科林·罗伯特·蔡斯

科林·罗伯特·蔡斯（英语：Colin Robert Chase，1935年2月5日—1984年10月13日）是以研究古英语和盎格鲁-拉丁语文学闻名的美国学者，多伦多大学英语副教授。《贝奥武夫年代测定》是他最有名的著作，质疑过去认为盎格鲁－撒克逊诗歌《贝奥武夫》是在八世纪后半叶创作的公认正统测定，《贝奥武夫手册》认为蔡斯令学术界观点出于谨慎走向模糊，如此很有必要。^{[1]:33[2]:846}

科林·蔡斯
出生	科林·罗伯特·蔡斯 1935年2月5日 美国科罗拉多州丹佛
逝世	1984年10月13日(1984岁—10—13)（49岁）
职业	英语教授
活跃时期	1971至1984年
知名作品	《贝奥武夫年代测定》（1981年） 《双本阿尔琴信书》（1975年）
签名

蔡斯生于丹佛，父亲是报业高管，母亲玛丽·科伊尔·蔡斯是拿过普利策戏剧奖的剧作家，科林在父母三子里排第二，两个兄弟都当上演员，科林一度考虑但最后投身英语文学、古典学、哲学研究。获哈佛大学文学学士、圣路易斯大学与约翰斯·霍普金斯大学文学硕士后，他1971年获多伦多大学哲学博士学位，同年该校任命他担任助理教授。

除《贝奥武夫年代测定》外，蔡斯著作《双本阿尔琴信书》是八世纪学者阿尔琴24封信的学术文献集。他为《中世纪词典》创作文章或章节约八篇，花费近十年为《古英语通讯》《本年古英语研究》栏目《贝奥武夫》章节创作。1984年，即将晋升教授的蔡斯死于癌症，年仅49岁。

早年经历和教育

科林·罗伯特·蔡斯1935年生于科罗拉多州丹佛^[3]，父亲罗伯特·拉蒙特·蔡斯是报业高管，母亲玛丽·科伊尔·蔡斯是1945年普利策戏剧奖得主^[4][5]。科林在父母三子里排第二，与哥哥迈克尔·拉蒙特·蔡斯和弟弟巴里·杰罗姆·“杰瑞”·蔡斯都有意投身表演事业^[4]。迈克尔就读卡内基·梅隆戏剧学院，是弗吉尼亚州阿宾登物物交换剧院演员^[6][7]。杰瑞·蔡斯参演舞台剧和电影，14岁时演出母亲的剧作^[8][9][10]，还曾自创剧目《战斗靴灰姑娘》^[5][11]。科林曾参加校园剧目演出但没走上演艺道路^[3]。

蔡斯在丹佛长大，儿时就读特勒小学^[12]。母亲的剧目《哈维》大卖导致他在四年级时受人欺负，玛丽后在《敦刻尔克晚间观察报》客座专栏谈及^[12]。蔡斯1956年获哈佛大学文学学士学位，在耶稣会神学院深造古典学与哲学五年^[3]。1962年和1964年，他分别获圣路易斯大学与约翰斯·霍普金斯大学文学硕士学位^[13][3]，1964年由多伦多大学录取，1967年当上兼职讲师，1971年获哲学博士学位^[3][14]，论文标题《古英语诗歌面板结构》^[14]。

事业

蔡斯1971年完成哲学论文答辩并当上多伦多大学助理教授，四年后晋升副教授。他教授各种课程，门下博士生众多。1977至1984年蔡斯是圣米迦勒学院和中世纪研究中心教员，还曾执掌该中心拉丁语委员会。^[3]

