數字前綴

數字前綴 （英語：Numeral prefix） 是派生於數詞或其他數字的前綴。在英語和其他歐洲語言，這些前綴用來造一系列包含表示數量信息的詞。

例子

數字前綴有拉丁語、希臘語、梵語三種，但主要使用前兩者。

具體例子如下：

• 單詞：bicycle（兩個輪子；自行車）、sextet（六重唱）、octopus（八隻腳；章魚）、decade（十年）、octave（八度）
• 數學術語：triangle（三角形）、quadruple（四倍）、quaternion（四元數）、pentagon（五邊形）、regular dodecahedron（正十二面體）
• 進位制：binary（二進制）、decimal（十進制）、sexagesimal（六十進制）
• 西方的數字命名法：billion (原意為(10⁶)²)、trillion (原意為(10⁶)³)、quadrillion (原意為(10⁶)⁴)
• 表示分子結構的前綴：octane（辛(八碳)烷）、pentane（戊(五碳)烷）
• 國際單位制中的國際單位制詞頭：deca-（十）、deci-（分）、centi-（厘）

英語中的數字前綴表

希臘語及拉丁語中，數分四種：

• 基數（英語：cardinal）：如英語中的one、two、three、four、five等
• 次數（英語：multiple或multiplier）：once、twice、thrice等
• 分配數（英語：distributive）：漢語中的「各～個」。原本指意味著one each、two each，但在現代常常會失去這個意思。
• 序數 （英語：ordinal）：漢語中的「第～個」，如英語的first、second、third、fourth、fifth等。也兼備分數，表示「N分之一」，但1/2有特殊形式。

