江蓠属

江蓠属（学名：Gracilaria），其物种又名龙须菜^[2]、海发^[3]或海面条^[4]，是红藻门江蓠科之下的一个属，因其作为一种琼脂植物的经济重要性以及用作人类和各种贝类的食物而著称。该属内的各种物种在亚洲、南美洲、非洲和大洋洲均有栽培。

江蓠属
江蓠
科学分类
门：	红藻门 Rhodophyta
纲：	真红藻纲 Florideophyceae
目：	江蓠目 Gracilariales
科：	江蓠科 Gracilariaceae
属：	江蓠属 Gracilaria Greville（英语：Robert Kaye Greville）, 1830
异名[1]
Ceramianthemum V.Donati ex S.Léman, 1817 Corallopsis Greville, 1830 Flagellaria Stackhouse, 1809 Plocaria Nees, 1820

分布

本属物种分布于世界各地的温暖水域，但也季节性地出现在温带的水域。这些红藻不能承受低于10 °C（50 °F）的海水温度；除了北极以外，江蓠属物种在其余所有海洋中均有发现。它的多样性中心是西太平洋，在那里它传统上被用作琼脂（亦作琼胶^[5]或洋菜）的来源而被养殖^[6][7]。而养殖水域的盐度，对琼脂的生产量亦有所影响^[5]。

利用

Ogonori

Kkosiraegi-muchim（英语：muchim） (seasoned gracilaria)

江蓠属物种在菲律宾、夏威夷（英语：Cuisine of Hawaii）、日本及韩国等多国料理中均有使用^[8]。在缅甸若开邦北部对出海域设有江蓠属物种（可食龙须菜；Gracilaria edulis）的养殖场，有近90年历史^[8]。 日本料理将其称为ogonori或ogo。In the 菲律宾, it is called gulaman（英语：gulaman） and used to make 果冻.^[9] In 牙买加, it is known as Irish moss.^[10]。在韩国，江蓠属物种有“海面条”（꼬시래기）的外号^[4]。

无论是在体外（in vitro）或体内（in vivo）的实验中，通过琼脂酶（英语：agarase）（agarase）消化从含琼脂的江蓠属物种多糖中制备、聚合度为6的江蓠寡糖已被证明是针对日本脑炎病毒感染的一种有效预防剂。来自江篱属物种的硫化寡糖似乎是进一步发展为抗病毒剂的有希望候选物。^[11]

水产贸易

江蓠属物种常以大型藻类的形式在水产市场发售。对于刺尾鲷科^[12]及不少其他植食性的鱼类，它是一种高适口性藻类，而且其营养吸收能力使它成为一个合适的避难所（refugium）选择。