蔡斯绝大部分作品属古英语和盎格鲁-拉丁语文学范畴，主要研究诺曼征服前的英格兰文学。1976年起他在《古英语通讯》担任《本年古英语研究》栏目《贝奥武夫》组首席评审，1981年编撰合集《贝奥武夫年代测定》是他最有名的著作。^[3]1975年学术文集《双本阿尔琴信书》也是他的重要作品^[3][15]，内含八世纪学者阿尔琴的24封信和学术文献^[16][17]。阿尔琴去世两个世纪后，约克大主教伍尔夫斯坦集齐上述信件，手稿现存大英图书馆科顿收藏。许多信件明显不是个人通信，而是说教；还有些是感谢函或祝愿康复卡片的写作范文，估计用于辅导学生如何用拉丁语写信。^[18][16]蔡斯为合集撰写八篇文章，参与三段多伦多大学媒体中心制作的视频，其中又以《萨顿胡船葬》最流行，介绍萨福克郡萨顿胡出土的盎格鲁-撒克逊人船葬^[3]。他还在杰克·奥格尔维著作《英格兰人知道的书》修订计划早期出任行政委员会委员，创作参考书描绘影响盎格鲁-撒克逊英格兰文化的源头^[3][19][20]。

《贝奥武夫年代测定》以质疑盎格鲁－撒克逊诗歌《贝奥武夫》年代的传统测定闻名^{[21][2]:843–846}。《贝奥武夫》是古英语诗歌名作，公元千年之交仅一份手稿存世，1815年首度以现代技术出版后引起广泛关注，催生《贝奥武夫手册》所述“《贝奥武夫》学最棘手问题最令人迷惑的辩论：诗的作者，创作时间、地点，为谁而作？”^[1]:17蔡斯所撰引言《1815至1980年贝奥武夫年代意见集》针对第一个问题追溯一个半世纪的学术探讨，推断的创作时间起初暂定四世纪后不久，1980年起基本固定在八世纪后半叶^[22]；学者称赞引言去芜存精、选材平衡^[23]。著作各章节尝试不同角度推断年份，如历史、韵律、文体、手稿^[23]。蔡斯认为《贝奥武夫》字里行间体现对待英雄文化既欣赏又心怀告诫的平衡态度，由此推断创作时代的英雄文化得以充分、积极展现，但不会浪漫化处理，作者对英雄既不畏惧、也不迷恋^[24]。鉴于追踪历史观念演变的素材匮乏，蔡斯借用同时期更有名的圣徒传记^[25]，发现早期传记似乎“力图避免甚至压制”对英雄文化与价值观的显著开发，晚期传记变成“以全面融合盎格鲁－撒克逊文化的形式倡导英雄价值观”。蔡斯推断：“《贝奥武夫》的创作时期很可能既非早至八世纪，也不晚到十世纪，而是在多变且混乱的九世纪”。^[25]彼得·克莱默斯、凯文·基尔南等学者执笔的章节认为该诗最早写于八世纪，最晚十一世纪^[26]。《贝奥武夫手册》指出，蔡斯的著作问世后，学术界对《贝奥武夫》的年代评定出于谨慎走向模糊，如此很有必要^{[1]:33[2]:846}。评论认为《贝奥武夫年代测定》是“古英语研究重要的不确定因素”，宣称“今后针对该诗与年代的探讨都将从本书开始”^[27][2]:847。蔡斯1984年在即将晋升教授之际与世长辞，年仅49岁^[3]。此时他还在研究圣徒生平，开始钻研新版系列诺曼征服前圣人传记^[3]。学者保罗·萨马奇表示，蔡斯的“学识与个人榜样教导我们良多，（他的死）是我们的重大损失”^[28]。多伦多大学中世纪研究中心联合安大略学生机遇信托基金每年颁发科林·蔡斯纪念助学金^[3][29]，得主必须是“中世纪研究中心研究生”，评奖规则主要考虑“学术成就与经济需要”^[29]。

私生活

蔡斯与夫人乔伊斯（娘家姓布赖特巴赫）有五个孩子：迪尔德丽、罗伯特、蒂姆、玛丽、帕特里克^[3][30][31]，他还是天主教会执事并参加培训项目^[3]。夫妻二人分别在1984和2003年死于癌症^[3][31]。

