纯素主义或全素主义（英语：Veganism），有时音译为维根主义，是一种哲学和生活方式，志在尽可能排除对动物的剥削与虐待，反对动物作为商品（英语：Commodity status of animals）的现状。[c]该主义反对食用动物或动物身上的部分（包含肉类、鱼类、甲壳类及昆虫）、奶制品（如起司）、蛋、蜂蜜、鹅肝酱等；反对购买动物或参与伤害动物的消费行为，如：消费支持海生馆、动物园、马戏团，或其他形式的动物展演；并避免使用来自动物，或会造成动物痛苦的产品，如皮草、皮革、羊毛、羽绒、蚕丝、经动物实验之产品。
哲学家 Gary Steiner提到“不可能达到完全的纯素主义，因动物和他们的产品已深深地交织于人类社会中”，动物产品包括白蛋白、尿囊素、蜂蜡、血液、骨炭、骨瓷器、胭脂红、酪蛋白、海狸、胭脂虫、弹性蛋白、鸸鹋油、明胶、蜂蜜、鱼胶、角蛋白、乳酸、绵羊霜、猪油、凝乳酶、视黄醛、虫胶、角鲨烯、动物性脂肪、乳清、黄牛油，其中有些来源也可是化学合成、植物制造或石化提炼，所以像尿囊素、乳酸、视黄醛、角鲨烯等也有可能符合纯素主义。素食者会使用动物堆肥为养分，然而纯素主义者的食物要求只使用植物堆肥。
Other common but less frequent pronunciations recorded by the Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary and the Random House Dictionary are /ˈveɪɡən/ and /ˈvɛdʒən/.[1][2] The word was coined in Britain by Donald Watson, who preferred the pronunciation /ˈviːɡən/,[3] and the 1997 edition of the Random House Dictionary reported that this pronunciation was considered "especially British" and that /ˈvɛdʒən/ was the most frequent and only other common American pronunciation.[4]
"[Al-Maʿarri's] diet was extremely frugal, consisting chiefly of lentils, with figs for sweet; and, very unusually for a Muslim, he was not only a vegetarian, but a vegan who abstained from meat, fish, dairy products, eggs, and honey, because he did not want to kill or hurt animals, or deprive them of their food."[5]
For veganism and animals as commodities:
Helena Pedersen, Vasile Staescu (The Rise of Critical Animal Studies, 2014): "[W]e are vegan because we are ethically opposed to the notion that life (human or otherwise) can, or should, ever be rendered as a buyable or sellable commodity."[12]Gary Steiner (Animals and the Limits of Postmodernism, 2013): " ... ethical veganism, the principle that we ought as far as possible to eschew the use of animals as sources of food, labour, entertainment and the like ... [This means that animals] ... are entitled not to be eaten, used as forced field labor, experimented upon, killed for materials to make clothing and other commodities of use to human beings, or held captive as entertainment."[13]
Gary Francione ("Animal Welfare, Happy Meat and Veganism as the Moral Baseline", 2012): "Ethical veganism is the personal rejection of the commodity status of nonhuman animals ..."[14]
Laura Wright（英语：Laura Wright (academic)） (The Vegan Studies Project, 2015): "【维根协会】的定义过于简化纯素主义，假定了所有纯素主义者都是由于伦理原因而选择纯素生活。这可能是大部分的情况，但由于健康和宗教原因选择纯素主义的人也不该被忽略。纯素主义作为饮食和生活方式确实是基于是人们消费的物质定义，但背后的原因也是“纯素主义者”身份的重要一环。"[15]
Brenda Davis, Vesanto Melina（英语：Vesanto Melina） (Becoming Vegan, 2013): "There are degrees of veganism. A pure vegetarian or dietary vegan is someone who consumes a vegan diet but doesn't lead a vegan lifestyle. Pure vegetarians may use animal products, support the use of animals in research, wear leather clothing, or have no objection to the exploitation of animals for entertainment. They are mostly motivated by personal health concerns rather than by ethical objections. Some may adopt a more vegan lifestyle as they are exposed to vegan philosophy."[16]
Laura H. Kahn, Michael S. Bruner ("Politics on Your Plate", 2012): "A vegetarian is a person who abstains from eating NHA [non-human animal] flesh of any kind. A vegan goes further, abstaining from eating anything made from NHA. Thus, a vegan does not consume eggs and dairy foods. Going beyond dietary veganism, 'lifestyle' vegans also refrain from using leather, wool or any NHA-derived ingredient."[17]
Vegetarian and vegan diets may be referred to as plant-based and vegan diets as entirely plant-based.[18]
Gary Francione (The Animal Rights Debate, 2010): "Although veganism may represent a matter of diet or lifestyle for some, ethical veganism is a profound moral and political commitment to abolition on the individual level and extends not only to matters of food but also to the wearing or using of animal products."[19]:62 This terminology is controversial within the vegan community. While some vegan leaders, such as Karen Dawn, endorse efforts to avoid animal consumption for any reason; others, including Francione, believe that veganism must be part of an holistic ethical and political movement in order to support animal liberation. Accordingly, the latter group rejects the label "dietary vegan", referring instead to "strict vegetarians", "pure vegetarians", or followers of a plant-based diet.[20]
American Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics（英语：Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics） (2009): "It is the position of the American Dietetic Association that appropriately planned vegetarian diets, including total vegetarian or vegan diets, are healthful, nutritionally adequate, and may provide health benefits in the prevention and treatment of certain diseases. Well-planned vegetarian diets are appropriate for individuals during all stages of the life cycle, including pregnancy, lactation, infancy, childhood, and adolescence, and for athletes."[22]
The Deutsche Gesellschaft für Ernährung, 2016: "The DGE does not recommend a vegan diet for pregnant women, lactating women, infants, children or adolescents."[27]
Winston J. Craig (The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition（英语：The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition）, 2009): "Vegan diets are usually higher in dietary fiber, magnesium, folic acid, vitamins C and E, iron, and phytochemicals, and they tend to be lower in calories, saturated fat and cholesterol, long-chain n–3 (omega-3) fatty acids, vitamin D, calcium, zinc, and vitamin B-12. ... A vegan diet appears to be useful for increasing the intake of protective nutrients and phytochemicals and for minimizing the intake of dietary factors implicated in several chronic diseases."[30]
Geert Jan van Gelder, Gregor Schoeler, "Introduction", in Abu l-Ala al-Maarri, The Epistle of Forgiveness Or A Pardon to Enter the Garden, Volume 2, New York and London: New York University Press, 2016, xxvii.
Gary Francione, "Animal Welfare, Happy Meat and Veganism as the Moral Baseline", in David M. Kaplan, The Philosophy of Food, University of California Press, 2012 (169–189) 182.
Laura Wright（英语：Laura Wright (academic)）, The Vegan Studies Project: Food, Animals, and Gender in the Age of Terror, University of Georgia Press, 2015, 2.
Laura H. Kahn, Michael S. Bruner, "Politics on Your Plate: Building and Burning Bridges across Organics, Vegetarian, and Vegan Discourse", in Joshua Frye (ed.), The Rhetoric of Food: Discourse, Materiality, and Power, Routledge, 2012, 46.
Watson, Paul. Sea Shepherd's Paul Watson: 'You don't watch whales die and hold signs and do nothing'. The Guardian. 访谈 with Michael Shapiro. 21 September 2010 [1 March 2018]. （原始内容存档于1 March 2018）. Stop eating the ocean. Don't eat anything out of the ocean – there is no such thing as a sustainable fishery. If people eat meat, make sure it's organic and isn't contributing to the destruction of the ocean because 40 percent of all the fish that's caught out of the ocean is fed to livestock – chickens on factory farms are fed fish meal. And be cognizant of the fact that if the oceans die, we die. Therefore our ultimate responsibility is to protect biodiversity in our world's oceans.
Matthew Cole, "Veganism", in Margaret Puskar-Pasewicz (ed.), Cultural Encyclopedia of Vegetarianism, ABC-Clio, 2010 (239–241), 241.
Craig, WJ; Mangels, AR; American Dietetic, Association. Position of the American Dietetic Association: Vegetarian Diets. Journal of the American Dietetic Association. July 2009, 109 (7): 1266–1282. PMID 19562864. doi:10.1016/j.jada.2009.05.027.
Garton, Lynne. Food Fact Sheet (Vegetarian Diets)(PDF). British Dietetic Association（英语：British Dietetic Association）. October 2017 [24 February 2018]. （原始内容(PDF)存档于24 February 2018）. Well-planned vegetarian diets are appropriate for all stages of life and have many benefits.
Healthy Eating Guidelines for Vegans. Dietitians of Canada（英语：Dietitians of Canada）. 27 November 2014 [24 February 2018]. （原始内容存档于24 February 2018）. A healthy vegan diet can meet all your nutrient needs at any stage of life including when you are pregnant, breastfeeding or for older adults.
Turner-McGrievy, Gabrielle; Harris, Metria. Key Elements of Plant-Based Diets Associated with Reduced Risk of Metabolic Syndrome. Current Diabetes Reports. 2 August 2014, 14 (9): 524. PMID 25084991. S2CID 27455153. doi:10.1007/s11892-014-0524-y.
Craig, Winston J. Health effects of vegan diets. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. May 2009, 89 (5): 1627S–1633S. PMID 19279075. doi:10.3945/ajcn.2009.26736N. However, eliminating all animal products from the diet increases the risk of certain nutritional deficiencies.
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