生态学

江蓠属物种有可能会被卵菌纲的水霉Pythium porphyrae（英语：Pythium porphyrae）寄生感染^[13]。

物种列表

截至2021年6月26日 (2021-06-26)^[update]，WoRMS纪录本属包括下列各物种^[1][14]：

• Gracilaria abbottiana M.D.Hoyle, 1978
• Gracilaria abyssalis Gurgel & Yoneshigue-Valentin, 2008^[15]
• Gracilaria aculeata (Hering) Papenfuss, 1967
• Gracilaria aggregata J.D.Hooker & Harvey, 1845
• Gracilaria ambigua Greville, 1935
• Gracilaria apiculata P.L.Crouan & H.M.Crouan, 1865
• Gracilaria apiculifera J.Agardh, 1901
• 弓龙须菜 Gracilaria arcuata Zanardini, 1858^[14]
• Gracilaria armata (C.Agardh) Greville, 1830
• Gracilaria articulata C.F.Chang & B.M.Xia, 1976
• Gracilaria ascidiicola E.Y.Dawson, 1961
• Gracilaria attenuata (M.Umamaheswara Rao) V.Krishnamurthy
• 小共生龙须菜 Gracilaria babae (H.Yamamoto) P.-K. Ng, P.-E. Lim & S.-M. Phang, 2014^[14][16]
• Gracilaria baiana Lyra, Gurgel, M.C.Oliveira & Nunes, 2016
• 繁枝江蓠 Graiclaria bangmeiana
• Gracilaria beckeri (J.Agardh) Papenfuss, 1952
• 芋根江蓠 Gracilaria blodgettii Harvey, 1853^[17]
• Gracilaria brasiliensis Gurgel & Yoneshigue-Valentin, 2008^[15]
• Gracilaria brevis W.R.Taylor, 1945
• Gracilaria bursa-pastoris (S.G.Gmelin) P.C.Silva, 1952：模式种。
• 喀麦隆龙须菜 Gracilaria camerunensis Pilger, 1911
• 粗管龙须菜 Gracilaria canaliculata Sonder, 1871^[14]
• Gracilaria capensis F.Schmitz ex Mazza, 1907
• Gracilaria cearensis (A.B.Joly & Pinheiro) A.B.Joly & Pinheiro, 1966
• Gracilaria cerrosiana W.R.Taylor, 1945
• Gracilaria cervicornis (Turner) J.Agardh, 1852
• Gracilaria chondracantha (Kützing) Millar, 2005
• Gracilaria chondroides (Kützing) P.L.Crouan & H.M.Crouan, 1878
• 脆江蓠 Gracilaria chouae Zhang & B.M.Xia, 1992
• Gracilaria cliftonii Withell, A.J.K.Millar & Kraft, 1994
• Gracilaria comosa Withell, A.J.K.Millar & Kraft, 1994
• Gracilaria conferta (Schousboe ex Montagne) Montagne, 1846
• Gracilaria coppejansii Muangmai, Lewmanomont, Prathep, Terada & Zuccarello, 2017
• Gracilaria corallicola Zanardini, 1868
• Gracilaria corniculata (C.Agardh) J.Agardh, 1852
• 伞房龙须菜 Gracilaria coronopifolia J.Agardh, 1852^[14]，异名：可食江篱 Gracilaria edulis (Gmelin) Silva, 1952^[14]
• Gracilaria corticata (J.Agardh) J.Agardh, 1852
• Gracilaria crispata Setchell & Gardner, 1924
• Gracilaria crockeri E.Y.Dawson, 1949
• Gracilaria cuneata J.E. Areschoug, 1854
• Gracilaria cuneifolia (Okamura) I.K.Lee & Kurogi, 1977
• Gracilaria curtissiae J.Agardh, 1885
• Gracilaria cylindrica Børgesen, 1920
• Gracilaria damicornis J.Agardh, 1852
• Gracilaria dawsonii Hoyle, 1994
• Gracilaria debilis (Forsskål) Børgesen, 1932
• Gracilaria dendroides Gargiulo, De Masi & Tripodi, 1985
• Gracilaria denticulata F.Schmitz ex Mazza, 1907
• Gracilaria disticha (J.Agardh) J.Agardh, 1852
• Gracilaria divaricata Harvey, 1853
• Gracilaria divergens (C.Agardh) J.Agardh, 1847
• Gracilaria domingensis (Kützing) Sonder ex Dickie, 1874
• Gracilaria dotyi Hoyle, 1977
• Gracilaria dumosa Harvey & J.W.Bailey, 1862
• Gracilaria dura (C.Agardh) J.Agardh, 1842
• 厄瓜多尔江蓠 Gracilaria ecuadoreanus (W.R.Taylor) E.Y.Dawson, 1949
• Gracilaria ephemera Skelton, South & Millar, 2004