出版作品

书籍

• Chase, Colin. Panel Structure in Old English Poetry (学位论文). Toronto: University of Toronto. 1971. ProQuest 302621579.
• Chase, Colin (编). Two Alcuin Letter-Books. Toronto Medieval Latin Texts 5. Toronto: Pontifical Institute of Mediaeval Studies. 1975 [2021-12-02]. ISBN 0-88844-454-0.
• Chase, Colin (编). The Dating of Beowulf. Toronto Old English Series 6. Toronto: University of Toronto Press. 1981 [2021-12-02]. ISBN 0-8020-7879-6. JSTOR 10.3138/j.ctt1287v33.

• 蔡斯创作两个章节的书籍：

• Chase, Colin. Opinions on the Date of Beowulf, 1815–1980. The Dating of Beowulf. : 3–8 [2021-12-02]. JSTOR 10.3138/j.ctt1287v33.5.
• Chase, Colin. Saints' Lives, Royal Lives, and the Date of Beowulf. The Dating of Beowulf. : 161–172 [2021-12-02]. JSTOR 10.3138/j.ctt1287v33.15.

章节

• Chase, Colin. Alcuin's Grammar Verse: Poetry and Truth in Carolingian Pedagogy. Herren, Michael W. (编). Insular Latin Studies: Papers on Latin Texts and Manuscripts of the British Isles: 550–1066. Papers in Mediaeval Studies 1. Toronto: Pontifical Institute of Mediaeval Studies. 1981: 135–152. ISBN 0-88844-801-5.
• Chase, Colin. The Age of Ælfric. Szarmach, Paul E. (编). Anglo-Latin in the Context of Old English Literature. Old English Newsletter Subsidia 9. Binghamton, New York: Center for Medieval and Early Renaissance Studies, State University of New York at Binghamton. 1983: 17–24. ISSN 0739-8549.

• 摘要：Chase, Colin. Anglo-Latin in the Context of Old English Literature: the Age of Ælfric (PDF). Old English Newsletter (Binghamton, New York: Center for Medieval and Early Renaissance Studies, State University of New York at Binghamton). Spring 1983, 16 (2): 51 [2021-12-02]. ISSN 0030-1973. （原始内容存档 (PDF)于2021-11-06）.

• Chase, Colin. Beowulf, Bede, and St. Oswine: The Hero's Pride in Old English Hagiography. Woods, J. Douglas; Pelteret, David A. E. (编). The Anglo-Saxons: Synthesis and Achievement. Waterloo: Wilfrid Laurier University Press. 1985: 37–48. ISBN 0-88920-166-8.
• Chase, Colin. Source Study as a Trick with Mirrors: Annihilation of Meaning in the Old English "Mary of Egypt". Szarmach, Paul Edward; Oggins, Virginia Darrow (编). Sources of Anglo-Saxon Culture. Studies in Medieval Culture 20. Kalamazoo, Michigan: Medieval Institute Publications. 1986: 23–33 [2021-12-02]. ISBN 0-918720-67-2.

• 再版：Chase, Colin. Beowulf, Bede, and St. Oswine: The Hero's Pride in Old English Hagiography. Baker, Peter S. (编). The Beowulf Reader. Basic Readings in Anglo-Saxon England 1. New York: Routledge. 2000: 181–194. ISBN 0-8153-3666-7.