對於百位數，有來自拉丁語的 -gent-，以及加上為1–9的前綴的 -cent- 兩種。

數	拉丁語前綴				希臘語前綴			梵語前綴[1]
	基數	次數	分配數	序數	基數	次數	序數
0	nulli-			–	meden-, ouden-	–
1⁄12	unci-			–	對於分數希臘人使用序數表示 (i.e. dodecato-)			–
1⁄8	octant-	–	–	–	如上，ogdoö–			–
1⁄6	sextant-	–	–	–	如上，hecto–			–
1⁄4	quadrant-	–	–	–	如上，tetarto–			–
1⁄3	trient-	–	–	–	如上，trito–			–
1⁄2	semi-	–	demi-[2]	–	hemi- (mn.[需要解釋] half) e.g. hemisphere	–	–
3⁄4	dodrant-	–	–	–	–			–
1	uni- e.g. universe, unilateral	sim-[3]	singul-	prim-	mono- "一", "單" e.g. monogamy holo- (整個/完整) e.g. holocaust, holography hen-[4] 罕見	mono- ("一, 單") hapax- ("單次") haplo-[4] (單倍) monad- ("單位/單元")	prot-[5] e.g. proton, protozoa	eka-
1+1⁄4		quasqui- quasquicentennial
1+1⁄2		sesqui- e.g. sesquicentennial, sesquipedalian
2	du-	bi-, bis- bireme, bilingual, bipolar, bipartisan	bin-	second-	di-, dy-,[6] duo-, dyo-	dis-[7] ("兩次") 常見 dyakis- ("兩次") 罕見 diplo- ("雙倍") dyad- ("一對")	deuter-[8] e.g. Deuteron/ium Deuteronomy deuteraio- (「每隔一天」)	dvi-
3	tri- e.g. trireme	ter-	tern-, trin-	terti-	tri- e.g. triathlon, Tripolis	tris-[9] ("三次") 常見 triakis- ("三次") 罕見 triplo- ("三倍") triad- (」三個一組「)	trit-[10] ("第三") e.g. Triton/ium tritaio- ("每隔兩天")	tri-
4	quadri-, quadru-[11]	quater-[12]	quatern-[13]	quart-[14]	tetra-, tessara-	tetrakis- ("四次") tetraplo- (」四倍「) tetrad- (」四個一組「) e.g. tetrahedron	tetarto- (」 第四「) tetartaio- (」每隔三天「)	chatur-
5	quinque-[15]	–	quin-[16]	quint-[17]	penta-	pentakis- pentaplo- pentad- e.g. pentahedron	pempt-[18] pemptaio-	pancha-
6	sexa-[19]	–	sen-[20]	sext-[21]	hexa-[22]	hexakis- hexaplo- hexad- e.g. hexahedron	hect-[23] hectaio-	shat-
7	septem-, septi-		septen-[24]	septim-	hepta-[25] e.g. heptathlon	heptakis- heptaplo- heptad-	hebdomo- (第七) hebdomaio- ("每隔六天") hebdomas ("一周")	sapta-
8	octo- e.g. October	–	octon-[26]	octav-[27]	octo- e.g. octopus	octakis- octaplo- octad- e.g. octahedron	ogdoö- ogdoaio-	ashta-
9	novem- e.g. November		noven-	nona-	ennea-[28]	enneakis- enneaplo- ennead-	enat-[29] enataio-	navam-
10	decem-, dec-		den-[30]	decim-[31]	deca-[32] e.g. decathlon, Decapolis	deca/kis/plo/d- e.g. decahedron, decagon	decat-[33] decataio-	dasham-
11	undec-		unden-[34]	undecim-[35]	hendeca-[36]	hendeca/kis/plo/d-	hendecat-[37]/o/aio-	ekadasham-
12	duodec-		duoden- e.g. duodenum	duodecim-	dodeca-[38] e.g. dodecadactylum	dodeca/kis/plo/d- e.g. dodecahedron	dodacat-[39]/o/aio-	dvadasham-
13	tredec-		treden-	tredecim-	tria(kai)deca-, decatria- e.g. triskaidekaphobia	tris(kai)decakis-, decatria/kis/plo/d-	decatotrito- etc.	trayodasham-
14	quattuordec-		quattuorden-	quattuordecim-	tessara(kai)deca-, decatettara, decatessara-	tetra(kai)decakis-, decatetra/kis/plo/d- e.g. tetradecahedron/ decatetrahedron	decatotetarto-	chaturdasham-
15	quinquadec-, quindec-[40]		quinden-[41]	quindecim-[42]	pente(kai)deca-, decapente-	penta(kai)decakis-, decapentakis- etc.	decatopempto-	panchadasham-
16	sedec-,[43] sexdec- (但是有混種詞 hexadecimal[19])		seden-	sedecim-	hexa(kai)deca-, hekkaideca-, decahex-	hexa(kai)decakis-, decahexakis- etc.	decatohecto-	shodasham-
17	septendec-		septenden-	septendecim-	hepta(kai)deca-, decahepta-	hepta(kai)decakis-, decaheptakis- etc.	decatohebdomo-	saptadasham-
18	octodec-		octoden-	octodecim-	octo(kai)deca-, decaocto-	octa(kai)decakis-, decaoctakis- etc.	decatoogdoö-	ashtadasham-
19	novemdec-, novendec-		novemden-	novemdecim-	ennea(kai)deca-, decaennea-	ennea(kai)decakis-, decaenneakis- etc.	decatoenato-	navadasham-
20	viginti-		vicen-, vigen-	vigesim-	(e)icosi-	eicosa/kis/plo/d- e.g. (e)icosahedron	eicosto-	vimshati-
22	duovigint-				(e)icosidyo-, dyo(e)icosi- rare e.g. docosa-hexaenoic acid a pejoration of dyoicosa-hexanoic	(e)icosidyakis- (e)icosidiplo- (e)icosidyad-	eicostodeutero-
24	quattuorvigint-				(e)icositettara-, (e)icosikaitettara- rare	(e)icositetrakis- (e)icositetraplo- (e)icositetrad- e.g. (e)icositetragon	eicostotetarto-	chaturvimshati-
25	quinvigint-				(e)icosipente- e.g. eicosapenta-enoic acid	(e)icosipentakis- (e)icosipentaplo- (e)icosipentad-	eicostopempto-
