引發了爭論。[ 5]
分枝桿菌的特點就是其細胞壁較其他物種厚,且呈蠟狀疏水性,並含有大量的分枝菌酸 (mycolic acids)。多醣會將分枝菌酸層及肽聚糖層拉在一起,讓細胞壁變得十分堅韌。若可干擾其細胞壁的生物合成途徑,也許可以開發治療肺結核 的藥物。[ 6]
Phylogenetic Position of the Tubercle Bacilli within the Genus Mycobacterium The blue triangle corresponds to tubercle bacilli sequences that are identical or differing by a single nucleotide. The sequences of the genus Mycobacterium that matched most closely to those of M. tuberculosis were retrieved from the BIBI database (http://pbil.univ-lyon.fr/bibi/ [永久失效連結 ] ) and aligned with those obtained for 17 smooth and MTBC strains. The unrooted neighbor-joining tree is based on 1,325 aligned nucleotide positions of the 16S rRNA gene. The scale gives the pairwise distances after Jukes-Cantor correction. Bootstrap support values higher than 90% are indicated at the nodes.
表型測試可用於識別和區分不同的分枝桿菌物種和菌株。在以前的系統中,分枝桿菌根據它們的外觀和生長速度進行分組的。然而,這些是近祖共性(symplesiomorphies)的,並且最近的分類基於支序分類學 (cladistics)進行的。
Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex (MTBC) members are causative agents of human and animal tuberculosis. Species in this complex include:
結核桿菌 ( Mycobacterium tuberculosis ),肺結核分枝桿菌,肺結核 的主要致病菌。
牛分枝桿菌 Mycobacterium bovis
卡介苗 Mycobacterium bovis BCG
非洲分支桿菌 Mycobacterium africanum
卡氏分枝桿菌 Mycobacterium canetti
羊分枝桿菌 Mycobacterium caprae
田鼠分枝桿菌 Mycobacterium microti
海豹分枝桿菌 Mycobacterium pinnipedii ,鰭腳亞目動物分枝桿菌
Mycobacterium avium complex (MAC) is a group of species that, in a disseminated infection but not lung infection, used to be a significant cause of death in AIDS patients. The species M. indicus pranii appears to be basal in this complex.[ 9] Species in this complex include:
M. avium
鳥分枝桿菌類結核亞種 M. avium paratuberculosis , which has been implicated in Crohn's disease in humans and is the causative agent of Johne's disease in cattle and sheep
M. avium silvaticum
M. avium "hominissuis"
哥倫比亞分枝桿菌 M. colombiense
M. indicus pranii
亞洲分枝桿菌 M. asiaticum
M. gordonae
M. hiberniae
無色分枝桿菌 M. nonchromogenicum
土分枝桿菌 M. terrae
M. triviale
潰瘍分枝桿菌 Mycobacterium ulcerans MacCallum et al. 1950 , 其會引起布如里氏潰瘍 ("Buruli"), 或 "Bairnsdale, ulcer"]]
假分枝桿菌 Mycobacterium pseudoshottsii Rhodes et al. 2005
Mycobacterium shottsii Rhodes et al. 2003
三重分枝桿菌 M. triplex
日內瓦分枝桿菌 M. genavense
佛羅倫斯分枝桿菌 M. florentinum
緩黃分枝桿菌 M. lentiflavum
沼澤分枝桿菌 M. palustre
M. kubicae
M. parascrofulaceum
海德堡分枝桿菌 M. heidelbergense
居間分枝桿菌 M. interjectum
猴分枝桿菌 M. simiae
德氏分枝桿菌 M. branderi
M. cookii
隱藏分枝桿菌 M. celatum
M. bohemicum
嗜血分枝桿菌 M. haemophilum
瑪爾摩分枝桿菌 M. malmoense
蘇加分枝桿菌 M. szulgai
痲瘋桿菌 Mycobacterium leprae ,麻風分枝桿菌, 痲瘋病 的致病菌
鼠麻風分枝桿菌 M. lepraemurium
M. lepromatosis (M. lepromatosis ) 另一種引起痲瘋病的較少見致病菌,於2008年被描述
博氏分票桿菌 Mycobacterium botniense
嵌合分枝桿菌 M. chimaera
出眾分枝桿菌 M. conspicuum
M. doricum
鼻疽分枝桿菌 M. farcinogenes
半島分枝桿菌 M. heckeshornense
胞內分枝桿菌 M. intracellulare
洛克司分枝桿菌 M. lacus
海洋分枝桿菌 (M. marinum ), causes a rare disease called Aquarium granuloma .