文章

• Chase, Colin. God's Presence Through Grace as the Theme of Cynewulf's Christ II and the Relationship of this Theme to Christ I and Christ III. Anglo-Saxon England (London: Cambridge University Press). December 1974, 3: 87–101. doi:10.1017/S0263675100000600.
• Chase, Colin. Background for Nostalgia in the Hagiography of Late Anglo-Saxon England (PDF). Old English Newsletter (Binghamton, New York: Center for Medieval and Early Renaissance Studies, State University of New York at Binghamton). Spring 1981, 14 (2): 30–31 [2021-12-02]. ISSN 0030-1973. （原始内容存档 (PDF)于2021-11-20）.
• Chase, Colin. Mary of Egypt and the Seven Holy Sleepers: A Methodological Inquiry (PDF). Old English Newsletter (Binghamton, New York: Center for Medieval and Early Renaissance Studies, State University of New York at Binghamton). Spring 1983, 16 (2): 66 [2021-12-02]. ISSN 0030-1973. （原始内容存档 (PDF)于2021-11-06）.
• Chase, Colin. The Yellow Brick Road to St. Anthony and St. Guthlac: or 'You Can't Get There from Here' (PDF). Old English Newsletter (Binghamton, New York: Center for Medieval and Early Renaissance Studies, State University of New York at Binghamton). Spring 1984, 17 (2): A–35–A–36 [2021-12-02]. ISSN 0030-1973. （原始内容存档 (PDF)于2021-11-21）.

评论

• Chase, Colin. Review of Ingeld and Christ: Heroic Concepts and Values in Old English Christian Poetry, by Michael D. Cherniss. The Review of English Studies (Oxford: Clarendon Press). 1976-11, XXVII (108): 448–450. JSTOR 513799.
• Chase, Colin. Review of The Early Charters of the Thames Valley, by Margaret Gellin. Albion (Boone, North Carolina: Appalachian State University Department of History). Summer 1980, 12 (2): 175–176. JSTOR 4048817.
• Chase, Colin. Review of Alcuin: The Bishops, Kings, and Saints of York, edited by Peter Godman. Albion. New Series (Boone, North Carolina: Appalachian State University Department of History). Winter 1983, 15 (4): 343–344. JSTOR 4049139.
• Chase, Colin. Review of The Old English Elegies: New Essays in Criticism and Research, edited by Martin Green. Speculum (Cambridge, Massachusetts: The Medieval Academy of America). 1985-07, 60 (3): 680–682. JSTOR 2848198.

其他

《本年古英语研究》

• Chase, Colin. This Year's Work in Old English Studies – 1975: Beowulf (PDF). Old English Newsletter (Binghamton, New York: Center for Medieval and Early Renaissance Studies, State University of New York at Binghamton). Fall 1976, X (1): 59–63 [2021-12-02]. ISSN 0030-1973. （原始内容存档 (PDF)于2021-11-11）.
• Chase, Colin. This Year's Work in Old English Studies – 1976: Beowulf (PDF). Old English Newsletter (Binghamton, New York: Center for Medieval and Early Renaissance Studies, State University of New York at Binghamton). Fall 1977, XI (1): 54–59 [2021-12-02]. ISSN 0030-1973. （原始内容存档 (PDF)于2021-11-20）.
• Chase, Colin. This Year's Work in Old English Studies – 1977: Beowulf (PDF). Old English Newsletter (Binghamton, New York: Center for Medieval and Early Renaissance Studies, State University of New York at Binghamton). Fall 1978, XII (1): 54–60 [2021-12-02]. ISSN 0030-1973. （原始内容存档 (PDF)于2021-11-06）.
• Chase, Colin. This Year's Work in Old English Studies – 1978: Beowulf (PDF). Old English Newsletter (Binghamton, New York: Center for Medieval and Early Renaissance Studies, State University of New York at Binghamton). Fall 1979, XIII (1): 44–48 [2021-12-02]. ISSN 0030-1973. （原始内容存档 (PDF)于2021-11-17）.
• Chase, Colin. This Year's Work in Old English Studies – 1979: Beowulf (PDF). Old English Newsletter (Binghamton, New York: Center for Medieval and Early Renaissance Studies, State University of New York at Binghamton). Fall 1980, XIV (1): 48–52 [2021-12-02]. ISSN 0030-1973. （原始内容存档 (PDF)于2021-11-17）.
• Chase, Colin. This Year's Work in Old English Studies – 1980: Beowulf (PDF). Old English Newsletter (Binghamton, New York: Center for Medieval and Early Renaissance Studies, State University of New York at Binghamton). Fall 1981, XV (1): 95–101 [2021-12-02]. ISSN 0030-1973. （原始内容存档 (PDF)于2021-11-06）.
• Chase, Colin. This Year's Work in Old English Studies – 1981: Beowulf (PDF). Old English Newsletter (Binghamton, New York: Center for Medieval and Early Renaissance Studies, State University of New York at Binghamton). Fall 1982, XVI (1): 69–79 [2021-12-02]. ISSN 0030-1973. （原始内容存档 (PDF)于2021-11-20）.
• Chase, Colin. This Year's Work in Old English Studies – 1982: Beowulf (PDF). Old English Newsletter (Binghamton, New York: Center for Medieval and Early Renaissance Studies, State University of New York at Binghamton). Fall 1983, XVII (1): 82–92 [2021-12-02]. ISSN 0030-1973. （原始内容存档 (PDF)于2021-11-20）.
• Chase, Colin; Taylor, Andrew. This Year's Work in Old English Studies – 1983: Beowulf (PDF). Old English Newsletter (Binghamton, New York: Center for Medieval and Early Renaissance Studies, State University of New York at Binghamton). Fall 1984, XVIII (1): 89–97 [2021-12-02]. ISSN 0030-1973. （原始内容存档 (PDF)于2021-12-01）.

