Sharon Waxman, Loot: The Battle over the Stolen Treasures of the Ancient World, Chapter 6; excerpt in Smithsonian網際網路檔案館的存檔,存檔日期2008-12-10., Nov. 14, 2008 (retrieved Jan 10 2013).
Etruscan sea creatures, including a range of hippocampi, are set in cultural context and ordered by typology in Monika Boosen, Etruskische Meeresmischwesen: Untersuchungen zur Typologie u. Bedeutung (Archaeologica 59) (Rome:Bretschneider) 1986.
Katharine Shepard, The Fish-Tailed Monster in Greek and Etruscan Art, 1940, pp 25ff; the thesis was, exceptionally, reviewed (by G.W. Elderkin) in American Journal of Archaeology45.2 (April 1941), pp. 307-308: available on-line through JSTOR.
Nigella Hillgarth, Birch Aquarium at Scripps Institute of Oceanography, in Myth, Legend & ArtArchive.is的存檔,存檔日期2013-02-17, January 8th, 2010 (retrieved Jan 10, 2013)