• Gracilaria epihippisora Hoyle, 1977
• Gracilaria fanii B.M.Xia & Pan, 1995
• 粗龙须菜 Gracilaria firma Chang & Xia, 1976^[18]
• Gracilaria flabelliformis (P.L.Crouan & H.M.Crouan) Fredericq & Gurgel, 2004
• Gracilaria flagelliformis (Sonder) Womersley, 1996
• Gracilaria foliifera (Forsskål) Børgesen, 1932
• Gracilaria fruticosa Harvey, 1855
• Gracilaria galetensis C.F.D.Gurgel, S.Fredericq, & J.N.Norris, 2004
• Gracilaria gardneri (Setchell) Gurgel, J.N.Norris & Fredericq, 2018
• Gracilaria gigartinoides (P.L.Crouan & H.M.Crouan) P.L.Crouan & H.M.Crouan, 1866
• Gracilaria gigas Harvey, 1860
• Gracilaria glomerata Zhang & B.M.Xia, 1994
• Gracilaria gracilis (Stackhouse) M.Steentoft, L.M.Irvine & W.F.Farnham, 1995
• 海南江蓠 Gracilaria hainanensis C.F.Chang & B.M.Xia, 1976
• Gracilaria halogenea A.J.K.Millar, 1990
• Gracilaria hancockii E.Y.Dawson, 1944
• Gracilaria hauckii P.C.Silva, 1996
• Gracilaria hayi Gurgel, Fredericq & J.N.Norris, 2004
• Gracilaria hermonii Millar, 2004
• Gracilaria heteroclada (Montagne) Feldmann & G.Feldmann, 1943
• Gracilaria hikkaduwensis Durairatnam, 1962
• Gracilaria howensis Lucas, 1935
• Gracilaria incrustata J.Agardh, 1901
• Gracilaria incurvata Okamura, 1931
• 印度江蓠 Gracilaria indica Umamaheswara Rao, 1974
• Gracilaria intermedia J.Agardh, 1901
• Gracilaria irregularis I.A.Abbott, 1988
• Gracilaria isabellana Gurgel, Fredericq & J.N.Norris, 2004
• Gracilaria kanyakumariensis Umamaheswara Rao, 1974
• Gracilaria khanjanapajiae Saengkaew, Muangmai, Bulan & Zuccarello, 2022^[19]
• Gracilaria kilakkaraiensis V.Krishnamurthy & Rajendran, 1987
• Gracilaria lacerata Setchell & Gardner, 1924
• Gracilaria lantaensis Muangmai, Zuccarello, Noiraksa & Lewmanomont ^[20]
• Gracilaria latifronds P.L.Crouan & H.M.Crouan, 1865
• Gracilaria longa Gargiulo, De Masi & Tripodi, 1987
• 长喙江蓠 Gracilaria longirostris Zhang & Wang, 1995^[17]
• Gracilaria longissima (S.G.Gmelin) Steentoft, L.M.Irvine & Farnham, 1995
• Gracilaria mamillaris (Montagne) Howe
• Gracilaria mammillaris (Montagne) M.A.Howe, 1918
• Gracilaria manilaensis Yamamoto & Trono, 1994
• Gracilaria mannarensis Umamaheswara Rao, 1974
• Gracilaria mannariensis Umamaheswara Rao, 1974
• Gracilaria maramae G.R.South, 1995
• Gracilaria marcialana E.Y.Dawson, 1949
• Gracilaria mayae A.J.K.Millar, 1997
• Gracilaria megaspora (E.Y.Dawson) Papenfuss, 1967
• 墨西哥江蓠 Gracilaria mexicana (Kützing) P.L.Crouan & H.M.Crouan, 1878
• Gracilaria microdendron J.Agardh, 1901
• Gracilaria millardetii (Montagne) J.Agardh, 1885
• 小江蓠 Gracilaria minor (Sonder) Durairatnam, 1961
• Gracilaria minuta Lewmanomont, 1994
• Gracilaria mixta I.A.Abbott, J.Zhang & B.M.Xia, 1991
• Gracilaria multipartita (Clemente) Harvey, 1846
• Gracilaria occidentalis (Børgesen) M.Bodard, 1965
• Gracilaria oliveirarum Gurgel, Fredericq & J.N.Norris, 2004
• Gracilaria opuntia Durairatnam, 1962
• Gracilaria ornata Areschoug, 1854
• Gracilaria pachydermatica Setchell & Gardner, 1924
• Gracilaria pacifica I.A.Abbott, 1985
• Gracilaria palmettoides P.L.Crouan & H.M.Crouan, 1865
• Gracilaria papenfussii I.A.Abbott, 1983
