布鲁夏斯基语或布鲁沙斯基语(burū́šaskī / بروشسکی),即勃律语,[来源请求]是克什米尔的一种语言。
使用该语言的人口约有9.68万(2004年统计ethnologue (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆))。此种语言的使用者大部分为布鲁绍人,他们当中有5万到6万居住在巴基斯坦北部的坎巨提、那格尔等地的山区。由于山区地方偏僻,各地的居民都形成了各自的方言体系。现在的布鲁夏斯基语的词汇里除了固有名词以外,有相当一部分是从乌尔都语及其他周边民族的语言而来的借词。这些借词,有些来自达尔德语支。布鲁夏斯基语有三种方言,取名于当地的三个主要山谷。这三种方言分别为:罕萨(Hunza)、那格尔(Nagar)及亚辛(Yasin)。
语言分类
在过去,布鲁夏斯基语被认为是一种孤立语言,但如今有说法指出其可能是叶尼塞语系的一种语言。
根据Berger的说法,《英国英语词典》认为单词*abel ‘apple(苹果)’,原始印欧语中唯一表示一种水果(树)的词汇,可能是由布鲁夏斯基语的一种源语言中借用而来。在现代布鲁夏斯基语中,表示‘苹果’或‘苹果树’的词是báalt。
其他猜想从语言谱系学和总语系的角度推断了布鲁夏斯基语与北高加索语系、叶尼塞语系、与/或印欧语系的关系。
书写系统
布鲁夏斯基语主要的沟通方式是口语交流而非书写。有些时候人们会使用乌尔都语的书写系统,但是并不存在规范的正字法。Adu Wazir Shafi使用拉丁转写著述了一本书,Burushaski Razon。
语音系统
布鲁夏斯基语有5个元音:/a /o /i /u
双唇音 | 龈音 | 龈颚音 | 卷舌音 | 软腭音 | 小舌 | 声门音 | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
鼻音 | m /m/ | n /n/ | ṅ /ŋ/ | |||||
塞音 | 清送气 | ph /pʰ/1 | th /tʰ/ | ṭh /ʈʰ/ | kh /kʰ/ | qh /qʰ/ | ||
不送气 | p /p/ | t /t/ | ṭ /ʈ/ | k /k/ | q /q/2 | |||
浊不送气 | b /b/ | d /d/ | ḍ /ɖ/ | g /ɡ/ | ||||
塞擦音 | 清送气 3 | ch /t͡sʰ/ | ćh /t͡ɕʰ/ | c̣h /ʈ͡ʂʰ/ | ||||
清不送气 | c /t͡s/ | ć /t͡ɕ/ | c̣ /ʈ͡ʂ/ | |||||
浊不送气 | j /d͡ʑ/4 | j̣ /ɖ͡ʐ/5 | ||||||
擦音 | 清音 | s /s/ | ś /ɕ/ | ṣ /ʂ/ | h /h/ | |||
浊音 | z /z/ | ġ /ʁ/ | ||||||
颤音 | r /r/ | |||||||
边近音 | l /l/ | y [j]6 | ỵ /ɻ/7 | w [w]6 |
语音细节:
- 有时发成[p͡f]或[f]。
- 有时发成[q͡χ]或[χ]。
- 亚辛方言中缺乏此类音,而使用不送气音。
- 有时发成[ʑ]。
- 有时发成[ʐ]。
- 伯格认为[w]、[j]是出现在外来语中/i/、/u/之前的变体。
- 有各种不常见发音。比如[ʐʲ]、[ʐ]。
参考文献
- Anderson, Gregory D. S. 1997. Burushaski Morphology. Pages 1021–1041 in volume 2 of Morphologies of Asia and Africa, ed. by Alan Kaye. Winona Lake, IN: Eisenbrauns.
- Anderson, Gregory D. S. 1999. M. Witzel’s "South Asian Substrate Languages" from a Burushaski Perspective. Mother Tongue (Special Issue, October 1999).
- Anderson, Gregory D. S. forthcoming b. Burushaski. In Language Islands: Isolates and Microfamilies of Eurasia, ed. by D.A. Abondolo. London: Curzon Press.
