无孔亚纲

无孔亚纲; 化石时期：312–200 Ma PreЄ Є O S D C P T J K Pg N
	无孔亚纲头颅骨
科学分类
界：	动物界 Animalia
门：	脊索动物门 Chordata
纲：	爬行纲 Reptilia
亚纲：	†无孔亚纲 Anapsida; Williston, 1903
目
	†大鼻龙目 Captorhinida; †前棱蜥形目 Procolophonomorpha; †中龙目 Mesosauria;

无孔亚纲（Anapsida）属于羊膜动物，头骨上没有颞颥孔^[1]。牠们是羊膜动物中最原始的一群，出现于石炭纪晚期。由于龟鳖目演化自双孔亚纲，所以无孔亚纲全部灭绝，其中的米勒古蜥科、夜守龙科、锯齿龙科，都在二叠纪-三叠纪灭绝事件中绝种，只有前棱蜥科仍存活到三叠纪。无孔亚纲是种传统上的用法，有学者提出这些无孔类动物的彼此关系很远，所以应该被分为几个演化支：出现在晚石炭纪的原始爬行动物（大鼻龙目）、生存在二叠纪的多样性无孔类爬行动物（前棱蜥形目）、以及现存的龟鳖目（海龟、陆龟、水龟）。

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最早的龟鳖目化石来自晚三叠纪中国的半甲齿龟（Odontochelys semitestacea），已经很类似现代乌龟。近年有科学家提出，龟鳖目的无孔类形态头颅骨，是种演化逆行现象。这个理论认为龟鳖目演化自双孔类爬行动物，在演化过程中失去两个颞颥孔，这理论还已经被普遍的接受。近期的一些种系发生学研究，根据形态学而将龟鳖目归类于双孔亚纲^[2]^[3]^[4]。一些研究人员将龟鳖目列为主龙类的姊妹分类单元^[5]^[6]，其中多数研究人员是将龟鳖目归类于鳞龙形下纲^[7]^[8]^[9]^[10]^[11]。

大部分分子系统发生学的研究结果，都支持龟鳖目属于双孔亚纲的分类法。某些研究将龟鳖目归类于主龙类^[12]，大部分研究则是将龟鳖目列为主龙类的姊妹分类单元^[13]^[14]^[15]^[16]^[17]。另有一个分子系统发生学研究，将龟鳖目归类于双孔亚纲的鳞龙形下纲，是鳞龙类（蜥蜴、蛇、喙头蜥）的近亲^[18]。他们认为龟鳖目原先被归类于无孔亚纲的原因，是因为原本研究是将龟鳖目作为无孔亚纲的研究主体、参照点，而且原本研究并没有广泛地研究远古无孔类的化石、现存龟鳖目的骨头，以建立演化树。有研究认为，龟鳖目是在2亿7900万到2亿年前演化自双孔类爬行动物。^[7]^[13]^[19]。