• Gracilaria parvispora I.A.Abbott, 1985
• Gracilaria patens P.L.Crouan & H.M.Crouan, 1865
• Gracilaria pauciramosa (N.Rodríguez de Ríos) A.M.Bellorin, M.C.Oliveira, & E.C.Oliveira
• Gracilaria percurrens (I.A.Abbott) I.A.Abbott, 1991
• Gracilaria perplexa Byrne, K., Zuccarello, G.C., West, J., Liao, M.-L.& Kraft, G.T., 2002
• Gracilaria peruana Piccone & Grunow, 1886
• Gracilaria pinnata Setchell & N.L.Gardner, 1924
• Gracilaria prolifica (Kützing) P.L.Crouan & H.M.Crouan, 1878
• Gracilaria protea J.Agardh, 1901
• Gracilaria pudumadamensis V.Krishnamurthy & N.R.Rajendran, 1987
• Gracilaria pulvinata Skottsberg, 1923
• 斑点龙须菜 Gracilaria punctata (Okamura) Yamada, 1941：又名斑江笼^[14]
• Gracilaria pygmaea Børgesen, 1937
• Gracilaria pygmaea V.J.Chapman, 1979
• Gracilaria ramisecunda E.Y.Dawson, 1949
• Gracilaria reptans (Weber-van Bosse) P.C.Silva, 1996
• Gracilaria rhodocaudata Yamamoto & Kudo, 1995
• Gracilaria rhodymenioides A.J.K.Millar, 1997
• Gracilaria robusta Setchell, 1899
• 红江蓠 Gracilaria rubra (C.Agardh) J.Agardh
• Gracilaria rubra C.F.Chang & B.M.Xia, 1976
• Gracilaria rubrimembra E.Y.Dawson, 1949
• 缢龙须菜 Gracilaria salicornia (C.Agardh) E.Y.Dawson, 1954^[14]
• Gracilaria salzmannii Bornet ex Möbius, 1889
• Gracilaria secunda (C.Agardh) Zanardini, 1840
• Gracilaria secundata Harvey, 1863
• 下田龙须菜 Gracilaria shimodensis Terada, R.& Yamamoto, H., 2000
• Gracilaria silviae Lyra, Gurgel, M.C.Oliveira & J.M.C.Nunes, 2015
• Gracilaria skottsbergii W.R.Taylor, 1945
• Gracilaria smithsoniensis Gurgel, Fredericq & J.N.Norris, 2004
• Gracilaria spinigera E.Y.Dawson, 1949
• Gracilaria spinuligera Børgesen, 1952
• 刺边江篱 Gracilaria spinulosa (Okamura) Chang & B.M.Xia, 1976^[14]
• Gracilaria srilankia (Chang & B.Xia) Withell, A.J.K.Millar & Kraft, 1994
• Gracilaria stellata I.A.Abbott, Zhang & B.M.Xia, 1991
• Gracilaria stipitata A.F.Withell, A.J.K.Millar & Kraft, 1994
• Gracilaria sublittoralis Yamada & Segawa ex H.Yamamoto, 1994
• Gracilaria subsecundata Setchell & N.L.Gardner, 1924
• Gracilaria subtilis (B.M.Xia & I.A.Abbott) B.M.Xia & I.A.Abbott, 1991
• Gracilaria sullivanii Yamamoto & Trono, 1994
• Gracilaria suzannae ^[21]
• Gracilaria symmetrica E.Y.Dawson, 1949
• 台湾龙须菜 Gracilaria taiwanensis S.-M.Lin, L.-C.Liu & Payri, 2012：原作Gracilaria vieillardii^[22]
• Gracilaria tepocensis (E.Y.Dawson) E.Y.Dawson, 1961
• Gracilaria textorii (Suringar) De Toni, 1895
• Gracilaria tikvahiae McLachlan, 1979
• Gracilaria truncata Kraft, 1977
• Gracilaria turgida E.Y.Dawson, 1949
• Gracilaria tuticorinensis V.Krishnamurthy & Rajendran, 1987
• Gracilaria vanbosseae (I.A.Abbott) I.A.Abbott, 1991
• Gracilaria veloroae E.Y.Dawson, 1944
• 委内瑞拉龙须菜 Gracilaria venezuelensis W.R.Taylor, 1942
• 真江篱 Gracilaria vermiculata P.J.L.Dangeard, 1949^[23]
• Gracilaria vieillardii P.C.Silva, 1987
• Gracilaria vieirae M.P.Reis, 1977
• 绿龙须菜 Gracilaria viridis A.Sfriso, M.A.Wolf, K.Sciuto, M.Morabito, C.Andreoli & I.Moro, 2013^[24]
• Gracilaria yamamotoi Zhang & B.M.Xia, 1994
• 莺歌海龙须菜 Gracilaria yinggehaiensis Xia & Wang, 2002