M. monacense
摩特弗分枝桿菌 M. montefiorense
M. murale
內布拉斯加分枝桿菌 M. nebraskense
薩斯喀徹溫分枝桿菌 M. saskatchewanense
瘰病分枝桿菌 M. scrofulaceum
M. shimoidei
托斯卡納分枝桿菌 M. tusciae
蟾分枝桿菌 M. xenopi
M. yongonense
Mycobacterium intermedium Meier et al. 1993
膿腫分枝桿菌 Mycobacterium abcessus
龜分枝桿菌 Mycobacterium chelonae
博氏分枝桿菌 Mycobacterium bolletii
偶然分枝桿菌 Mycobacterium fortuitum
Mycobacterium fortuitum subsp. acetamidolyticum
Mycobacterium boenickei
Mycobacterium peregrinum
豬分枝桿菌 Mycobacterium porcinum
塞內加爾分枝桿菌 Mycobacterium senegalense
敗血分枝桿菌 Mycobacterium septicum
Mycobacterium neworleansense
休斯頓分枝桿菌 Mycobacterium houstonense
產黏液分枝桿菌 Mycobacterium mucogenicum
馬德里分枝桿菌 Mycobacterium mageritense
Mycobacterium brisbanense
Mycobacterium cosmeticum
M. parafortuitum
南非分枝桿菌 M. austroafricanum
M. diernhoferi
M. hodleri
新金色分枝桿菌 M. neoaurum
M. frederiksbergense
Mycobacterium chitae
Mycobacterium fallax
Mycobacterium agri
Mycobacterium aichiense
Mycobacterium alvei
Mycobacterium arupense
Mycobacterium brumae
Mycobacterium canariasense
Mycobacterium chubuense
康賽醫院分枝桿菌 Mycobacterium conceptionense
Mycobacterium confluentis Kirschner et al. 1992
Mycobacterium duvalii
象分枝桿菌 Mycobacterium elephantis
Mycobacterium flavescens Bojalil et al. 1962
Mycobacterium gadium
Mycobacterium gilvum
古地分枝桿菌 Mycobacterium goodii
Mycobacterium hassiacum
Mycobacterium holsaticum
免疫原分枝桿菌 Mycobacterium immunogenum
Mycobacterium komossense
馬達加斯加分枝桿菌 Mycobacterium madagascariense
馬賽分枝桿菌 Mycobacterium massiliense
Mycobacterium moriokaense Tsukamura et al. 1986
大府分枝桿菌 Mycobacterium obuense ,也拼作:Mycobacterium obuense
草分枝桿菌 Mycobacterium phlei Lehmann and Neumann 1899
Mycobacterium psychrotolerans
Mycobacterium pulveris
Mycobacterium pyrenivorans
包皮垢分枝桿菌 Mycobacterium smegmatis (Trevisan 1889) Lehmann and Neumann 1899,恥垢分枝桿菌
泥炭蘚分枝桿菌 Mycobacterium sphagni Kazda 1980
Mycobacterium thermoresistibile
Mycobacterium vanbaalenii
沃氏分枝桿菌 Mycobacterium wolinskyi
Mycobacterium arosiense
歐巴涅分枝桿菌 Mycobacterium aubagnense
山羊分枝桿菌 Mycobacterium caprae
Mycobacterium chlorophenolicum
Mycobacterium fluoroanthenivorans
Mycobacterium kiyosense Fukano et al. 2023[ 11]
Mycobacterium kumamotonense Masaki et al. 2007
新城分枝桿菌 Mycobacterium novocastrense Shojaei et al. 1997
帕爾門塞分枝桿菌 Mycobacterium parmense
弗卡分枝桿菌 Mycobacterium phocaicum
Mycobacterium poriferae
Mycobacterium rhodesiae
Mycobacterium salfingeri Musser et al. 2024[ 12]
Mycobacterium seoulense
Mycobacterium tokaiense
分枝桿菌可以被分枝桿菌噬菌體 所感染,這種細菌病毒將來可能用於通過噬菌體療法 治療結核病和相關疾病。
James H. Kerr and Terry L. Barrett, "Atypical Mycobacterial Diseases", Military Dermatology Textbook , p. 401.
Gupta RS, Lo B, Son J. Phylogenomics and Comparative Genomic Studies Robustly Support Division of the Genus Mycobacterium into an Emended Genus Mycobacterium and Four Novel Genera. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:67.
Traag BA, Driks A, Stragier P, Bitter W, Broussard G, Hatfull G, Chu F, Adams KN, Ramakrishnan L, Losick R.2010. "Do mycobacteria produce endospores?" Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A . 2010 Jan 12;107(2):878-81.
Rahman, Syed Asad; Singh, Yadvir; Kohli, Sakshi; Ahmad, Javeed; Ehtesham, Nasreen Z.; Tyagi, Anil K.; Hasnain, Seyed E. Lee, Sang Yup , 編. Comparative Analyses of Nonpathogenic, Opportunistic, and Totally Pathogenic Mycobacteria Reveal Genomic and Biochemical Variabilities and Highlight the Survival Attributes of Mycobacterium tuberculosis . mBio. 2014-12-31, 5 (6) [2022-08-02 ] . ISSN 2161-2129 . PMC 4222108 . PMID 25370496 . doi:10.1128/mBio.02020-14 . (原始內容存檔 於2022-06-25) (英語) .
Fukano H, Kazumi Y, Sakagami N, Fujiwara N, Ato M, Mitarai S, Hoshino Y. Mycobacterium kiyosense sp. nov., a scotochromogenic slow-glowing species isolated from respiratory specimens. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 2023; 73:5917.
Musser E, Smith C, Halse TA, Kohlerschmidt D, Rourke A, Fiero A, Musser KA, Escuyer V, Lapierre P. Characterization of Mycobacterium salfingeri sp. nov.: A novel nontuberculous mycobacteria isolated from a human wound infection. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:992610.
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