《中世纪词典》

• Chase, Colin. Acrostics–Wordplay. Strayer, Joseph R. (编). Dictionary of the Middle Ages 1. New York City: Charles Scribner's Sons. 1982: 45–46 [2021-12-02]. ISBN 0-684-16760-3.
• Chase, Colin. Alfred the Great. Strayer, Joseph R. (编). Dictionary of the Middle Ages 1. New York City: Charles Scribner's Sons. 1982: 163–164 [2021-12-02]. ISBN 0-684-16760-3.
• Chase, Colin. Alfred the Great and Translations. Strayer, Joseph R. (编). Dictionary of the Middle Ages 1. New York City: Charles Scribner's Sons. 1982: 164–167 [2021-12-02]. ISBN 0-684-16760-3.
• Chase, Colin. Anglo-Latin Poetry. Strayer, Joseph R. (编). Dictionary of the Middle Ages 1. New York City: Charles Scribner's Sons. 1982: 254–255 [2021-12-02]. ISBN 0-684-16760-3.
• Chase, Colin. Beowulf. Strayer, Joseph R. (编). Dictionary of the Middle Ages 2. New York City: Charles Scribner's Sons. 1983: 182–185 [2021-12-02]. ISBN 0-684-17022-1.
• Chase, Colin. Carolingian Latin Poetry. Strayer, Joseph R. (编). Dictionary of the Middle Ages 3. New York City: Charles Scribner's Sons. 1983: 99–103 [2021-12-02]. ISBN 0-684-17023-X.
• Chase, Colin. Frithegod. Strayer, Joseph R. (编). Dictionary of the Middle Ages 5. New York City: Charles Scribner's Sons. 1985: 302 [2021-12-02]. ISBN 0-684-18161-4.
• Chase, Colin. Modoin. Strayer, Joseph R. (编). Dictionary of the Middle Ages 8. New York City: Charles Scribner's Sons. 1987: 451 [2021-12-02]. ISBN 0-684-18274-2.
• Chase, Colin. Paul the Deacon. Strayer, Joseph R. (编). Dictionary of the Middle Ages 9. New York City: Charles Scribner's Sons. 1987: 467–468 [2021-12-02]. ISBN 0-684-18275-0.