30	triginti-		tricen-	trigesim-	triaconta-	triacontakis- etc. e.g. triacontahedron	triacosto-	trimshat-
31	untriginti-				triacontahen-	triacontahenakis- triacontahenaplo- triacontahenad-	triacostoproto- triacostoprotaio-
40	quadraginti-		quadragen-	quadragesim-	tettaraconta-, tessaraconta-	tettaracontakis-, tessaracontakis- etc.	tessaracosto-	chatvarimshat-
50	quinquaginti-[44]		quinquagen-[45]	quinquagesim-[46]	penteconta- e.g. penteconter	pentecontakis- etc.	pentecosto- e.g. pentecost	panchashat-
60	sexaginti-		sexagen-	sexagesim-	hexeconta-	hexecontakis- etc.	hexecosto-	shasti-
70	septuaginti- e.g. Septuagint		septuagen-	septuagesim-[47]	hebdomeconta-	hebdomecontakis- etc.	hebdomecosto-	saptati-
80	octogint-		octogen-	octogesim-	ogdoëconta-	ogdoëcontakis- etc.	ogdoëcosto-	ashiti-
90	nonagint-		nonagen-	nonagesim-	eneneconta-	enenecontakis- etc.	enenecosto-	navati-
100	centi-		centen-	centesim-	hecato(n)-	hecatontakis- hundred times hecatontaplo- hundred-multiple hecatontad- hundred of a kind also abbreviated in hec[aton]tad-	hecatosto- hundredth hecatostaio- the hundredth day	shata–
120	viginticenti-				hecaton(e)icosi-	hecaton(e)icosakis- etc.	hecatostoeicosto-
200	ducenti-		ducen-, bicenten-	ducentesim-	diacosia-	diacosakis- etc.	diacosiosto-	–
300	trecenti-		trecen-, tercenten-, tricenten-	trecentesim-	triacosia- etc.	triacosakis- triacosaplo- triacosad-	triacosiosto-	–
400	quadringenti-		quadringen-, quatercenten-, quadricenten-	quadringentesim-	tetracosia-	tetracosakis- etc.	tetracosiosto-
500	quingent-,[48] quincent-[49]		quingen-,[50] quingenten-, quincenten-	quingentesim-[51]	pentacosia-	pentacosakis- etc.	pentacosiosto-
600	sescenti-, sexcenti-		sescen-, sexcenten-	sescentesim-	hexacosia-	hexacosakis- etc.	hexacosiosto-
700	septingenti-		septingen-, septingenten-, septcenten-	septingentesim-	heptacosia-	heptacosakis- etc.	heptacosiosto-
800	octingenti-		octingen-, octingenten-, octocenten-	octingentesim-	octacosia-	octacosakis- etc.	octacosiosto-	–
900	nongenti-		nongen-	nongentesim-	ennacosi-[52] derived from en(n)iacosia-, a pejoration of enneacosia-	enneacosakis- etc.	enacosiost-,[53] alt. spelling en(n)iacosiost(o)- a pejoration of enneacosiosto-	–
1000	milli-		millen-	millesim-	chili-,[54] kilo-	chiliakis- chiliaplo- chiliad-	chiliost-[55]	sahasra–
2000	duomilli		–-	-	dischili-[56]	dischiliakis- etc.	dischiliosto-	–
3000	tremilli-				trischili-[57]		trischiliost-[58]	–
5000	quinmilli–				pentacischili-[59]
10000	decamilli–				myria-,[60] e.g. myriapoda decakischilia-	myriakis- myriaplo- myriad- decakischiliakis- etc.	myriast-,[61] decakischiliosto-	ayuta–
80000	octogintmilli–				octacismyri-[62]
105	centimilli;–				decakismyria-, hecatontakis chilia-	decakismyriakis-, hecatontakis chiliakis-	etc.
106	million-	–			hecatommyria-	hecatommyriakis- ("十萬次") hecatommyriaplo- ("十萬倍") hecatommyriad- ("十萬個一組")	hecatommyriosto- (第十萬；或十萬之一) hecatommyriostaio- ("每隔九萬九千九百九十九天")
109	billion-	–			dis hecatommyria-	dis hecatommyriakis-	etc.
1012	trillion-	–			tris hecatommyria-	tris hecatommyriakis-	etc.
1015	quadrillion-	–			tetrakis hecatommyria-	tetrakis hecatommyriakis-	etc.
1018	quintillion-	–
1021	sextillion-	–
1024	septillion-	–
1027	octillion-	–
1030	nonillion-	–
1033	decillion-	–			decakis hecatommyria-	decakis hecatommyriakis-	etc.
10303	centillion-	–			hecatontakis hecatommyria-	hecatontakis hecatommyriakis-	etc.
103003	–				chiliakis hecatommyria-	chiliakis hecatommyriakis-	etc.
1030003	–				myriakis hecatommyria-	myriakis hecatommyriakis-	etc.
10300003	–				decakismyriakis hecatommyria- and so on - virtually endless	decakismyriakis hecatommyriakis-	etc.
少量 (1–20)	pauci- e.g. pauciparous			–	oligo- e.g. oligomer, oligonucleotide, oligopeptide, oligosaccharide, oligopoly
大量 (> 1)	multi- e.g. multilingual, multiple pluri e.g. plural wife, pluralism			–	poly- e.g. polyhedra, polygamy, polypod, polyglot, polymath	pollakis- ("多次") pollaplo- (」多次「) plethos, plethora (」多個為一組「)	pollosto- (次序中排在第一後的， 即序數大於1)	bahut–

