這些早期的工作導致了1970年代末和1980年代初,泛素-蛋白酶體系統在以色列技術工程學院(Technion – Israel Institute of Technology)阿夫拉姆·赫什科的實驗室中發現,而阿龍·切哈諾沃是當時實驗室中的一名研究生。正是在福克斯詹士癌症中心(Fox Chase Cancer Center)歐文·羅斯的實驗室做訪問研究期間,赫什科提出了關鍵的概念性想法,而羅斯後來並沒有對自己在其中的貢獻加以強調。[8]由於他們在發現泛素-蛋白酶體系統上的貢獻,這三人一起分享了2004年度的諾貝爾化學獎。[4]
當細胞應激(如感染、熱休克以及氧化損傷)反應發生時,熱休克蛋白被大量表現,其作用是識別錯誤摺疊或去摺疊的蛋白質,並標記它們以供蛋白酶體降解。作為分子伴侶,熱休克蛋白Hsp27(英語:Hsp27)和Hsp90(英語:Hsp90)已經被發現可以提高泛素-蛋白酶體系統的活性,雖然它們並不直接參與這一系統的運行。[56]另一個熱休克蛋白Hsp70(英語:Hsp70),可以結合到錯誤摺疊蛋白質表面的疏水區,並引導E3泛素連接酶(如CHIP)將錯誤摺疊的蛋白質標記上泛素,使得蛋白酶體可以降解它們。[57]CHIP蛋白,全稱為HSP70的C末端相互作用蛋白(carboxyl terminus of Hsp70-interacting protein),其自身可以通過抑制與其對應的E2之間的相互作用而被調控。[58]
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