异名：

• Gracilaria andersonii
• Gracilaria asiatica
• 异枝江蓠 Gracilaria bailinae Chang et Xia^[17]
• Gracilaria birdiae Palastino & E.C.Oliveira, 2002
• Gracilaria cacalia
• 张氏龙须菜 Gracilaria changii (B.M.Xia & I.A.Abbott) I.A.Abbott, J.Zhang & B.M.Xia, 1991^[14]
• Gracilaria chilensis C.J.Bird, McLachlan & E.C.Oliveira, 1986
• Gracilaria confervoides
• Gracilaria cornea
• 细基江蓠 Gracilaria tenuistipitata C. F. Chang et B. M. Xia，1976：今作 Agarophyton tenuistipitatum (C.F.Chang & B.-M.Xia) Gurgel, J.N.Norris & Fredericq, 2018
• Gracilaria urvilleii
• Gracilaria usneoides
• 江蓠 Gracilaria vermiculophylla (Ohmi) Papenfuss, 1967,オゴノリ（日语：オゴノリ）
• Gracilaria yoneshigueana Gurgel, Fredericq & J.N.Norris, 2004

参考文献

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3. 木村修次; 黒泽弘光 (编). 大修館現代漢和辞典. 大修馆出版. 1996-12-10: 687 （日语）.
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5. 贺丽虹; 吴汪黔生; 沈颂东; 王得利. 盐度对细基江蓠繁枝变型的生长、琼胶产量和组成的影响. 《海洋通报》. 2002-12, 2002 (3): 39–43 [2021-07-01] （中文（简体））.
6. McLachlan, J.; Bird, C.J. Geographical and experimental assessment of the distribution of Gracilaria species (Rhodophyta: Gigartinales) in relation to temperature (PDF). Helgoländer Meeresuntersuchungen. 1984, 38: 319–334 [2021-06-25]. （原始内容存档 (PDF)于2021-02-10）.
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9. Davidson, Alan. Seafood of South-East Asia: A Comprehensive Guide with Recipes. Ten Speed Press（英语：Ten Speed Press）. 2004: 197. ISBN 978-1-58008-452-9.
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11. Kazłowski B, Chiu YH, Kazłowska K, Pan CL, Wu CJ. Prevention of Japanese encephalitis virus infections by low-degree-polymerisation sulfated saccharides from Gracilaria sp. and Monostroma nitidum. Food Chem. 2012-08, 133 (3): 866–74. doi:10.1016/j.foodchem.2012.01.106 （英语）.
12. Volynkin, Alex. Growing Gracilaria Parvispora. Salt Water Reefing. 2013-09-28 [2016-12-18]. （原始内容存档于2021-06-29） （英语）. This brings me back to Achilles’s diet. The guy apparently really likes Gracilaria macro algae. No wonder, especially considering that the grass is indigenous to Hawaii as well, and is considered the favorite food for tangs.
13. Spencer, M. A. Pythium porphyrae. (Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria). IMI Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria. 2004, 162 (Sheet 1617) [2017-10-10] （英语）. A description is provided for Pythium porphyrae. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. DISEASES: Red-rot disease, red-wasting disease. HOSTS: Bangia atropurpurea, Callophyllis adhaerens, Polyopes affinis (syn