補充

• 元音脫落：數字前綴結尾的元音會在以元音為開頭的詞幹前脫落。但除了 bi-, 其在元音前為 bis-, 而其他單音節前綴 du-、di-、dvi-、tri- 即使接以元音為開頭的詞幹也保持不變。
• 連字符：數字前綴不加入連字符的情況比較多、但還是有把quarterdeck寫成quarter-deck的例外。在IUPAC命名法和國際單位制詞頭中不會加入連字符。

同樣的後綴可用於不同數：

primary	secondary	tertiary	quartary	quintary	sextary	(septimary)	(octavary)	nonary	(decimary)
singulary	binary	ternary, trinary	quaternary	quinary	senary	septenary	octonary	nonenary	denary

在化學命名中，11（undeca-）這個前綴混合了拉丁語和希臘語，並以 -cos- 表示二十，例如 tricos- 是 23。同樣，表示進位制的 binary, trinary, senary 和 octal, decimal, vigesimal

拉丁語基數詞

• unicycle, bicycle, tricycle, quadricycle
• uniped, biped, triped, quadruped,^[63] centipede, millipede

拉丁語分配數詞

• unary, binary, trinary, quaternary, quinary, senary, … vicenary … centenary …
• denarian, vicenarian, tricenarian, quadragenarian, quinquagenarian, sexagenarian, septuagenarian, octogenarian, nonagenarian, centenarian, … millenarian

希臘語

• monad, dyad, triad, tetrad, pentad, hexad, heptad, ogdoad, ennead, decad, ... triacontad, ... hecatontad, chiliad, myriad
• digon, trigon, tetragon, pentagon, hexagon, heptagon, octagon, enneagon, decagon, hendecagon, dodecagon, ... enneadecagon, icosagon, triacontagon, ... chiliagon, myriagon
• trilogy, tetralogy, pentalogy, hexalogy, heptalogy
• monopod, dipod, tripod, tetrapod, hexapod, octopod, decapod

