苏铁目(学名:Cycadales,旧称苏铁部[3])统称苏铁,是苏铁纲(Cycadopsida)中一个唯一目,也是苏铁门植物唯一现存的群类,共有3科,10至12属约305种,分布在全球的热带和亚热带地区。
形态
本科植物为常绿乔木或灌木,典型特征是茎粗壮,多数有羽状叶集生于茎干顶部,孢子叶球也生于茎顶部,为雌雄异株植物。
苏铁类外观是一根主干垂直向上生长,没有树支而从主干的顶部不形成树冠,仅向外长出软支长长的叶柄,再向外长对对生的细长羽毛状复叶,其与被子植物的棕榈目或蕨类植物的桫椤目神似,三者常被人认错的超远缘植物,但按趋同演化出适合炎热多雨的地区。
分布
现存的苏铁目物种主要分布于亚洲、美洲、澳洲及非洲的热带及亚热带地区,在温带地区只可在温室内种植。
由于多数生长在人迹罕见的热带森林中,最近25年才逐渐被人们发现越来越多的品种,可能尚有许多品种没有被人们发现。苏铁被发现横跨许多世界各地的亚热带和热带地区。苏铁在南美洲和中美洲有最多样性,其余分布在墨西哥,安的列斯群岛,美国东南部,澳大利亚,美拉尼西亚,密克罗尼西亚联邦,日本,中国,东南亚,印度,斯里兰卡,马达加斯加等地则至少有65 种。有些苏铁可以生存在半沙漠、气候恶劣、干旱、潮湿的热带雨林环境下。
分类
苏铁纲植物传统分类被分到裸子植物门,但后来发现裸子植物门是个并系群(被子植物也是起源于裸子植物祖先),且各种裸子植物的性质有很大的差别,所以最新的分类方法将其拆分,单独列为一个苏铁门(Cycadophyta)。
灭绝的本内苏铁目曾被认为是本类的祖先之一,现在被认为是从其他裸子植物分裂出来,还有人认为是被子植物的祖先或旁系姐妹群。
- 本目包括以下科:
- 科的地位未定的属:
- Acozamites M.D.Zalessky, 1936
- Aldania V.A.Samylina, 1956
- Almargemia Florin, 1933
- Amuriella V.D.Prynada, 1956
- Androcycas J.Watson & S.R.Ash, 2006
- Angaropteris V.A.Chachlov & A.A.Pollack, 1935
- Antarcticycas E.L.Smoot, T.N.Taylor & T.Delevoryas, 1985
- Antherangiopsis Nathorst, 1902
- Anthrophyopsis A.G.Nathorst, 1878
- Archaeocycas S.H.Mamay, 1973
- Aricycas S.R.Ash, 1991
- Baierella R.Potonié, 1933
- Behuninia M.E.J.Chandler, 1966
- Bennettitacearum Gothan, 1914
- Bjuvia R.Florin, 1933
- Blastolepis A.de Zigno, 1885
- Bolbopodium G.Saporta, 1874
- Bucklandiopsis G.Roselt, 1960
- Bureja V.D.Prynada, 1956
- Butefia Dobruskina, 1964
- Calamopsis Heer, 1859
- Carpolithites
- Cavamonocolpites de Lima, 1989
- Charmorgia S.R.Ash, 1985
- Cladophlebidium H.C.Sze, 1931
- Clathropodium Saporta, 1874
- Cloughtonia T.G.Halle, 1911
- Colymbetes M.Stopes, 1915
- Ctenis Lindley & W.Hutton, 1834
- Cycadangium Ogura, 1932
- Cycadella Ward, 1900
- Cycadenia W.Bock, 1969
- Cycadeocarpus Dawson, 1873
- Cycadeoidella Y.Ogura, 1930
- Cycadeomyelon Saporta, 1875
- Cycadeorachis M.Stopes, 1915
- Cycadinorachis B.D.Sharma, 1973
- Cycadites Sternberg, 1825
- Cycadium A.Guillard, 1839
- Cycadocaulum K.Frentzen, 1932
- Cycadophyllum J.G.Bornemann, 1856
- Cycadophytites A.R.Rao & M.N.Bose, 1959
- Cycadopteris A.Zigno, 1853
- Cycadorachis G.Saporta, 1873
- Cyclozamia Pomel, 1849
- Cylindropodium Saporta, 1874
- Delemaya S.D.Klavins, E.L.Taylor, M.Krings & T.N.Taylor, 2003
- Deltolepis T.M.Harris, 1942
- Dioonitocarpidium H.Rühle von Lilienstern, 1928
- Dioonopsis J.Horiuchi & T.Kimura, 1987
- Echinostipes Pomel, 1849
- Encephalartites V.A.Vahrameev, 1962
- Enygmatostrobus A.N.Kristofovic, 1915
- Eucommiidites Erdtman, 1948
- Fricia Velenovský, 1855
- Guilliera L.Crié, 1885
- Guramsania V.A.Vachrameev, E.L.Lebedev & Z.Sodov, 1986
- Gymnovulites V.B.Shukla, 1948
- Haitingeria F.Krasser, 1916
- Harringtonia J.Frenguelli, 1942
- Hastystrobus J.H.A.van Konijnenburg-van Cittert, 1971
- Hauffia Endlicher, 1842
- Heilungia V.D.Prynada, 1956