参考资料

1. Bjork, Robert E.; Obermeier, Anita. Date, Provenance, Author, Audiences. Bjork, Robert E.; Niles, John D. (编). A Beowulf Handbook. Lincoln, Nebraska: University of Nebraska Press. 1997-11: 13–34 [2021-12-01]. ISBN 0-8032-1237-2. （原始内容存档于2021-12-01）.
2. Frank, Roberta. A Scandal in Toronto: 'The Dating of 'Beowulf' a Quarter Century On. Speculum (Cambridge, Massachusetts: The Medieval Academy of America). 2007-10, 82 (4): 843–864. JSTOR 20466079. S2CID 162726731. doi:10.1017/S0038713400011313.
3. Rigg, Arthur G.; Szarmach, Paul E. In Memoriam: Colin Chase (1935–84) (PDF). Old English Newsletter (Binghamton, New York: Center for Medieval and Early Renaissance Studies, State University of New York at Binghamton). Spring 1985, 18 (2): 18 [2021-12-01]. ISSN 0030-1973. （原始内容存档 (PDF)于2021-11-15）. ; published online as Rigg, Arthur G.; Szarmach, Paul E. In Memoriam: Colin Chase (1935–84). Old English Newsletter. 1985 [2021-12-01]. （原始内容存档于2021-10-29）.
4. Brennan, Elizabeth A.; Clarage, Elizabeth C. Mary Coyle Chase. Who's Who of Pulitzer Prize Winners. Phoenix, Arizona: Oryx Press. 1999: 106 [2021-12-01]. ISBN 1-57356-111-8.
5. Barry J. Chase. Times Herald-Record (Middletown, New York). 2020-11-03 [2021-12-01]. （原始内容存档于2021-10-14） –通过Legacy.com.
6. Chase-Taylor Wedding Held. The Gettysburg Times 49 (213) (Gettysburg, Pennsylvania). 1951-09-06: 2 [2021-12-01]. （原始内容存档于2021-11-27） –通过Newspapers.com.
7. Chase–Taylor. The Evening Sun 77 (149) (Hanover, Pennsylvania). 1951-09-07: 2 [2021-12-01]. （原始内容存档于2021-11-27） –通过Newspapers.com.
8. Schroetter, Hilda Noel. "Mr. Thing" World Premiere Enraptures First-Nighters. Bristol Herald Courier 81 (17,635) (Bristol, Virginia–Tennessee). 1951-08-01: 3, 10 [2021-12-01]. （原始内容存档于2021-11-02） –通过Newspapers.com.
9. Romanoff & Juliet open at Mission Playhouse. Entertainment & Dining Guide. Eagle Rock Sentinel 27 (23) (Los Angeles, California). 1963-03-21: 10 [2021-12-01]. （原始内容存档于2021-11-27） –通过Newspapers.com.
10. Soanes, Wood. Curtain Calls: Press Agents Can Be Just Too Cute—or Vice-Versa. Oakland Tribune CLVI (21) (Oakland, California). 1952-01-21: 15 [2021-12-01]. （原始内容存档于2021-10-29） –通过Newspapers.com.
11. Jerry Chase. Dramatists Play Service. [2021-12-01]. （原始内容存档于2021-10-14）.
12. Chase, Mary. Broadway. Dunkirk Evening Observer. CXCVIII (8) (Dunkirk, New York). 1945-07-11: 6 [2021-12-01]. （原始内容存档于2021-11-27） –通过Newspapers.com.
13. Masters of Arts: with titles of essays. Conferring of Degrees at the close of the eighty-eighth academic year (PDF). Baltimore, Maryland: Johns Hopkins University. 1964-06-09: 24–27 [2021-12-01]. （原始内容存档 (PDF)于2021-11-18）.
14. Chase 1971.
15. Chase 1975.
16. Godman, Peter. Review of Two Alcuin Letter-Books, edited by Colin Chase. Medium Ævum (Oxford: Society for the Study of Mediæval Languages and Literature). 1976, XLV (3): 294. JSTOR 43628227.