参考资料

[1]
Pough, F. H. et al. (2002) Vertebrate Life, 6th Ed. Prentice Hall Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. ISBN 978-0-13-041248-5
[2]
deBraga, M. and Rieppel, O. (1997). "Reptile phylogeny and the interrelationships of turtles." Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 120: 281-354.
[3]
Linda A. Tsuji and Johannes Muller. Assembling the history of the Parareptilia: phylogeny, diversification, and a new definition of the clade. Fossil Record. 2009, 12 (1): 71–81 [2012-12-21]. doi:10.1002/mmng.200800011. （原始内容存档于2017-10-09）.
[4]
Marcello Ruta, Juan C. Cisneros, Torsten Liebrect, Linda A. Tsuji and Johannes Muller. Amniotes through major biological crises: faunal turnover among Parareptiles and the end-Permian mass extinction. Palaeontology. 2011, 54 (5): 1117–1137 [2012-12-21]. doi:10.1111/j.1475-4983.2011.01051.x. （原始内容存档于2017-08-23）.
[5]
Susan E. Evans. An early kuehneosaurid reptile (Reptilia: Diapsida) from the Early Triassic of Poland (PDF). Paleontologica Polonica. 2009, 65: 145–178 [2012-12-21]. （原始内容存档 (PDF)于2020-11-06）..
[6]
Magdalena Borsuk−Białynicka; and Susan E. Evans. A long−necked archosauromorph from the Early Triassic of Poland (PDF). Paleontologica Polonica. 2009, 65: 203–234 [2012-12-21]. （原始内容存档 (PDF)于2020-11-06）.
[7]
Rieppel O, DeBraga M. Turtles as diapsid reptiles. Nature. 1996, 384 (6608): 453–5. doi:10.1038/384453a0.
[8]
Li, Chun; Xiao-Chun Wu, Olivier Rieppel, Li-Ting Wang & Li-Jun Zhao. An ancestral turtle from the Late Triassic of southwestern China. Nature. 2008-11-27, 456 (7221): 497–501. PMID 19037315. doi:10.1038/nature07533.
[9]
Constanze Bickelmann, Johannes Müller and Robert R. Reisz. The enigmatic diapsid Acerosodontosaurus piveteaui (Reptilia: Neodiapsida) from the Upper Permian of Madagascar and the paraphyly of ‘‘younginiform’’ reptiles. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences. 2009, 49: 651–661. doi:10.1139/E09-038.
[10]
Robert R. Reisz, Sean P. Modesto and Diane M. Scott. A new Early Permian reptile and its significance in early diapsid evolution. Proceedings of the Royal Society B. 2011, 278 [2012-12-21]. doi:10.1098/rspb.2011.0439. （原始内容存档于2016-06-29）.
[11]
Li, Chun; Olivier Rieppel, Xiao-Chun Wu, Li-Jun Zhao and Li-Ting Wang. A new Triassic marine reptile from southwestern China. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 2011, 31 (2): 303–312. doi:10.1080/02724634.2011.550368.
[12]
Mannena, Hideyuki; Li, Steven S. -L. Molecular evidence for a clade of turtles. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. Oct 1999, 13 (1): 144–148. PMID 10508547. doi:10.1006/mpev.1999.0640.
[13]
Zardoya, R.; Meyer, A. Complete mitochondrial genome suggests diapsid affinities of turtles. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1998, 95 (24): 14226–14231. ISSN 0027-8424. PMC 24355 . PMID 9826682. doi:10.1073/pnas.95.24.14226.
[14]
Iwabe, N.; Hara, Y.; Kumazawa, Y.; Shibamoto, K.; Saito, Y.; Miyata, T.; Katoh, K. Sister group relationship of turtles to the bird-crocodilian clade revealed by nuclear DNA-coded proteins. Molecular Biology and Evolution. 2004-12-29, 22 (4): 810–813 [2010-12-31]. PMID 15625185. doi:10.1093/molbev/msi075. （原始内容存档于2016-04-12）.
[15]
Roos, Jonas; Aggarwal, Ramesh K.; Janke, Axel. Extended mitogenomic phylogenetic analyses yield new insight into crocodylian evolution and their survival of the Cretaceous–Tertiary boundary. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. Nov 2007, 45 (2): 663–673. PMID 17719245. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2007.06.018.
[16]
Katsu, Y.; Guillette; Braun, E. L.; Guillette, L. J. Jr.; Iguchi, T. From reptilian phylogenomics to reptilian genomes: analyses of c-Jun and DJ-1 proto-oncogenes. Cytogenetic and Genome Research. 2010-03-17, 127 (2–4): 79–93. PMID 20234127. doi:10.1159/000297715. Authors list列表缺少|last2= (帮助)
[17]
Crawford, N. G.; Faircloth, B. C.; McCormack, J. E.; Brumfield, R. T.; Winker, K.; Glenn, T. C. (2012). "More than 1000 ultraconserved elements provide evidence that turtles are the sister group of archosaurs". Biology Letters. doi:10.1098/rsbl.2012.0331
[18]
Tyler R. Lyson, Erik A. Sperling, Alysha M. Heimberg, Jacques A. Gauthier, Benjamin L. King and Kevin J. Peterson. MicroRNAs support a turtle + lizard clade. Biology Letters: 104–107. [2012-12-21]. doi:10.1098/rsbl.2011.0477. （原始内容存档于2018-10-31）.
[19]
Benton, M. J. Vertebrate Paleontology 2nd. London: Blackwell Science Ltd. 2000. ISBN 0-632-05614-2., 3rd ed. 2004 ISBN 978-0-632-05637-8

参见

副爬行动物

外部链接

化石网-古爬行动物博物馆^{[失效链接]}
Introduction to Anapsida （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） from UCMP

[1] [1]
Pough, F. H. et al. (2002) Vertebrate Life, 6th Ed. Prentice Hall Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. ISBN 978-0-13-041248-5

[debraga&rieppel1997-2] [2]
deBraga, M. and Rieppel, O. (1997). "Reptile phylogeny and the interrelationships of turtles." Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 120: 281-354.

[Parareptilia1-3] [3]
Linda A. Tsuji and Johannes Muller. Assembling the history of the Parareptilia: phylogeny, diversification, and a new definition of the clade. Fossil Record. 2009, 12 (1): 71–81 [2012-12-21]. doi:10.1002/mmng.200800011. （原始内容存档于2017-10-09）.

[Parareptilia2-4] [4]
Marcello Ruta, Juan C. Cisneros, Torsten Liebrect, Linda A. Tsuji and Johannes Muller. Amniotes through major biological crises: faunal turnover among Parareptiles and the end-Permian mass extinction. Palaeontology. 2011, 54 (5): 1117–1137 [2012-12-21]. doi:10.1111/j.1475-4983.2011.01051.x. （原始内容存档于2017-08-23）.