- Iratinia R.Spiekermann, A.Jasper, A.M.Siegloch, M.Guerra-Sommer & D.Uhl, 2021
- Jeanpaulia F.J.A.N.Unger, 1845
- Jensensispermum M.E.J.Chandler, 1966
- Jurastrobus X.Wang, J.-H.Cui & J.-Z.Cui, 2006
- Keraiaphyllum K.Frentzen, 1932
- Leptopterophyllum H.H.Thomas, 1930
- Lioxylon W.Zhang, Y.Wang, K.Saiki, N.Li & S.Zheng, 2006
- Lunzia F.Krasser, 1916
- Macrotorellia A.N.Kristofovic, 1927
- Mediocycas N.Li, X.-P.Fu, W.Zhang, S.-L.Zheng & Y.Cao, 2005
- Mesosingeria S.Archangelsky, 1963
- Michelilloa S.Archangelsky & D.W.Brett, 1963
- Microzamia A.E.Reuss, 1846
- Morrisia M.N.Bose, 1959
- Nagatocladus T.Ohana, T.Kimura, F.Takahashi & G.Naito, 1996
- Neuropteromedullosa J.P.Lotsy, 1909
- Nidia M.N.Bose & S.C.Srivastava, 1973
- Nikania V.D.Prynada, 1956
- Novoguineoxylon Boureau & Jongmans, 1955
- Ontheodendron B.Sahni & A.R.Rao, 1933
- Osmundites Jaeger, 1827
- Palaeocycas Florin, 1933
- Palaeozamia Endlicher, 1836
- Paracycas T.M.Harris, 1964
- Pecopteromedullosa J.P.Lotsy, 1909
- Phyllopteroides L.M.Medwell, 1954
- Plagiozamiopsis H.C.Sze, 1943
- Pleiotrichium Weyland & Greifeld, 1953
- Plicarizamites W.Bock, 1969
- Poecilitocaulon P.Fliche, 1910
- Pramelreuthia F.Krasser, 1916
- Primocycas J.-N.Zhu & X.-M.Du, 1981
- Pseudocycadeoidea N.K.N.Aiyengar & K.Jacob, 1953
- Pseudocycas Nathorst, 1907
- Pseudodioon B.Erdei, F.Akgün & M.R.B.Lumaga, 2010
- Pseudodioon akyoli[4]
- Pseudopterophyllum R.Florin, 1933
- Pseudoptilophyllum F.Krasser, 1918
- Pteronilssonia D.D.Pant & B.Mehra, 1963
- Ptilophyllum J.Morris, 1840
- Ptychoxylon B.Renault, 1889
- Quervainia T.M.Harris, 1932
- Raumeria Göppert, 1853
- Rhipidopsis J.Schmalhausen, 1879
- Rhiptozamites J.Schmalhausen, 1879
- Sanchucycas H.Nishida, M.Nishida & K.Tanaka, 1991
- Sardoa F.Krasser, 1920
- Sarmatiella V.D.Prynada, 1956
- Scalaroxylon D.Vogellehner, 1967
- Schizopodium M.Morière, 1887
- Schozachia B.Rozynek, 2008
- Semionandra V.A.Krassilov & E.V.Bugdaeva, 1988
- Semionogyna V.A.Krassilov & E.V.Bugdaeva, 1988
- Sewardia R.Zeiller, 1900
- Sewardioxylon K.M.Gupta, 1971
- Shuichengoxylon S.-J.Wang, X.-Y.He & L.-Y.Shao, 2011
- Sinoctenis H.C.Sze, 1931
- Sinocycadoxylon W.Zhang & X.-J.Yang, 2012
- Skyttegaardia E.M.Friis, P.R.Crane & K.R.Pedersen, 2021
- Sobernheimia J.H.F.Kerp, 1983
- Stangerites Oldham & Morris, 1863
- Sueria C.A.Menéndez, 1965
- Taeniopteris A.T.Brongniart, 1828
- Tetoria T.Kimura & S.Sekido, 1974
- Triadostrobus W.Bock, 1969
- Vladiloxylon A.Lutz, A.Crisafulli & R.Herbst, 2003
- Yavorskyia G.P.Radczenko, 1936
- Yixianophyllum S.-L.Zheng, N.Li, Y.Li, W.Zhang & X.F.Bian, 2005
- Zamiophyllum A.G.Nathorst, 1890
- Zamiopteris J.Schmalhausen, 1879
- Zamiphyllum R.Caspary & Klebs, 1907
起源
苏铁化石记录可以追溯到古生代末期的早二叠纪,约2.8亿年前。在侏罗纪时发展最为茂盛,以后逐渐衰退,现在仅存300余种。虽然苏铁血统本身是古老的,但大多数现存物种都是于过去1200万年内演化而成。
参考文献
外部链接
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