- Backstrom, Peter C. Burushaski in Backstrom and Radloff (eds.), Languages of northern areas, Sociolinguistic Survey of Northern Pakistan, 2. Islamabad, National Institute of Pakistan Studies, Qaid-i-Azam University and Summer Institute of Linguistics (1992), 31-54.
- Bashir, Elena. 2000. A Thematic Survey of Burushaski Research. History of Language 6.1: 1–14.
- Berger, Hermann. 1956. Mittelmeerische Kulturpflanzennamen aus dem Burušaski [Names of Mediterranean cultured plants from B.]. Münchener Studien zur Sprachwissenschaft 9: 4-33.
- Berger, Hermann. 1959. Die Burušaski-Lehnwörter in der Zigeunersprache [The B. loanwords in the Gypsy language]. Indo-Iranian Journal 3.1: 17-43.
- Berger, Hermann. 1974. Das Yasin-Burushaski (Werchikwar). Volume 3 of Neuindische Studien, ed. by Hermann Berger, Lothar Lutze and Günther Sontheimer. Wiesbaden: Otto Harrassowitz.
- Berger, Hermann. 1998. Die Burushaski-Sprache von Hunza und Nager [The B. language of H. and N.]. Three volumes: Grammatik [grammar], Texte mit Übersetzungen [texts with translations], Wörterbuch [dictionary]. Altogether Volume 13 of Neuindische Studien (ed. by Hermann Berger, Heidrun Brückner and Lothar Lutze). Wiesbaden: Otto Harassowitz.
- Casule, Ilija. 2010. Burushaski as an Indo-European language. Languages of the World 38. Munich: Lincom.
- Casule, Ilija. 2003. Evidence for the Indo-European laryngeals in Burushaski and its genetic affiliation with Indo-European. The Journal of Indo-European Studies 31:1–2, pp 21–86.
- van Driem, George. 2001. Languages of the Himalayas: An Ethnolinguistic Handbook of the Greater Himalayan Region, containing an Introduction to the Symbiotic Theory of Language (2 vols.). Leiden: Brill.
- Greenberg, Joseph H., and Merritt Ruhlen. 1992. Linguistic Origins of Native Americans. Scientific American 267(5): 94–99.
- Grune, Dick. 1998. Burushaski – An Extraordinary Language in the Karakoram Mountains(页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆).
- Lorimer, D. L. R. 1935–1938. The Burushaski Language (3 vols.). Oslo: Instituttet for Sammenlignende Kulturforskning.
- Morgenstierne, Georg. 1945. Notes on Burushaski Phonology. Norsk Tidsskrift for Sprogvidenskap 13: 61–95.
- Munshi, Sadaf. 2006. Jammu and Kashmir Burushaski: Language, language contact, and change. Unpublished Ph.D. Dissertation. Austin: University of Texas at Austin, Department of Linguistics.
- van Skyhawk, Hugh. 1996. Libi Kisar. Ein Volksepos im Burushaski von Nager. Asiatische Studien 133. ISBN 3-447-03849-7.
- van Skyhawk, Hugh. 2003. Burushaski-Texte aus Hispar. Materialien zum Verständnis einer archaischen Bergkultur in Nordpakistan. Beiträge zur Indologie 38. ISBN 3-447-04645-7.
- Starostin, Sergei A. 1996. Comments on the Basque–Dene–Caucasian Comparisons. Mother Tongue 2: 101–109.
- Tiffou, Étienne. 1993. Hunza Proverbs. University of Calgary Press. ISBN 1-895176-29-8
- Tiffou, Étienne. 1999. Parlons Bourouchaski. Paris: L'Harmattan. ISBN 2-7384-7967-7
- Tiffou, Étienne. 2000. Current Research in Burushaski: A Survey. History of Language 6(1): 15–20.
- Tikkanen, Bertil. 1988. On Burushaski and other ancient substrata in northwest South Asia. Studia Orientalia 64: 303–325.
- Varma, Siddheshwar. 1941. Studies in Burushaski Dialectology. Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Bengal, Letters 7: 133–173.
- Witzel, Michael. 1999. Early Sources for South Asian Substrate Languages. Mother Tongue (Special Issue, October 1999): 1–70.(页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆)
参考资料
外部链接
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