2004年2月6日,《科學》雜誌報導了兩支隊伍,英國國家醫學研究院(National Institute for Medical Research)和美國斯克利普斯研究院(Scripps Research Institute),重建了1918流感的紅血球凝集素(hemagglutinin;HA 醣蛋白),並從中了解該蛋白分子如何改變形狀來允許其從鳥類移到人類身上。
1918年,中國從南到北多個地區都爆發了疫情。1918年5月,溫州有萬餘人感染流感。6月,在廣東學校、郵政局雇員中首先發現了流感病人,緊接著,精神病院、神學院等地方也陸續發生流感。7月,雲南個舊突然暴發疫情,而且十分嚴重,絕大多數居民都患了病,其它地方的疫情也相繼暴發。北京疫情「傳染甚速」,上海死亡400多人。疫情嚴重時,浙江紹興死亡人數高達10%,當時報載:「一村之中十室九家,一家之人,十人九死,貧苦之戶最居多數,哭聲相應,慘不忍聞。」棺木所售一空,「枕屍待裝不知其數」[77]。在中國,死亡人數的估計差異很大[78][58],這現象反映了由於軍閥時期而缺乏收集健康數據。帕特森和派爾(Pyle and Pyle)於1991年對中國的死亡人數進行了首次估計,估計中國的死亡人數在500到900萬之間。然而這項1991年的研究後來因方法有缺陷而遭到後來的研究批評,而新的研究則發表中國的死亡率遠低許多的估計[45][78][79]。例如,飯島涉於1998年根據中國港口城市提供的有效資料,估計中國的死亡人數在100到128萬之間[78]。正如飯島涉所指出的[80]:
Golshani SA, Zohalinezhad ME, Taghrir MH, Ghasempoor S, Salehi A. Spanish flu and the end of World War I in Southern Iran from 1917–1920. Arch Iran Med. 2021;24(1):78–83. doi: 10.34172/aim.2021.11.
Brundage JF, Shanks GD. What really happened during the 1918 influenza pandemic? The importance of bacterial secondary infections. The Journal of Infectious Diseases. 2007-12, 196 (11): 1717–1718; author reply 1718–1719. PMID 18008258. doi:10.1086/522355.
Morens DM, Fauci AS. The 1918 influenza pandemic: Insights for the 21st century. The Journal of Infectious Diseases. 2007-04, 195 (7): 1018–1028. PMID 17330793. doi:10.1086/511989.
Shanks GD. No evidence of 1918 influenza pandemic origin in Chinese laborers/soldiers in France. Journal of the Chinese Medical Association. 2016-01, 79 (1): 46–48. PMID 26542935. doi:10.1016/j.jcma.2015.08.009.
Langford, Christopher. Did the 1918-19 Influenza Pandemic Originate in China?. Population and Development Review. 2005,. Vol. 31, No. 3 (Sep., 2005) (3): 473–505. JSTOR 3401475. doi:10.1111/j.1728-4457.2005.00080.x.
Langford, Christopher. Did the 1918-19 Influenza Pandemic Originate in China?. Population and Development Review. 2005,. Vol. 31, No. 3 (Sep., 2005) (3): 473–505. JSTOR 3401475. doi:10.1111/j.1728-4457.2005.00080.x.
Hannoun, Claude. Documents de la Conférence de l'Institut Pasteur. La Grippe Espagnole de 1918. Ed Techniques Encyclopédie Médico-Chirurgicale (EMC), Maladies infectieuses. 8-069-A-10. 1993. |article=被忽略 (幫助)
阿麗塔; 許培揚; 田玲. 基于文献的1918年西班牙流感中国疫情分析 Epidemic Analysis of 1918 Spanish Influenza in China Based on Literatures. 醫學信息學雜誌 (北京). 2010, 031 (001): 47–50 (中文(中國大陸)).
Morris, Denise E.; Cleary, David W.; Clarke, Stuart C. Secondary Bacterial Infections Associated with Influenza Pandemics. Frontiers in Microbiology. 2017, 8. ISSN 1664-302X. doi:10.3389/fmicb.2017.01041.
Siddharth Chandra and Julia Christensen. Re: "reassessing the Global Mortality Burden of the 1918 Influenza Pandemic". Am. J. Epid. 2019-03-02, 188 (7): 1404–1406. PMID 30824934. doi:10.1093/aje/kwz044.和回應Peter Spreeuwenberg, Madelon Kroneman, and John Paget. The Authors Reply(PDF). Am. J. Epid. 2019-03-02, 188 (7): 1405–1406 [2020-03-12]. PMID 30824908. doi:10.1093/aje/kwz041. (原始內容(PDF)存檔於2020-03-12).
