执政党（英语：Ruling party），又称与党，指在政府中获得政权的政党，通常是国家元首、政府首脑或地方行政长官所属的政党，或者是其他形式而掌握执政权的政党。标准的议会民主政体下，执政党是指实际控制立法行政权力的政党，政治下的执政权力一般限于治理，不是能真正掌握建制的权力，因为单一政党及其政治家无法代表绝对多数政治力量。民主政体的执政党政治人物在担任中央及地方政府重要职务时，拥有依法组织政府和制定政策的权力，同时执政党负起政治责任，以维护执政权，否则会在下次选举中成为在野党甚至丧失政治活动地位。在政党轮替中与执政党相反的是在野党（Opposition），即在立法行政机关中拥有席位，有政治地位的政党；或反对党，即广义上反对执政党的政党。
总统制下以总统所属的政党作为执政党，总统兼任国家元首和政府首脑。如美国、墨西哥、巴西、阿根廷、智利、哥伦比亚、菲律宾和韩国。执政党在议会未必是多数党，或拥有占多数的执政联盟，拥有行政权力，属行政主导。政治较为稳定，总统受到任期保障，除非犯下严重罪行，否则难以被赶下台，而民主政体下议会拥有弹劾总统的权力。
实行总统制的政权，多集中在美洲、非洲及中亚，总统制以美国为代表。
半总统制又称双首长制，民选的总统和受任命的总理共同行使行政权，然而各地的半总统制实施的方式不一样。
总统拥有最高的行政权力，可以不经国会同意，径行任免总理（多为同一政党），再由总理组成内阁，所以总理又称阁揆。阁揆必须受总统领导。阁揆由总统任命、免除、替换，也不须征询国会的意见，阁揆及部会首长惟有代表总统，接受国会的质询。国会可以行使倒阁权，但总统通常也有权解散国会。实行国家如下：
总统提名总理和内阁须咨询国会、得到国会的同意或依惯例任命议会最大党主席为总理，内阁与总统互不隶属，当两者分属不同政党时总统将丧失部分或全部权力。只有国会有权撤换总理和内阁，但总统有权解散国会。当两者属同个政党，就会像总统优势制一样，总统拥有最高的行政权力，总理将失去部分或全部权力。实行政府如下：
内阁制或君主立宪制下政府需要经公民直接选举国会议员，再由国会多数党作为执政党。现时行两院制的政府多数会以下议院多数，作为执政基础，政府亦需要获下议院的多数才能继续执政。若有一党赢得国会下议院过半数席次并自行组阁，该党即为执政党，如英国和日本；若无任一政党席次过半，则各参与联合政府的政党皆为执政党，如德国和意大利；若数个政党组成联盟，赢得最多议席的政党占据主导优势，如马来西亚。
也因实行总统内阁制，总统由议会选出，但握有实际行政权力，如缅甸联邦共和国、南非共和国、博茨瓦纳共和国。
君主专制独裁，政权为君主绝对掌控，如沙特阿拉伯、阿曼。这些政权不会有政党存在。
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君主掌握实权的君主独裁制政府
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在一党独大或一党执政下，只有一个具支配地位的合法执政党，反对党长期处于在野地位且无机会执政，有的不允许具竞争性的政党存在，如俄罗斯、白俄罗斯、阿塞拜疆、土耳其、叙利亚、也门、埃及、阿尔及利亚、安哥拉、新加坡、土库曼斯坦、乌兹别克斯坦、哈萨克斯坦、津巴布韦、苏丹、厄立特里亚、赤道几内亚、查德、喀麦隆、吉布提、乌干达、刚果民主共和国、刚果共和国、加蓬、多哥、布隆迪、埃塞俄比亚、坦桑尼亚、莫桑比克、卢旺达等。
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最高领导人掌权的共和制独裁政府
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在共产党执政下，共产党常常是唯一合法的执政党，只不过有时也允许存在一些其他卫星党参政议政。如中华人民共和国、朝鲜民主主义人民共和国、古巴、越南、老挝。
在法国，总统可以任命总理，但不能解雇总理，只有国会才能利用不信任权来解雇总理。总统也可以解散国会一次。
根据第19条修正案，斯里兰卡总统只能在原来的总理遭到失去国会信任、辞职或死亡而空缺职位后才能任命新总理，并且不拥有随意解解雇总理的权力。
依中华民国宪法增修条文第三条第一项规定，总统依法任命行政院院长，除经立法院以不信任权迫其被动辞职或经行政院院长主动辞职外，宪法未明确授权总统得免职行政院院长，中华民国总统无权随意免职行政院院长。
最高领导人是总统兼国务委员会主席和国家安全会议主席
最高领导人是老挝人民革命党总书记兼中央国防安全委员会主席
最高领导人是古巴共产党第一书记兼革命武装力量总司令
Kudelia, Serhiy. Presidential activism and government termination in dual-executive Ukraine. Post-Soviet Affairs. 4 May 2018, 34 (4): 246–261. doi:10.1080/1060586X.2018.1465251. In Bangladesh, a caretaker government during parliamentary elections. The Caretaker government is headed by a Chief Adviser and a group of neutral, non-partisan advisers chosen from the civil society. During this time, the president has jurisdiction over the defence and foreign affairs ministries.
Collective presidency consisting of three members; one for each major ethnic group.