[Evans2009-5] [5]
Susan E. Evans. An early kuehneosaurid reptile (Reptilia: Diapsida) from the Early Triassic of Poland (PDF). Paleontologica Polonica. 2009, 65: 145–178 [2012-12-21]. （原始内容存档 (PDF)于2020-11-06）..

[Borsuk−Białynicka2009-6] [6]
Magdalena Borsuk−Białynicka; and Susan E. Evans. A long−necked archosauromorph from the Early Triassic of Poland (PDF). Paleontologica Polonica. 2009, 65: 203–234 [2012-12-21]. （原始内容存档 (PDF)于2020-11-06）.

[Rieppel-7] [7]
Rieppel O, DeBraga M. Turtles as diapsid reptiles. Nature. 1996, 384 (6608): 453–5. doi:10.1038/384453a0.

[Li2008-8] [8]
Li, Chun; Xiao-Chun Wu, Olivier Rieppel, Li-Ting Wang & Li-Jun Zhao. An ancestral turtle from the Late Triassic of southwestern China. Nature. 2008-11-27, 456 (7221): 497–501. PMID 19037315. doi:10.1038/nature07533.

[Bickelmann09-9] [9]
Constanze Bickelmann, Johannes Müller and Robert R. Reisz. The enigmatic diapsid Acerosodontosaurus piveteaui (Reptilia: Neodiapsida) from the Upper Permian of Madagascar and the paraphyly of ‘‘younginiform’’ reptiles. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences. 2009, 49: 651–661. doi:10.1139/E09-038.

[Orovenator-10] [10]
Robert R. Reisz, Sean P. Modesto and Diane M. Scott. A new Early Permian reptile and its significance in early diapsid evolution. Proceedings of the Royal Society B. 2011, 278 [2012-12-21]. doi:10.1098/rspb.2011.0439. （原始内容存档于2016-06-29）.

[Sinosaurosphargis-11] [11]
Li, Chun; Olivier Rieppel, Xiao-Chun Wu, Li-Jun Zhao and Li-Ting Wang. A new Triassic marine reptile from southwestern China. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 2011, 31 (2): 303–312. doi:10.1080/02724634.2011.550368.

[Mannen-12] [12]
Mannena, Hideyuki; Li, Steven S. -L. Molecular evidence for a clade of turtles. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. Oct 1999, 13 (1): 144–148. PMID 10508547. doi:10.1006/mpev.1999.0640.

[Zardoya-13] [13]
Zardoya, R.; Meyer, A. Complete mitochondrial genome suggests diapsid affinities of turtles. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1998, 95 (24): 14226–14231. ISSN 0027-8424. PMC 24355 . PMID 9826682. doi:10.1073/pnas.95.24.14226.

[Iwabe-14] [14]
Iwabe, N.; Hara, Y.; Kumazawa, Y.; Shibamoto, K.; Saito, Y.; Miyata, T.; Katoh, K. Sister group relationship of turtles to the bird-crocodilian clade revealed by nuclear DNA-coded proteins. Molecular Biology and Evolution. 2004-12-29, 22 (4): 810–813 [2010-12-31]. PMID 15625185. doi:10.1093/molbev/msi075. （原始内容存档于2016-04-12）.

[Roos-15] [15]
Roos, Jonas; Aggarwal, Ramesh K.; Janke, Axel. Extended mitogenomic phylogenetic analyses yield new insight into crocodylian evolution and their survival of the Cretaceous–Tertiary boundary. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. Nov 2007, 45 (2): 663–673. PMID 17719245. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2007.06.018.

[Katsu-16] [16]
Katsu, Y.; Guillette; Braun, E. L.; Guillette, L. J. Jr.; Iguchi, T. From reptilian phylogenomics to reptilian genomes: analyses of c-Jun and DJ-1 proto-oncogenes. Cytogenetic and Genome Research. 2010-03-17, 127 (2–4): 79–93. PMID 20234127. doi:10.1159/000297715. Authors list列表缺少|last2= (帮助)

[Crawford12-17] [17]
Crawford, N. G.; Faircloth, B. C.; McCormack, J. E.; Brumfield, R. T.; Winker, K.; Glenn, T. C. (2012). "More than 1000 ultraconserved elements provide evidence that turtles are the sister group of archosaurs". Biology Letters. doi:10.1098/rsbl.2012.0331

[turtle+lizard-18] [18]
Tyler R. Lyson, Erik A. Sperling, Alysha M. Heimberg, Jacques A. Gauthier, Benjamin L. King and Kevin J. Peterson. MicroRNAs support a turtle + lizard clade. Biology Letters: 104–107. [2012-12-21]. doi:10.1098/rsbl.2011.0477. （原始内容存档于2018-10-31）.

[19] [19]
Benton, M. J. Vertebrate Paleontology 2nd. London: Blackwell Science Ltd. 2000. ISBN 0-632-05614-2., 3rd ed. 2004 ISBN 978-0-632-05637-8

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