Iijima, W. Phillips, H.; Killingray, D. , 編. The Spanish Flu Pandemic of 1918: New Perspectives. London and New York: Routledge. 2003: 101–109. |article=被忽略 (幫助)
Rice, Geoffrey; Bryder, Linda. Black November: the 1918 influenza pandemic in New Zealand Second, revised and enlarged. Christchurch, N.Z. ISBN 978-1927145913. OCLC 960210402.
Denoon, Donald. New Economic Orders: Land, Labour and Dependency. Denoon, Donald (編). The Cambridge History of the Pacific Islanders. CUP: 247. 2004. ISBN 978-0-521-00354-4.
He DH, Dushoff J, Day T, Ma J, Earn DJ. Mechanistic modelling of the three waves of the 1918 influenza pandemic. Theoretical Ecology. 2011, 4 (2): 283–288. ISSN 1874-1738. doi:10.1007/s12080-011-0123-3.
Honigsbaum M. Living with Enza: The Forgotten Story of Britain and the Great Flu Pandemic of 1918. Palgrave Macmillan. 2008. ISBN 978-0-230-21774-4.
Humphries, Mark Osborne. Paths of Infection: The First World War and the Origins of the 1918 Influenza Pandemic. War in History. 2014, 21 (1): 55–81. doi:10.1177/0968344513504525.
Knobler S, Mack A, Mahmoud A, Lemon S (編). 1: The Story of Influenza. The Threat of Pandemic Influenza: Are We Ready? Workshop Summary (2005). Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. 2005: 60–61 [2020-04-10]. (原始內容存檔於2020-12-23).
Kobasa D, Jones SM, Shinya K, Kash JC, Copps J, Ebihara H, Hatta Y, Kim JH, Halfmann P, Hatta M, Feldmann F, Alimonti JB, Fernando L, Li Y, Katze MG, Feldmann H, Kawaoka Y. Aberrant innate immune response in lethal infection of macaques with the 1918 influenza virus. Nature. 2007-01, 445 (7125): 319–323. Bibcode:2007Natur.445..319K. PMID 17230189. doi:10.1038/nature05495.
Noymer A, Carreon D, Johnson N. Questioning the salicylates and influenza pandemic mortality hypothesis in 1918–1919. Clinical Infectious Diseases. 2010-04, 50 (8): 1203. PMID 20233050. doi:10.1086/651472.
Pankhurst R. An Introduction to the Medical History of Ethiopia. Trenton: Red Sea Press. 1991. ISBN 978-0-932415-45-5.
Philips H. The re-appearing shadow of 1918: trends in the historiography of the 1918-19 influenza pandemic. Canadian Bulletin of Medical History. 2010, 21 (1): 121–134. PMID 15202430. doi:10.3138/cbmh.21.1.121.
Vana G, Westover KM. Origin of the 1918 Spanish influenza virus: a comparative genomic analysis. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 2008-06, 47 (3): 1100–1110. PMID 18353690. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2008.02.003.
Humphries, Mark Osborne. The Last Plague: Spanish Influenza and the Politics of Public Health in Canada (University of Toronto Press; 29013) examines the public-policy impact of the 1918 epidemic, which killed 50,000 Canadians.
Johnson N. Britain and the 1918–19 Influenza Pandemic: A Dark Epilogue. London and New York: Routledge. 2006. ISBN 978-0-415-36560-4.
Johnson, Niall. Measuring a pandemic: Mortality, demography and geography. Popolazione e Storia. 2003: 31–52.
Johnson N. Scottish 'flu – The Scottish mortality experience of the "Spanish flu. Scottish Historical Review. 2003, 83 (2): 216–226. doi:10.3366/shr.2004.83.2.216.
Oxford JS, Sefton A, Jackson R, Innes W, Daniels RS, Johnson NP. World War I may have allowed the emergence of "Spanish" influenza. The Lancet. Infectious Diseases. 2002-02, 2 (2): 111–114. PMID 11901642. doi:10.1016/S1473-3099(02)00185-8.
Oxford JS, Sefton A, Jackson R, Johnson NP, Daniels RS. Who's that lady?. Nature Medicine. 1999-12, 5 (12): 1351–1352. PMID 10581070. doi:10.1038/70913.