17. Garfagnini, Gian Carlo. Review of Three Lives of English Saints, edited by Michael Winterbottom, of The Gospel of Nichodemus: Gesta Salvatoris, edited by Hack Chin Kim, of Peter the Venerable: Selected Letters, edited by Janet Martin, and of Two Alcuin Letter-Books, edited by Colin Chase. Annali della Scuola Normale Superiore di Pisa. Classe di Lettere e Filosofia (Pisa: Scuola Normale & University of Pisa). 1978, VIII (4): 1722–1723. JSTOR 24303321.
18. Chase 1975，第1–3页.
19. Carnahan, Shirley. In Memoriam: J.D.A. Ogilvy (1903–93) (PDF). Old English Newsletter (Binghamton, New York: Center for Medieval and Early Renaissance Studies, State University of New York at Binghamton). Summer 1993, 26 (4): 5 [2021-12-01]. ISSN 0030-1973. （原始内容存档 (PDF)于2021-11-06）. ; published online as Carnahan, Shirley. In Memoriam: J.D.A. Ogilvy (1903–93). Old English Newsletter. 1993 [2021-12-01]. （原始内容存档于2020-07-12）.
20. Biggs, Frederick M.; Hill, Thomas D.; Szarmach, Paul E. (编). Sources of Anglo-Saxon Literary Culture: A Trial Version. Medieval & Renaissance Texts & Studies 74. Binghamton, New York: Center for Medieval and Early Renaissance Studies, State University of New York at Binghamton. 1990: vii [2021-12-01]. ISBN 0-86698-084-9. （原始内容存档于2022-07-07）.
21. Jacobs, Nicolas. Review of The Dating of Beowulf, edited by Colin Chase. Medium Ævum (Oxford: Society for the Study of Mediæval Languages and Literature). 1984, LIII (1): 117. JSTOR 43628801. doi:10.2307/43628801.
22. Chase 1981，第3–8页. sfn模板错误: 多个指向目标 (4个): CITEREFChase1981 (帮助)
23. Trahern Jr., Joseph B. Review of The Dating of Beowulf, edited by Colin Chase, and of Beowulf and the Beowulf Manuscript, by Kevin S. Kiernan. Journal of English and Germanic Philology (Champaign, Illinois: University of Illinois Press). 1984-01,. LXXXIII (1): 107. ISSN 0363-6941. JSTOR 27709285.
24. Chase 1981，第162页. sfn模板错误: 多个指向目标 (4个): CITEREFChase1981 (帮助)
25. Chase 1981，第163页. sfn模板错误: 多个指向目标 (4个): CITEREFChase1981 (帮助)
26. Chase 1981，第9, 185, 187页. sfn模板错误: 多个指向目标 (4个): CITEREFChase1981 (帮助)
27. Chase 1981，第i页. sfn模板错误: 多个指向目标 (4个): CITEREFChase1981 (帮助)
28. Szarmach, Paul Edward. Foreward. Szarmach, Paul Edward; Oggins, Virginia Darrow (编). Sources of Anglo-Saxon Culture. Studies in Medieval Culture 20. Kalamazoo, Michigan: Medieval Institute Publications. 1986: xi [2021-12-02]. ISBN 0-918720-67-2.
29. Scholarships by Department → Medieval Studies. University of Toronto Faculty of Arts and Science. [2021-12-02]. （原始内容存档于2021-10-14）.
30. Rita C. Breitbach. Deaths. The Bradenton Herald (Bradenton, Florida). 1983-10-21: B-2 [2021-12-02]. （原始内容存档于2021-11-27） –通过Newspapers.com.
31. Joyce Chase. Obituaries. Telegraph Herald 167 (343) (Dubuque, Iowa). 2003-12-09: 4C [2021-12-02]. （原始内容存档于2021-11-21）.