14. 『學名』 開頭 『Gracilaria』 的資料 14 筆(含同種異名). 台湾物种名录（TaiBNET）. [2023-03-05]. （原始内容存档于2023-03-06） （中文（繁体））.
15. Carlos Frederico D. Gurgel, Suzanne Fredericq, James N. Norris & Yocie Yoneshigue-Valentin (2008) Two new flat species of Gracilaria (Gracilariales, Rhodophyta) from Brazil: G. abyssalis sp. nov. and G. brasiliensis sp. nov., Phycologia, 47:3, 249-264, DOI: 10.2216/PH06-59.1
16. Ng, P.-K.; Lim, P.-E.; Phang, S.-M. Radiation of the red algal parasite Congracilaria babae onto a secondary host species, Hydropuntia sp. (Gracilariaceae, Rhodophyta). PLoS One. 2014, 9 ({5, e97450}): 1–11, 4 fig, 3 tables （英语）.
17. 丁兰平; 谭华强; 孙国栋. 粤东地区江蓠属 Gracilaria &#124 (江蓠科,红藻门)的形态分类学. CNKI. [2021-07-01]. （原始内容存档于2021-07-11） （中文（简体））.
18. 藻類：粗龍鬚菜 Gracilaria firma &#124 Chang & Xia, 1976. 臺灣常見經濟性水產：動植物圖鑑. 行政院农业委员会渔业署. : 52 [2021-08-19]. （原始内容存档于2019-12-30） （中文（繁体））.
19. Jantana Saengkaew, Narongrit Muangmai, Jakaphan Bulan and Giuseppe C. Zuccarello. 2022. Gracilaria khanjanapajiae sp. nov. (Gracilariales, Rhodophyta) from the Andaman Coast of Thailand. Phycologia. DOI: 10.1080/00318884.2022.2062189
20. Narongrit Muangmai, Giuseppe C. Zuccarello, Thidarat Noiraksa and Khanjanapaj Lewmanomont. 2014. A New Flat Gracilaria: Gracilaria lantaensis sp. nov. (Gracilariales, Rhodophyta) from the Andaman Coast of Thailand. Phycologia. 53(2); 137-145. DOI: 10.2216/13-215.1
21. Luanda Pereira Soares, Carlos Frederico D. Gurgel & Mutue Toyota Fujii (2018) Gracilaria suzannae sp. nov. (Gracilariales, Rhodophyta), a new flattened species from northeast Brazil based on morphological and molecular evidence, Phycologia, 57:3, 345-353, DOI: 10.2216/17-102.1
22. Lin, S.-M.; Liu, L.-C. Liu; Payri, C. Characterization of Gracilaria vieillardii and molecular phylogeny of foliose species from the western Pacific Ocean, including a description of G. taiwanensis. Phycologia. 2012, 51 (4): 421–431 （英语）.
23. 刘若愚. 中国近海重要生态建群红藻真江蓠(Gracilaria vermiculophylla)的居群遗传多样性研究. [2023-03-06]. （原始内容存档于2023-03-06） （中文（简体））.
24. Adriano Sfriso, Marion Adelheid Wolf, Katia Sciuto, Marina Morabito, Carlo Andreoli & Isabella Moro (2013) Gracilaria viridis sp. nov. (Gracilariales, Rhodophyta): a new red algal species from the Mediterranean Sea, Phycologia, 52:1, 65-73, DOI: 10.2216/12-007.1

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外部链接

• Gracilaria and its Cultivation. Internet Archive. （原始内容存档于2016-03-04） （英语）.
• Gracilaria in the Suria Link Sea Plants Handbook (archived at the Internet Archive)