混合語言

• 戊烷, 己烷, 庚, 辛烷, 壬,^[64] 癸烷, 一烷,... 二十烷

參見

• IUPAC 數值前綴
• 數表
• 十進位制
• 科學命名常用後綴列表
• 數詞

注釋

1. See Mendeleev's predicted elements for the most common use of Sanskrit numerical prefixes.
2. Demi- is French, from Latin dimidium.
3. sim- (sin-) is found in the words simplex, simple.
4. The Greek prefix for 'one' is normally mono- 'alone'. Hen- 'one' is only used in compound numbers (hendeka- 11) and a few words like henad (= monad). Haplo- 'single' is found is a few technical words such as haploid.
5. πρῶτος. Liddell, Henry George; Scott, Robert; A Greek–English Lexicon at the Perseus Project
6. δύο
7. δίς
8. δεύτερος
9. τρίς
10. τρίτος
11. The forms related to quattuor "four", like the previous three integers, are irregular in Latin and other Indo-European languages, and the details, while presumably a form of assimilation, are unclear. Andrew Sihler, New comparative grammar of Greek and Latin, p. 412, and Carl Darling Buck, Comparative grammar of Greek and Latin. In particular, quadri- has the alternate form quadru- before p in some Latin words, such as quadruple.
12. quăter. [2011-05-14]. （原始內容存檔於2012-10-14）.
13. quăterni. [2011-05-14]. （原始內容存檔於2012-10-14）.
14. quartus. [2011-05-14]. （原始內容存檔於2012-10-14）.
15. quinque. [2011-05-14]. （原始內容存檔於2012-10-14）.
16. quīni. [2011-05-14]. （原始內容存檔於2012-10-14）.
17. quintus. [2011-05-14]. （原始內容存檔於2012-10-14）.
18. πέμπτος
19. Sometimes Greek hexa- is used in Latin compounds, such as hexadecimal, due to taboo avoidance with the English word sex.
20. sēni. [2011-05-14]. （原始內容存檔於2012-10-14）.
21. sextus. [2011-05-14]. （原始內容存檔於2012-10-14）.
22. ἕξ
23. ἕκτος
24. septēni. [2011-05-14]. （原始內容存檔於2012-10-14）.
25. ἑπτά
26. octōni. [2011-05-14]. （原始內容存檔於2012-10-14）.
27. octāvus. [2011-05-14]. （原始內容存檔於2012-10-14）.
28. ἐννέα
29. ἔνατος
30. dēni. [2011-05-14]. （原始內容存檔於2012-10-14）.
31. dĕcĭmus. [2011-05-14]. （原始內容存檔於2012-10-14）.
32. δέκα
33. δέκατος
34. undēni. [2011-05-14]. （原始內容存檔於2012-10-14）.
35. undĕcĭmus. [2011-05-14]. （原始內容存檔於2012-10-14）.
36. ἕνδεκα
37. ἑνδέκατος
38. δώδεκα
39. δωδέκατος
40. quindĕcim. [2011-05-14]. （原始內容存檔於2012-10-14）.
41. quindēni. [2011-05-14]. （原始內容存檔於2012-10-14）.
42. quindĕcĭmus. [2011-05-14]. （原始內容存檔於2012-10-14）.
43. sēdĕcim. [2011-05-14]. （原始內容存檔於2012-10-14）.
44. quinquāginta. [2011-05-14]. （原始內容存檔於2012-10-14）.
45. quinquāgēni. [2011-05-14]. （原始內容存檔於2012-10-14）.
46. quinquāgēsĭmus. [2011-05-14]. （原始內容存檔於2012-10-14）.
47. Charlton T. Lewis, Charles Short, A Latin Dictionary, S , septĭfārĭam , septŭāgēsimus. www.perseus.tufts.edu. [26 February 2019]. （原始內容存檔於2020-07-26）.
48. quingenti. [2011-05-14]. （原始內容存檔於2012-10-14）.
49. quincenti. [2011-05-14]. （原始內容存檔於2012-10-14）.
50. quingēni. [2011-05-14]. （原始內容存檔於2012-10-14）.
51. quingentēsĭmus. [2011-05-14]. （原始內容存檔於2012-10-14）.
52. ἐννακόσιοι
53. ἐνακοσιοστός
54. χίλιοι
55. χιλιοστός
56. δισχίλιοι
57. τρισχίλιοι
58. τρισχιλιοστός
59. πεντακισχίλιοι
60. μυρίος
61. μυριαστός
62. ὀκτακισμύριοι
63. ^ 引用錯誤：沒有為名為quadru2的參考文獻提供內容
64. In organic chemistry, most prefixes are Greek but the prefixes for 9 and 11 are Latin.

參考文獻

• • Oxford English Dictionary, 2nd edition
  • Buck, Carl Darling, Comparative Grammar of Greek and Latin
  • Sihler, Andrew Littleton, A New Comparative Grammar of Greek and Latin （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館）, Oxford University Press 1995 ISBN 0195083458

外部連結

• Stephen Chrisomalis. Numerical Adjectives, Greek and Latin Number Prefixes. The Phrontistery. [2019-10-06]. （原始內容存檔於2017-07-20）.
• Christine Bauer-Ramazani. Prefixes--Amount, Relationship, Judgment, Other Prefixes. April 2008 [2019-10-06]. （原始內容存檔於2019-07-09）.