Formerly a semi-presidential republic, it is now a parliamentary republic according to David Arter, First Chair of Politics at Aberdeen University, who in his "Scandinavian Politics Today" (Manchester University Press, revised 2008 ISBN 9780719078538), he quotes Nousiainen, Jaakko. From semi-presidentialism to parliamentary government: political and constitutional developments in Finland. Scandinavian Political Studies. June 2001, 24 (2): 95–109. doi:10.1111/1467-9477.00048. as follows: "There are hardly any grounds for the epithet 'semi-presidential'." Arter's own conclusions are only slightly more nuanced: "The adoption of a new constitution on 1 March 2000 meant that Finland was no longer a case of semi-presidential government other than in the minimalist sense of a situation where a popularly elected fixed-term president exists alongside a prime minister and cabinet who are responsible to parliament (Elgie 2004: 317)". According to the Finnish Constitution, the President has no possibility to rule the government without the ministerial approval, and substantially has not the power to disband the parliament under its own desire. Finland is actually represented by its Prime Minister, and not by its President, in the Council of the Heads of State and Government of the European Union. The 2012 constitutional amendments reduced the powers of the President even further. Combines aspects of a presidential system with those of a parliamentary system. The president is elected by parliament and holds a parliamentary seat, much like a prime minister, but is immune from a vote of no confidence (but not their cabinet), unlike a prime minister. Combines aspects of a presidential system with those of a parliamentary system. The president is elected by parliament but does not hold a parliamentary seat, and is immune from a vote of no confidence (as well is their cabinet), unlike a prime minister. The Bishop of Urgell and President of France serve as ex officio co-princes who are have their interests known through a representative. One of sixteen constitutional monarchies which recognize Elizabeth II as head of state, who presides over an independent government. She is titled separately in each country (e.g. Queen of Australia), and notionally appoints a Governor-General (GG) to each country other than the United Kingdom to act as her representative. The prime minister (PM) is the active head of the executive branch of government and also leader of the legislature. These countries may be known as "Commonwealth realms".
In many cases, the Governor-General or monarch has a lot more theoretical, or constitutional, powers than they actually exercise, except on the advice of elected officials, per constitutional convention. For example, the Constitution of Australia makes the GG the head of the executive branch (including commander-in-chief of the armed forces), although they seldom ever use this power, except on the advice of elected officials, especially the PM, which makes the PM the de facto head of government. The Cook Islands and Niue are under the sovereignty of the Monarch of New Zealand as self-governing states in free association with New Zealand. New Zealand and its associated states, along with Tokelau and the Ross Dependency, comprise the Realm of New Zealand.
中华民国
